Michael Maes

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Michael Maes, M.D., Ph.D., developed the Neuro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Fatigue (NIOF) Theory as a cause for ME/CFS.[1] He currently works at the Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.[2] Other work associations include IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia and the Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Brazil.[2][3]

While living in Belgium, he served as a clinician at MCare4U Outpatient Clinics in Antwerp.[4]

His special interests include: Behavorial Systems Biology, major depression, inflammatory illnesses and chronic fatigue syndrome.[5]

Neuro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Fatigue (NIOF) Theory[edit | edit source]

In 2015, Maes developed a new case definition of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) called Neuro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Fatigue (NIOF) "based on pattern recognition methods and using neuro-immune, inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress (neuro-IO&NS) biomarkers as external validating criteria." These biomarkers include "IgM / IgA responses against LPS (lipopolysaccharides) of gut commensal bacteria (leaky gut), IgM responses to O&NS modified neoepitopes, autoimmunity to serotonin, plasma interleukin-1 (IL-1) and serum neopterin." Maes sees a "significant overlap between NIOF and chronic fatigue syndrome although NIOF criteria were much more restrictive."[1]

Professor Maes proposes the ME/CFS, as well as other chronic diseases, can be treated by lessening the Neuro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Fatigue with foods and supplements that decrease inflammation and repair leaky gut such as curcumin, N-acetyl-cysteine ​​(NAC), glutamine, zinc, and omega-3 fats.[3]

Books[edit | edit source]

Notable studies[edit | edit source]

  • 2006, Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut-intestinal permeability.[7] - (Abstract)
  • 2008, Normalization of leaky gut in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is accompanied by a clinical improvement: Effects of age, duration of illness and the translocation of LPS from gram-negative bacteria[8] - (Abstract)
  • 2009, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: la bête noire of the Belgian Health Care System[9] - (Full text)
  • 2009, A review on cognitive behavorial therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): CBT/GET is not only ineffective and not evidence-based, but also potentially harmful for many patients with ME/CFS[10] - (Full text)
  • 2009, Coenzyme Q10 deficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is related to fatigue, autonomic and neurocognitive symptoms and is another risk factor explaining the early mortality in ME/CFS due to cardiovascular disorder[11] - (Abstract)
  • 2011, Increased IgA responses to the LPS of commensal bacteria is associated with inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome[12] - (Abstract)
  • 2012, Evidence for inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): increased interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, PMN-elastase, lysozyme and neopterin.[13] - (Abstract)
  • 2012, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), and Chronic Fatigue (CF) are distinguished accurately: results of supervised learning techniques applied on clinical and inflammatory data[14] - (Abstract)
  • 2013, In myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, increased autoimmune activity against 5-HT is associated with immuno-inflammatory pathways and bacterial translocation[15] - (Abstract)
  • 2013, Case definitions and diagnostic criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic fatigue Syndrome: from clinical-consensus to evidence-based case definitions[16] - (Full text)
  • 2014, Review Article -Mitochondrial dysfunctions in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome explained by activated immuno-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways[17] - (Abstract)
  • 2014, The emerging role of autoimmunity in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/cfs)[18] - (Abstract)
  • 2014, Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Immune-Inflammatory Pathways in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)[19] - (Full Text)
  • 2014, Evidence for the existence of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) with and without abdominal discomfort (irritable bowel) syndrome[20] - (Full text)
  • 2015, A new case definition of Neuro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Fatigue (NIOF), a neuroprogressive disorder, formerly known as chronic fatigue syndrome or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: results of multivariate pattern recognition methods and external validation by neuro-immune biomarkers.[1] - (Abstract)
  • 2015, Central pathways causing fatigue in neuro-inflammatory and autoimmune illnesses[21] - (Full Text)
  • 2016, Nitrosative Stress, Hypernitrosylation, and Autoimmune Responses to Nitrosylated Proteins: New Pathways in Neuroprogressive Disorders Including Depression and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome[22] - (Abstract)
  • 2016, The role of microbiota and intestinal permeability in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune processes with an emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome[23] - (Abstract)
  • 2017, Mechanisms Explaining Muscle Fatigue and Muscle Pain in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): a Review of Recent Findings[24] - (Abstract)
  • 2018, Recognizing the leaky gut as a trans-diagnostic target for neuro-immune disorders using clinical chemistry and molecular immunology assays[25] - (Abstract)
  • 2019, Myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome: how could the illness develop?[26] - (Full text)
  • 2019, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: From Pathophysiological Insights to Novel Therapeutic Opportunities[27] - (Abstract)
  • 2019, Editorial - Is a diagnostic blood test for chronic fatigue syndrome on the horizon?[28] - (Full text)
  • 2021, The Reification of the Clinical Diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) as an Immune and Oxidative Stress Disorder: Construction of a Data-Driven Nomothethic Network and Exposure of ME/CFS Subgroups[29] - (Full text)

