William Reeves

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William C. Reeves, MD, MS (27 March 1943 - 3 Aug 2012) was an epidemiologist and former chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Research Chief of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1992 to 2010. He was criticized for promoting psychological causal factors for ME/CFS,[1] as well as for his department misspending funds appropriated for ME/CFS.[2]

In 2010, he was removed from the CFS program and reassigned as Senior Advisor for Mental Health Surveillance in the Public Health Surveillance Program Office within the CDC.[3] He died at his home in Atlanta on Aug. 3, 2012 at the age of 69.[1]

Wichita clinical study[edit | edit source]

From December 2002 to July 2003 in Wichita, Kansas, US, a two-day in-hospital clinical assessment study, named the Wichita Clinical Study, was conducted by Reeves and his CDC department. The complete data set is available on the CDC Wichita Clinical Study Data Access website. The study enrolled 227 people and classified them into five study groups, one with CFS patients as defined by the 1994 CDC Fukuda criteria case definition, one non-fatigued control group and three other groups reporting ongoing fatigue.[4] The main objective of the study was to characterize the physiologic status of subjects with CFS[4] and to apply the 1994 CFS criteria to standardized reproducible criteria.[5]

The conclusion of the Wichita Clinical Study published in 2005 stated: "The empirical definition includes all aspects of CFS specified in the 1994 case definition and identifies persons with CFS in a precise manner that can be readily reproduced by both investigators and clinicians."[5]

In 2006, Reeves spoke at The National Press Club as part of a "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Awareness Campaign". Using results from the Wichita Clinical Study, he stated: "When we completed the medical workups of people in Wichita to confirm that they had CFS, we found that only half of those with the illness had consulted a physician for the illness. We found that only 16 percent had been diagnosed and treated for CFS...We found that a quarter of the people with CFS are either unemployed or receiving disability...We’ve documented, as have others, that the level of functional impairment in people who suffer from CFS is comparable to multiple sclerosis, AIDS, end-stage renal failure, [or] chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The disability is equivalent to that of some well-known, very severe medical conditions.”[6]

Case definition[edit | edit source]

In 2005, the CDC published a paper outlining the Wichita Clinical Study which stated that the 1994 CDC case definition of CFS (called the empirical definition or the Fukuda criteria) was an accurate case definition. The study has garnered much criticism for not being specific enough to exclude patients which other illnesses. In particular, there is no mention of post-exertional malaise, instead they use the symptom "post-exertional fatigue."[7][5][8] Since the study was led by Reeves, the case definition is sometimes referred to as the Reeves criteria although it has no distinction from the 1994 CDC case definition of CFS.

Notable studies related to ME/CFS[edit | edit source]

  • 1997, The Prevalence of Chronic Fatiguing Illnesses Among Adolescents in the United States[9] - (Abstract)
  • 1999, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Progression and Self-Defined Recovery: Evidence from the CDC Surveillance System[10] - (Abstract)
  • 2003, Identification of ambiguities in the 1994 chronic fatigue syndrome research case definition and recommendations for resolution[11] - (Full Text)
  • 2004, Factor analysis of symptoms among subjects with unexplained chronic fatigue: what can we learn about chronic fatigue syndrome?[12] - (Abstract)
  • 2005, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – A clinically empirical approach to its definition and study[5] - (Full Text)
  • 2005, Psychometric properties of the CDC Symptom Inventory for assessment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome[13] - (Full Text)
  • 2006, Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: Prospective cohort study[14] - (Full Text)
  • 2006, Sleep characteristics of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome and non-fatigued controls: results from a population-based study[15] - (Full Text)
  • 2006, Cognitive dysfunction relates to subjective report of mental fatigue in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome[16] - (Full Text)
  • 2006, Preliminary evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with post-infective fatigue after acute infection with Epstein Barr Virus[17] - (Full Text)
  • 2007, Perception versus polysomnographic assessment of sleep in CFS and non-fatigued control subjects: results from a population-based study[18] - (Full Text)
  • 2009, An evaluation of exclusionary medical/psychiatric conditions in the definition of chronic fatigue syndrome[19] - (Full Text)
  • 2009, Chronic fatigue syndrome and high allostatic load: results from a population-based case-control study in Georgia[20] - (Abstract)
  • 2009, Childhood Trauma and Risk for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Association With Neuroendocrine Dysfunction[21]
  • 2011, Gynecological History in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Population-Based Case-Control Study[22] - (Full Text)
  • 2012, Prevalence, incidence, and classification of chronic fatigue syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, as estimated using the Rochester Epidemiology Project.[23]

