Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus

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Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is "a laboratory-derived mouse virus that was generated through recombination between two endogenous murine retroviruses during propagation of a prostate cancer xenograft in the mid-1990’s."[1]

Chronic fatigue syndrome[edit | edit source]

An October 2009 paper by Vincent Lombardi, Francis Ruscetti, Jaydip Das Gupta, Max Pfost, Kathryn S. Hagen, Daniel Peterson, Sandra Ruscetti, Rachel K. Bagni, Cari Petrow-Sadowski, Bert Gold, Michael Dean, Robert Silverman, and Judy Mikovits, entitled "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", claimed to have found a link between chronic fatigue syndrome and the presence of the retrovirus.[2] The paper's primary authors were at that time based at the Whittemore Peterson Institute (WPI) in Reno, Nevada, United States. The WPI soon began offering a controversial commercial XMRV testing service.[3][4]

Other labs around the world were unable to detect XMRV in their patient samples. In July 2011 the journal issued an editorial expression of concern about the paper.[5]

The paper was fully retracted in December 2011 by the journal.[6][7]

One of the key scientists involved in efforts to clarify the situation surrounding XMRV, and eventually to debunk the science, was Ian Lipkin of Columbia University in New York.[8]

Doctor Mikovits has maintained her view that XMRV is a public health risk and documents those views in her book Plague with co-author Kent Heckenlively.[9][10]

Mainstream science considers XMRV to be a laboratory artefact and not a threat to human health or related to chronic fatigue syndrome.[citation needed][11]

In May of 2020, Mikovits released a preview for a documentary, Plandemic. It was removed from YouTube, Facebook, and other platforms, as it was flagged as health misinformation.[12]

Notable studies[edit | edit source]

Studies unable to detect XMRV in ME/CFS patients[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

Abbie Smith ERV blog series of XMRV research[edit | edit source]

