Viral onset hypothesis: Difference between revisions
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The '''Viral onset hypothesis''' is a prominent theory and more than half of [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis|Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]]/[[Chronic fatigue syndrome|Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] ([[ME/CFS]]) patients report falling ill after an acute viral infection.<ref name="canadianconsensus">{{Citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = Bruce M. | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | authorlink2 = Anil Kumar Jain | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | authorlink4 = Daniel Peterson | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | authorlink5 = Nancy Klimas | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | authorlink6 = Martin Lerner | last7 = Bested | first7 = Alison C. | authorlink7 = Alison Bested | last8 = Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | authorlink8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip | authorlink9 = Pradip Joshi | last10 = Powles | first10 = | The '''Viral onset hypothesis''' is a prominent theory and more than half of [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis|Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]]/[[Chronic fatigue syndrome|Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] ([[ME/CFS]]) patients report falling ill after an acute viral infection.<ref name="canadianconsensus">{{Citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = Bruce M. | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | authorlink2 = Anil Kumar Jain | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | authorlink4 = Daniel Peterson | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | authorlink5 = Nancy Klimas | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | authorlink6 = Martin Lerner | last7 = Bested | first7 = Alison C. | authorlink7 = Alison Bested | last8 = Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | authorlink8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip | authorlink9 = Pradip Joshi | last10 = Powles | first10 = AC Peter | authorlink10 = AC Peter Powles | last11 = Sherkey | first11 = Jeffrey A. | authorlink11 = Jeffrey Sherkey | last12 = van de Sande | first12 = Marjorie I. | authorlink12 = Marjorie van de Sande | title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols | journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | page = 7-115 | date = 2003 | ||
| pmid = | | pmid = | ||
| doi = 10.1300/J092v11n01_02 | | doi = 10.1300/J092v11n01_02 | ||
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===Non-infectious causes === | ===Non-infectious causes === | ||
The seminal Dubbo township study in [[Australia]] and a number of other very large [[ME/CFS]] studies have reported significant numbers of cases that were preceded by non-infectious events, for example serious accidents or injuries, routine vaccinations, or ongoing stress.<ref name="ICC2011primer">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = | The seminal Dubbo township study in [[Australia]] and a number of other very large [[ME/CFS]] studies have reported significant numbers of cases that were preceded by non-infectious events, for example serious accidents or injuries, routine vaccinations, or ongoing stress.<ref name="ICC2011primer">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = AC Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13= Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14= John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15= Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16= Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17= Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18= Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | authorlink19= Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20= Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21= Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22= John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23= Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24= Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26= Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf}}</ref> | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Revision as of 23:26, November 30, 2022
 | This article needs cleanup to meet MEpedia's guidelines. The reason given is: citations needed (see discussion page) (2015) |
The Viral onset hypothesis is a prominent theory and more than half of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) patients report falling ill after an acute viral infection.[1] Many different viruses have been researched as possible etiological agents.[1]
Theory[edit | edit source]
Disease onset[edit | edit source]
Some think there is a single, novel viral agent as yet undiscovered.
Others think many different viruses can initiate and sustain the disease. Viruses linked to disease onset include herpesviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus or Human herpesvirus 6, enteroviruses such as coxsackie or even influenza (the flu) or a flu-like illness.[1] Many viruses and pathogens have been investigated, with findings being mixed and no particular pathogen found.[1]
There are several hypotheses for how the viral trigger initiates and perpetuates the disease.
Evidence[edit | edit source]
Chronic infection[edit | edit source]
Some think that there may be a low grade, chronic infection whereby the initial virus continues to provoke an immune response, especially in key areas such as the gastrointestinal tract, muscle, and the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord; an example is enterovirus infection.[citation needed]
Autoimmune disease[edit | edit source]
Some think that symptoms are caused by an inflammatory process that is triggered by an initial infection and continues even after the initial virus is no longer replicating. It is possible that ME/CFS is an autoimmune response that can be triggered by many different infections.[citation needed]
Viral reactivation[edit | edit source]
Some people think that an immune deficiency allows otherwise common or benign viruses to reactive after lying dormant, for instance Human herpesvirus 6 and other common herpesviruses have been investigated.[citation needed]
Dysbiosis[edit | edit source]
Viral infection may trigger intestinal dysbiosis leading to alterations in the immune system and gut-brain axis and causing the symptoms of the disease.[citation needed]
Outbreaks[edit | edit source]
There have been dozens of reported clusters and outbreaks of ME, which all suggest a role of either a communicable pathogen or in some cases, a toxic agent, however some of these have been non-viral infections e.g. bacterial.[2]
Evidence against[edit | edit source]
Bacterial and non-viral infections as causes[edit | edit source]
There are many reports of non-viral infections e.g. bacterial infections or parasites leading to ME/CFS. Some of these have led to reported clusters and outbreaks of ME, for example a water poisoning with the parasite Giardia lamblia caused the 2004 Bergen, Norway outbreak and clusters of Q fever infections.[citation needed]
Non-infectious causes[edit | edit source]
The seminal Dubbo township study in Australia and a number of other very large ME/CFS studies have reported significant numbers of cases that were preceded by non-infectious events, for example serious accidents or injuries, routine vaccinations, or ongoing stress.[2]
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Antivirals are suggested as a potential treatment, but is known not to be universally effective in ME/CFS.[citation needed]
See also[edit | edit source]
Learn more[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Carruthers, Bruce M.; Jain, Anil Kumar; De Meirleir, Kenny L.; Peterson, Daniel L.; Klimas, Nancy G.; Lerner, A. Martin; Bested, Alison C.; Flor-Henry, Pierre; Joshi, Pradip; Powles, AC Peter; Sherkey, Jeffrey A.; van de Sande, Marjorie I. (2003), "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols" (PDF), Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 11 (2): 7-115, doi:10.1300/J092v11n01_02
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Carruthers, BM; van de Sande, MI; De Meirleir, KL; Klimas, NG; Broderick, G; Mitchell, T; Staines, D; Powles, ACP; Speight, N; Vallings, R; Bateman, L; Bell, DS; Carlo-Stella, N; Chia, J; Darragh, A; Gerken, A; Jo, D; Lewis, DP; Light, AR; Light, KC; Marshall-Gradisnik, S; McLaren-Howard, J; Mena, I; Miwa, K; Murovska, M; Stevens, SR (2012), Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners (PDF), ISBN 978-0-9739335-3-6