Talks and interviews[edit | edit source]

Online presence[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Maes, Michael (2015). "A new case definition of Neuro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Fatigue (NIOF), a neuroprogressive disorder, formerly known as chronic fatigue syndrome or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: results of multivariate pattern recognition methods and external validation by neuro-immune biomarkers". Neuro endocrinology letters. 36 (4): 320–329. PMID 26454487.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Michael Maes | M.D., Ph.D. | Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok | Department of Psychiatry". ResearchGate. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 http://revitalis.nl/?team=prof-dr-michael-maes
  4. ↑ Maes, Michael; Mihaylova, Ivana; Leunis, Jean-Claude (October 2006). "Chronic fatigue syndrome is accompanied by an IgM-related immune response directed against neopitopes formed by oxidative or nitrosative damage to lipids and proteins". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 27 (5): 615–621. ISSN 0172-780X. PMID 17159817.
  5. ↑ "Michael Maes - Citations". Google Scholar. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  6. ↑ Michael Maes (April 2011). Nooit-Mer-Moe [Never Tired] (in Nederlands). Zorro Publisher. ISBN 9789461680013.
  7. ↑ Maes, Michael; Mihaylova, Ivanka; Leunis, JC (September 27, 2006). "Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut-intestinal permeability". J Affect Disord. 99 (1–3): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.021. PMID 17007934.
  8. ↑ Maes, Michael; Leunis, JC (2008). "Normalization of leaky gut in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is accompanied by a clinical improvement: Effects of age, duration of illness and the translocation of LPS from gram-negative bacteria". Neuro endocrinology letters. 26 (6): 902–910. PMID 19112401.
  9. ↑ Maes, Michael; Twisk, Frank NM (April 29, 2009). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: la bête noire of the Belgian health care system" (PDF). Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 30 (3): 300–311. ISSN 0172-780X. PMID 19855351.
  10. ↑ Twisk, Frank NM; Maes, Michael (2009). "A review on cognitive behavorial therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): CBT/GET is not only ineffective and not evidence-based, but also potentially harmful for many patients with ME/CFS" (PDF). Neuroendocrinology Letters. 30 (3): 284–299. PMID 19855350.
  11. ↑ Maes, Michael; Mihaylova, Ivanka; Kubera, Marta; Uytterhoeven, Marc; Vrydags, Nicolas; Bosmans, Eugene (2009). "Coenzyme Q10 deficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is related to fatigue, autonomic and neurocognitive symptoms and is another risk factor explaining the early mortality in ME/CFS due to cardiovascular disorder". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 30 (4): 470–476. ISSN 0172-780X. PMID 20010505.
  12. ↑ Maes, Michael; Twisk, Frank N; Kubera, M; Ringel, K; Leunis, JC; Geffard, M (October 2, 2011). "Increased IgA responses to the LPS of commensal bacteria is associated with inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome". J Affect Disord. 136 (3): 909–17. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.010. PMID 21967891.
  13. ↑ Maes, Michael; Twisk, Frank N.M.; Kubera, Marta; Ringel, Karl (February 2012). "Evidence for inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Increased interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, PMN-elastase, lysozyme and neopterin". Journal of Affective Disorders. 136 (3): 933–939. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.004. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 21975140.
  14. ↑ Maes, Michael; Twisk, Frank N.M.; Johnson, Cort (December 2012). "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), and Chronic Fatigue (CF) are distinguished accurately: Results of supervised learning techniques applied on clinical and inflammatory data". Psychiatry Research. 200 (2–3): 754–760. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.031. ISSN 0165-1781.
  15. ↑ Maes, Michael; Ringel, Karl; Kubera, Marta; Anderson, George; Morris, Gerwyn; Galacki, Piotr; Geffard, Michel (September 5, 2013). "In myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, increased autoimmune activity against 5-HT is associated with immuno-inflammatory pathways and bacterial translocation". Journal of Affective Disorders. 150 (2): 223-230. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.029.