Nevada newsmakers report on XMRV[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "ScienceWatch.com - Clarivate Analytics". archive.sciencewatch.com. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  2. ↑ Mikovits, Judy A.; Silverman, Robert H.; Dean, Michael; Gold, Bert; Petrow-Sadowski, Cari; Bagni, Rachel K.; Ruscetti, Sandra K.; Peterson, Daniel L.; Hagen, Kathryn S. (October 23, 2009). "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Science. 326 (5952): 585–589. doi:10.1126/science.1179052. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19815723.
  3. ↑ ProHealth (August 23, 2010). "WPI-Licensed Test for XMRV & Variants Now Available". Prohealth. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  4. ↑ "XMRV testing in the UK". Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  5. ↑ Editorial Expression of Concern
  6. ↑ Oransky, Ivan (December 22, 2011). "Chronic fatigue syndrome-XMRV paper retracted by Science, completely this time". Retraction Watch. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  7. ↑ Alberts, Bruce (December 23, 2011). "Retraction". Science. 334 (6063): 1636–1636. doi:10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22194552.
  8. ↑ Callaway, Ewen. "The scientist who put the nail in XMRV's coffin". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11444.
  9. ↑ "PLAGUE – The Update on XMRV". greenmedinfo.com. July 3, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  10. ↑ Oransky, Ivan (March 11, 2014). "Chronic fatigue syndrome researcher Mikovits, who championed link to XMRV, to publish book". Retraction Watch. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  11. ↑ Enserink, Martin (September 18, 2012). "Final Study Confirms: Virus Not Implicated in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Science | AAAS. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  12. ↑ Dean, Sam (May 9, 2020). "Facebook and YouTube race to squash viral video full of coronavirus lies". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  13. ↑ Groom, Harriet CT; Boucherit, Virginie C.; Makinson, Kerry; Randal, Edward; Baptista, Sarah; Hagan, Suzanne; Gow, John W.; Mattes, Frank M.; Breuer, Judith (February 15, 2010). "Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Retrovirology. 7 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-10. ISSN 1742-4690. PMC 2839973. PMID 20156349.
  14. ↑ Erlwein, Otto; Kaye, Steve; McClure, Myra O.; Weber, Jonathan; Wills, Gillian; Collier, David; Wessely, Simon; Cleare, Anthony (January 6, 2010). Nixon, Douglas F. (ed.). "Failure to Detect the Novel Retrovirus XMRV in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". PLoS ONE. 5 (1): e8519. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008519. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2795199. PMID 20066031.
  15. ↑ Meer, Jos W. M. van der; Galama, Jochem M. D.; Netea, Mihai G.; Bleijenberg, Gijs; Swanink, Caroline M.A.; Melchers, Willem J.G.; Verhaegh, Gerald W.; Lanke, Kjerstin H.; Jong, Arjan S. de (February 26, 2010). "Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Netherlands: retrospective analysis of samples from an established cohort". BMJ. 340: c1018. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1018. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 20185493.
  16. ↑ Hong, Ping; Li, Jinming; Li, Yongzhe (2010). "Failure to detect Xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in Chinese patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Virology Journal. 7 (1): 224. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-224. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 2945957. PMID 20836869.
  17. ↑ Hohn, O., Strohschein, K., Brandt, A. U., Seeher, S., Klein, S., Kurth, R., … Bannert, N. (2010). No Evidence for XMRV in German CFS and MS Patients with Fatigue Despite the Ability of the Virus to Infect Human Blood Cells In Vitro. PLoS ONE, 5(12), e15632. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015632
  18. ↑ Henrich, Timothy J.; Li, Jonathan Z.; Felsenstein, Donna; Kotton, Camille N.; Plenge, Robert M.; Pereyra, Florencia; Marty, Francisco M.; Lin, Nina H.; Grazioso, Paul (November 15, 2010). "Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus–Related Virus Prevalence in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or Chronic Immunomodulatory Conditions". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 202 (10): 1478–1481. doi:10.1086/657168. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 2957553. PMID 20936980.
  19. ↑ Furuta, Rika A.; Miyazawa, Takayuki; Sugiyama, Takeki; Kuratsune, Hirohiko; Ikeda, Yasuhiro; Sato, Eiji; Misawa, Naoko; Nakatomi, Yasuhito; Sakuma, Ryuta (March 17, 2011). "No association of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus with prostate cancer or chronic fatigue syndrome in Japan". Retrovirology. 8 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-20. ISSN 1742-4690. PMC 3065418. PMID 21414229.
  20. ↑ Shin, Clifford H.; Bateman, Lucinda; Schlaberg, Robert; Bunker, Ashley M.; Leonard, Christopher J.; Hughen, Ronald W.; Light, Alan R.; Light, Kathleen C; Singh, Ila R. (July 2011). "Absence of XMRV retrovirus and other murine leukemia virus-related viruses in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Virology. 85 (14): 7195–202. doi:10.1128/JVI.00693-11.
  21. ↑ Oakes, Brendan; Qiu, Xiaoxing; Levine, Susan; Hackett, John; Huber, Brigitte T. (2011). "Failure to Detect XMRV-Specific Antibodies in the Plasma of CFS Patients Using Highly Sensitive Chemiluminescence Immunoassays". Advances in Virology: 1–5. doi:10.1155/2011/854540. ISSN 1687-8639. PMC 3265317. PMID 22312356.
  22. ↑ Steffen, Imke; Tyrrell, D. Lorne; Stein, Eleanor; Montalvo, Leilani; Lee, Tzong-Hae; Zhou, Yanchen; Lu, Kai; Switzer, William M.; Tang, Shaohua; Jia, Hongwei; Hockman, Darren; Santer, Deanna M.; Logan, Michael; Landi, Amir; Law, John; Houghton, Michael; Simmons, Graham (November 17, 2011). "No Evidence for XMRV Nucleic Acids, Infectious Virus or Anti-XMRV Antibodies in Canadian Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". PLoS ONE. 6 (11): e27870. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027870. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3219700. PMID 22114717.
  23. ↑ Alter, Harvey J.; Mikovits, Judy A.; Switzer, William M.; Ruscetti, Francis W.; Lo, Shyh-Ching; Klimas, Nancy; Komaroff, Anthony L.; Montoya, Jose G.; Bateman, Lucinda; Levine, Susan; Peterson, Daniel; Levin, Bruce; Hanson, Maureen R.; Genfi, Afia; Bhat, Meera; Zheng, HaoQiang; Wang, Richard; Li, Bingjie; Hung, Guo-Chiuan; Lee, Li Ling; Sameroff, Stephen; Heneine, Walid; Coffin, John; Hornig, Mady; Lipkin, W. Ian (2012), "A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus", mBio, 3 (5): e00266–12, doi:10.1128/mBio.00266-12
  24. ↑ Rasa, Santa; Nora-Krukle, Zaiga; Chapenko, Svetlana; Krumina, Angelika; Roga, Silvija; Murovska, Modra (January 2014). "No evidence of XMRV provirus sequences in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and individuals with unspecified encephalopathy". The New Microbiologica. 37 (1): 17–24. ISSN 1121-7138. PMID 24531167.
  25. ↑ Irlbeck, David M.; Vernon, Suzanne D.; McCleary, K. Kimberly; Bateman, Lucinda; Klimas, Nancy G.; Lapp, Charles W.; Peterson, Daniel L.; Brown, James R.; Remlinger, Katja S.; Wilfret, David A.; Gerondelis, Peter (2014). "No association found between the detection of either xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus or polytropic murine leukemia virus and chronic fatigue syndrome in a blinded, multi-site, prospective study by the establishment and use of the SolveCFS BioBank". BMC Research Notes. 7: 461. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-461.
  26. ↑ Panelli, Simona; Lorusso, Lorenzo; Balestrieri, Alessandro; Lupo, Giuseppe; Capelli, Enrica (2017), "XMRV and Public Health: The Retroviral Genome Is Not a Suitable Template for Diagnostic PCR, and Its Association with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Appears Unreliable", Frontiers in Public Health, 5 (108), doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00108
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