Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds comprise mainly from the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids. Because of their biological significance, amino acids are important in nutrition and are commonly used in nutritional supplements, fertilizers, and food technology. Industrial uses include the production of drugs, biodegradable plastics, and chiral catalysts.
Types[edit | edit source]
Branched chain amino acids[edit | edit source]
The branched chain amino acids (BCAAs): (BCAAs) are leucine, isoleucine and valine.[1]
Long neutral amino acids[edit | edit source]
The long neutral amino acids (LNNAs) are tyrosine, tryptophan, threonine, methionine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine and phenylalanine.
Essential amino acids[edit | edit source]
The essential amino acids in humans are those which cannot be made by the body, and must be taken in from food (diet).[2] The nine essential amino acids are | phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine.[2]
ME/CFS[edit | edit source]
Several studies have found altered serum levels of amino acids in ME/CFS patients, including reduced branch chain amino acid intermediates[3] (i.e., 2-Hydoxyisocaproic acid (HICA)), reduced levels of BCCAs and LNNAs during exhaustion[4] and reduced levels of long chain amino acids (LNAAs) during recovery.[4] One study found reduced urinary BCCA excretion.[5]
| Amino acid | Georgiades et al (2003)[4] | Jones et al (2005)[6] | Armstrong et al. (2012)[7] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beta-alanine | |||||
| Aspartate | |||||
| Glutamate | |||||
| Asparagine | |||||
| Hydroxyproline | |||||
| Serine | |||||
| Glycine | |||||
| Glutamine | Reduced | ||||
| Taurine | Reduced | ||||
| Histidine | Reduced | Reduced | |||
| Citrulline | |||||
| Threonine | |||||
| Alanine | |||||
| Arginine | |||||
| Proline | |||||
| a-aminobutyric acid | Reduced | ||||
| Tyrosine | Reduced (at rest, exercise, exhaustion, recovery) | Reduced | |||
| Branched chain amino acids | Reduced (exhaustion) | ||||
| Long neutral amino acids | Reduced (exhaustion, recovery) | ||||
| Isoleucine | |||||
| Valine | |||||
| Leucine | |||||
| Methionine | |||||
| Cystine | |||||
| b-amino-isobutyric acid | |||||
| Phenylalanine | |||||
| Ornithine | Reduced | ||||
| Lysine |
| Amino acid | Jones et al (2005)[6] | Niblet et al (2007)[5] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| b -alanine | Reduced | ||
| Aspartate | |||
| Glutamate | |||
| Asparagine | Reduced | ||
| Hydroxyproline | Reduced | ||
| Serine | |||
| Glycine | |||
| Glutamine | |||
| Taurine | |||
| Histidine | Reduced | Increased | |
| Citrulline | |||
| Threonine | |||
| Alanine | |||
| Arginine | |||
| Proline | |||
| a-aminobutyric acid | |||
| Tyrosine | Increased | ||
| Valine | |||
| Methionine | Reduced | ||
| Cystine | Reduced | ||
| Isoleucine | |||
| Leucine | |||
| b-amino-isobutyric acid | |||
| Phenylalanine | Reduced | Reduced | |
| Ornithine | |||
| Lysine | |||
| Branched chain amino acids | Reduced |
See also[edit | edit source]
Learn more[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ van der Poll, MCG; Luiking, YC; Dejong, CHC; Soeters, PB (September 2, 2009). "Amino Acids". In Caballero, Benjamin (ed.). Guide to Nutritional Supplements. Oxford, UK: Academic Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-12-375661-9.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lopez, Michael J.; Mohiuddin, Shamim S. (2022). Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32496725.
- ↑ Naviaux, Robert K.; Naviaux, Jane C.; Li, Kefeng; Bright, A. Taylor; Alaynick, William A.; Wang, Lin; Baxter, Asha; Nathan, Neil; Anderson, Wayne (August 29, 2016). "Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (37): E5472–E5480. doi:10.1073/pnas.1607571113. ISSN 0027-8424.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Georgiades, Evelina; Behan, Wilhelmina M.H.; Kilduff, Liam P.; Hadjicharalambous, Marios; Mackie, Eileen E.; Wilson, John; Ward, Susan A.; Pitsiladis, Yannis P. (August 2003). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: new evidence for a central fatigue disorder". Clinical Science (London, England: 1979). 105 (2): 213–218. doi:10.1042/CS20020354. ISSN 0143-5221. PMID 12708966.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Niblett, Suzanne H.; King, Katrina E.; Dunstan, R. Hugh; Clifton-Bligh, Phillip; Hoskin, Leigh A.; Roberts, Timothy K.; Fulcher, Greg R.; McGregor, Neil R.; Dunsmore, Julie C. (September 1, 2007). "Hematologic and Urinary Excretion Anomalies in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 232 (8): 1041–1049. doi:10.3181/0702-RM-44. ISSN 1535-3702.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jones, Mark G.; Cooper, Elizabeth; Amjad, Saira; Goodwin, C. Stewart; Barron, Jeffrey L.; Chalmers, Ronald A. (November 1, 2005). "Urinary and plasma organic acids and amino acids in chronic fatigue syndrome". Clinica Chimica Acta. 361 (1): 150–158. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2005.05.023. ISSN 0009-8981.
- ↑ Armstrong, Christopher W.; McGregor, Neil R.; Sheedy, John R.; Buttfield, Ianauthor-link4=; Butt, Henry L.; Gooley, Paul R. (2012). "NMR metabolic profiling of serum identifies amino acid disturbances in chronic fatigue syndrome". Clinica Chimica Acta. 413 (19–20): 1525–1531. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2012.06.022.