News articles[edit | edit source]

Talks and interviews[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Grady, Denise (August 8, 2012). "Dr. William C. Reeves, Who Sought Cause of Fatigue Syndrome, Dies at 69". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  2. ↑ Joe, S., & Valerie, S. (n.d.). CDC Misled Congress on Spending, Records Show Agency Diverted Funding, Filed False Reports. Retrieved July 16, 2016 from http://www.wicfs-me.org/wi_cfs_-5.htm.
  3. ↑ "Topix". topix.com. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 21, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Reeves, William C; Wagner, Dieter; Nisenbaum, Rosane; Jones, James F; Gurbaxani, Brian; Solomon, Laura; Papanicolaou, Dimitris A; Unger, Elizabeth R; Vernon, Suzanne D (December 2005). "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – A clinically empirical approach to its definition and study". BMC Medicine. 3 (1). doi:10.1186/1741-7015-3-19. ISSN 1741-7015.
  6. ↑ Master, OEC Web. "CDC Press Briefing Transcripts November 3, 2006". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  7. ↑ "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 21, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  8. ↑ "Reeves criteria - MEpedia". me-pedia.org. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  9. ↑ Dobbins, James G.; Randall, Bonnie; Reyes, Michele; Steete, Lea; Livens, Elizabeth A.; Reeves, William C. (1997), "The Prevalence of Chronic Fatiguing Illnesses Among Adolescents in the United States", Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 3 (2): 15-27, doi:10.1300/J092v03n02_03
  10. ↑ Reyes, Michele; Dobbins, James G.; Nisenbaum, Rosane; Subedar, Nazerah S.; Randall, Bonnie; Reeves, William C. (1999), "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Progression and Self-Defined Recovery: Evidence from the CDC Surveillance System", Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 5 (1): 17-27, doi:10.1300/J092v05n01_03
  11. ↑ Reeves, W.C.; Lloyd, A.; Vernon, S.D.; Klimas, N.; Jason, L.A.; Bleijenberg, G.; Evengard, B.; White, P.D.; Nisenbaum, R.; Unger, E. (2003), "Identification of ambiguities in the 1994 chronic fatigue syndrome research case definition and recommendations for resolution", BMC Health Services Research, 3 (25), doi:10.1186/1472-6963-3-25
  12. ↑ Nisenbaum, R; Reyes, M; Unger, ER; Reeves, W (February 2004), "Factor analysis of symptoms among subjects with unexplained chronic fatigue: what can we learn about chronic fatigue syndrome?", J Psychosom Res., 56 (2): 171-8, doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00039-4, PMID 15016574
  13. ↑ Wagner, Dieter; Nisenbaum, Rosane; Heim, Christine; Jones, James F.; Unger, Elizabeth R.; Reeves, William C. (2005), "Psychometric properties of the CDC Symptom Inventory for assessment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.", Population Health Metrics, 3 (8): 1, doi:10.1186/1478-7954-3-8
  14. ↑ Hickie, Ian; Davenport, Tracey; Wakefield, Denis; Vollmer-Conna, Ute; Cameron, Barbara; Vernon, Suzanne D; Reeves, William C; Lloyd, Andrew (September 16, 2006). "Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study". BMJ. 333 (7568): 575–. doi:10.1136/bmj.38933.585764.ae. PMC 1569956. PMID 16950834.
  15. ↑ Reeves, W. C.; Heim, C.; Maloney, E. M.; Youngblood, L. S.; Unger, E. R.; Decker, M. J.; Jones, J. F.; Rye, D. B. (2006), "Sleep characteristics of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome and non-fatigued controls: results from a population-based study", BMC Neurology, 6 (41), doi:10.1186/1471-2377-6-41
  16. ↑ Capuron, Lucile; Welberg, Leonie; Heim, Christine; Wagner, Dieter; Solomon, Laura; Papanicolaou, Dimitris A; Craddock, R Cameron; Miller, Andrew H; Reeves, William C (2006), "Cognitive Dysfunction Relates to Subjective Report of Mental Fatigue in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", Neuropsychopharmacology, 31: 1777–1784, doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301005
  17. ↑ Vernon, SD; Whistler, T; Cameron, B; Hickie, IB; Reeves, WC; Lloyd, A (2006), "Preliminary evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with post-infective fatigue after acute infection with Epstein Barr Virus", BMC Infectious Diseases, 6 (15), doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-15, PMID 16448567