  16. ↑ Morris, Gerwyn; Maes, Michael (2013). "Case definitions and diagnostic criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic fatigue Syndrome: from clinical-consensus to evidence-based case definitions" (PDF). Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 34 (3): 185–199. PMID 23685416.
  17. ↑ Morris, Gerwyn; Maes, Michael (2014). "Mitochondrial dysfunctions in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome explained by activated immuno-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways". Metabolic Brain Disease. 29 (1): 19–36. doi:10.1007/s11011-013-9435-x. PMID 24557875.
  18. ↑ Morris, Gerwyn; Berk, Michael; Galacki, Piotr; Maes, Michael (2014). "The emerging role of autoimmunity in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/cfs)". Molecular Neurobiology. 49 (2): 741–756. doi:10.1007/s12035-013-8553-0.
  19. ↑ Morris, Gerwyn; Maes, Michael (2014). "Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Immune-Inflammatory Pathways in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)". Current Neuropharmacology. 12 (2): 168–185. doi:10.2174/1570159X11666131120224653. PMC 3964747.
  20. ↑ Maes, Michael; Leunis, Jean-Claude; Geffard, Michel; Berk, Michael (2014). "Evidence for the existence of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) with and without abdominal discomfort (irritable bowel) syndrome". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 35 (6): 445–453. ISSN 0172-780X. PMID 25433843.
  21. ↑ Morris, Gerwyn; Berk, Michael; Walder, K; Maes, Michael (2015). "Central pathways causing fatigue in neuro-inflammatory and autoimmune illnesses". BMC Medicine. 13: 28. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0259-2.
  22. ↑ Morris, Gerwyn; Berk, Michael; Klein, H.; Walder, K.; Galacki, Piotr; Maes, Michael (June 23, 2016). "Nitrosative Stress, Hypernitrosylation, and Autoimmune Responses to Nitrosylated Proteins: New Pathways in Neuroprogressive Disorders Including Depression and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Molecular Neurobiology. 54 (6): 4271–4291. doi:10.1007/s12035-016-9975-2.
  23. ↑ Morris, Gerwyn; Berk, Michael; Carvalho, A.F.; Caso, J.R.; Sanz, Y.; Maes, Michael (2016). "The role of microbiota and intestinal permeability in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune processes with an emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 22 (40): 6058–6075. PMID 27634186.
  24. ↑ Morris, Gerwyn; Maes, Michael (2017). "Mechanisms Explaining Muscle Fatigue and Muscle Pain in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): a Review of Recent Findings". Current Rheumatology Reports. 19 (1): 1. doi:10.1007/s11926-017-0628-x.
  25. ↑ Simeonova, Denitsa; Ivanovska, Mariya; Murdjeva, Mariana; Carvalho, Andre F.; Maes, Michael (November 15, 2018). "Recognizing the leaky gut as a trans-diagnostic target for neuro-immune disorders using clinical chemistry and molecular immunology assays". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 18 (19): 1641–1655. doi:10.2174/1568026618666181115100610. ISSN 1568-0266.
  26. ↑ Morris, Gerwyn; Maes, Michael; Berk, Michael; Puri, Basant K. (February 13, 2019). "Myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome: how could the illness develop?". Metabolic Brain Disease. 34 (2): 385–415. doi:10.1007/s11011-019-0388-6. ISSN 0885-7490. PMC 6428797. PMID 30758706.
  27. ↑ Morris, Gerwyn; Puri, Basant K.; Walker, Adam J.; Maes, Michael; Carvalho, Andre F.; Walder, Ken; Mazza, Catherine; Berk, Michael (September 2019). "Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: From pathophysiological insights to novel therapeutic opportunities". Pharmacological Research. 148: 104450. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104450. PMID 31509764.
  28. ↑ Maes, Michael; Rodriguez, Laura Andres; Morris, Gerwyn (October 18, 2019). "Is a diagnostic blood test for chronic fatigue syndrome on the horizon?". Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. 19 (12): 1049–1051. doi:10.1080/14737159.2020.1681976. ISSN 1473-7159.
  29. ↑ Maes, Michael; Kubera, Marta; Stoyanova, Kristina; Leunis, Jean-Claude (January 29, 2021). "The Reification of the Clinical Diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) as an Immune and Oxidative Stress Disorder: Construction of a Data-Driven Nomothethic Network and Exposure of ME/CFS Subgroups". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 21 (16): 1488–1499. doi:10.2174/1568026621666210727170147. PMID 34315375 – via Preprints.