  18. ↑ Majer, M; Jones, JF; Unger, E; Youngblood, LS; Decker, MJ; Gurbaxani, B; Heim, C; Reeves, WC (2007), "Perception versus polysomnographic assessment of sleep in CFS and non-fatigued control subjects: results from a population-based study", BMC Neurology, 7 (40), doi:10.1186/1471-2377-7-40, PMID 18053240
  19. ↑ Jones, James F; Lin, Jin-Mann S; Maloney, Elizabeth M; Boneva, Roumiana S; Nater, Urs M; Unger, Elizabeth R; Reeves, William C (December 2009). "An evaluation of exclusionary medical/psychiatric conditions in the definition of chronic fatigue syndrome". BMC Medicine. 7 (1). doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-57. ISSN 1741-7015.
  20. ↑ Maloney, Elizabeth M.; Boneva, Roumiana; Nater, Urs M.; Reeves, William C. (June 2009). "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and High Allostatic Load: Results From a Population-Based Case-Control Study in Georgia". Psychosomatic Medicine. 71 (5): 549–556. doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181a4fea8. ISSN 0033-3174.
  21. ↑ Heim, Christine Heim; Nater, Urs M.; Maloney, Elizabeth; Boneva, Roumiana; Jones, James F.; Reeves, William C. (January 1, 2009). "Childhood Trauma and Risk for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Association With Neuroendocrine Dysfunction". Archives of General Psychiatry. 66 (1): 72. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.508. ISSN 0003-990X.
  22. ↑ Boneva, Roumiana S.; Maloney, Elizabeth M.; Lin, Jin-Mann; Jones, James F.; Wieser, Friedrich; Nater, Urs M.; Heim, Christine M.; Reeves, William C. (January 2011). "Gynecological history in chronic fatigue syndrome: a population-based case-control study". Journal of Women's Health (2002). 20 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1900. ISSN 1931-843X. PMC 3017420. PMID 21091051.
  23. ↑ Vincent, Ann; Brimmer, Dana J.; Whipple, Mary O.; Jones, James F.; Boneva, Roumiana; Lahr, Brian D.; Maloney, Elizabeth; St. Sauver, Jennifer L.; Reeves, William C. (December 2012). "Prevalence, Incidence, and Classification of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, as Estimated Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 87 (12): 1145–1152. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.08.015. ISSN 0025-6196. PMID 23140977.
  24. ↑ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0293270/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl
  25. ↑ "I Remember Me". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 7, 2021.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a U.S. government agency dedicated to epidemiology and public health. It operates under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.

See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

involving, related to or in the area of the kidneys[1]

renal involving, related to or in the area of the kidneys

The BMJ (previously the British Medical Journal) is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal.

BMJ The BMJ (previously the British Medical Journal) is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal.

cognition Thought processes, including attention, reasoning, and memory.

mitochondria Important parts of the biological cell, with each mitochondrion encased within a mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondria are best known for their role in energy production, earning them the nickname "the powerhouse of the cell". Mitochondria also participate in the detection of threats and the response to these threats. One of the responses to threats orchestrated by mitochondria is apoptosis, a cell suicide program used by cells when the threat can not be eliminated.

somatic symptom disorder A psychiatric term to describe an alleged condition whereby a person's thoughts somehow cause physical symptoms. The actual existence of such a condition is highly controversial, due to a lack of scientific evidence. It is related to other psychiatric terms, such as "psychosomatic", "neurasthenia", and "hysteria". Older terms include "somatization", "somatoform disorder", and "conversion disorder". Such terms refer to a scientifically-unsupported theory that claims that a wide range of physical symptoms can be created by the human mind, a theory which has been criticized as "mind over matter" parapsychology, a pseudoscience.

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