The clear yellowish fluid that remains from blood plasma after clotting factors have been removed by clot formation. (Blood plasma is simply blood that has had its blood cells removed.)[1]

serum The clear yellowish fluid that remains from blood plasma after clotting factors have been removed by clot formation. (Blood plasma is simply blood that has had its blood cells removed.)

chronic disease a disease or condition that usually lasts for 3 months or longer and may get worse over time. Chronic diseases are long-term (typically incurable and requiring long-term management) but are not necessarily severe.

etiology The cause of origin, especially of a disease.

cognition Thought processes, including attention, reasoning, and memory.

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) - A type of psychotherapy geared toward modifying alleged unhealthy thinking, behaviors or illness beliefs. One of the treatment arms used in the controversial PACE trial.

See cognitive behavioral therapy.

graded exercise therapy (GET) - A gradual increase in exercise or activity, according to a pre-defined plan. Focuses on overcoming the patient's alleged unhelpful illness beliefs that exertion can exacerbate symptoms, rather than on reversing physical deconditioning. Considered controversial, and possibly harmful, in the treatment or management of ME. One of the treatment arms of the controversial PACE trial.

See Graded exercise therapy.

myalgic encephalomyelitis (M.E.) - A disease often marked by neurological symptoms, but fatigue is sometimes a symptom as well. Some diagnostic criteria distinguish it from chronic fatigue syndrome, while other diagnostic criteria consider it to be a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome. A defining characteristic of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), which is a notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others. An estimated 25% of those suffering from ME are housebound or bedbound. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies ME as a neurological disease.

chronic fatigue (CF) - Persistent and abnormal fatigue is a symptom, not an illness. It may be caused by depression, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome or many other illnesses. The term "chronic fatigue" should never be confused with the disease chronic fatigue syndrome.

chronic fatigue (CF) - Persistent and abnormal fatigue is a symptom, not an illness. It may be caused by depression, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome or many other illnesses. The term "chronic fatigue" should never be confused with the disease chronic fatigue syndrome.

chronic fatigue (CF) - Persistent and abnormal fatigue is a symptom, not an illness. It may be caused by depression, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome or many other illnesses. The term "chronic fatigue" should never be confused with the disease chronic fatigue syndrome.

mitochondria Important parts of the biological cell, with each mitochondrion encased within a mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondria are best known for their role in energy production, earning them the nickname "the powerhouse of the cell". Mitochondria also participate in the detection of threats and the response to these threats. One of the responses to threats orchestrated by mitochondria is apoptosis, a cell suicide program used by cells when the threat can not be eliminated.

stress Stress can by either physical or psychological, or both. Stress is either 1) a state of emotional or psychological strain or 2) the physical stress (pressure or tension) that a physical object such the human body is placed under, e.g., a stress test is a medical test that monitors the cardiovascular system during strenuous exercise.

microbiome The full collection of microscopic organisms (especially bacteria and fungi) which are present in a particular environment, particularly inside the human body.

assay 1. (verb) analysis (as of an ore or drug) to determine the presence, absence, or quantity of one or more components. 2. (noun) In biochemistry, any laboratory protocol used to test a sample for one or more qualities.

myalgic encephalomyelitis (M.E.) - A disease often marked by neurological symptoms, but fatigue is sometimes a symptom as well. Some diagnostic criteria distinguish it from chronic fatigue syndrome, while other diagnostic criteria consider it to be a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome. A defining characteristic of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), which is a notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others. An estimated 25% of those suffering from ME are housebound or bedbound. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies ME as a neurological disease.

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