Ian Lipkin: Difference between revisions

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== References ==
== References ==
<references>
<references>
<ref name="Alter, et al, 2012">{{Citation
<ref name="Alter, et al, 2012">{{Citation |last1  = Alter |first             1  |authorlink1 = |last2  = Mikovits |first         2  |authorlink2 = Judy Mikovits |last3  = Switzer |first           3  |authorlink3 = |last4  = Ruscetti |first         4  |authorlink4 = |last5  = Lo |first               5  |authorlink5 = |last6  = Klimas |first           6  |authorlink6 = Nancy Klimas |last7  = Komaroff |first         7  |authorlink7 = Anthony Komaroff |last8  = Montoya |first           8  |authorlink8 = Jose Montoya |last9  = Bateman |first           9  |authorlink9 = Lucinda Bateman |last10  = Levine |first           10  |authorlink10 = Susan Levine |last11  = Peterson |first         11  |authorlink11 = Daniel Peterson |last12  = Levin |first           12  |authorlink12 = Bruce Levin |last13  = Hanson |first           13  |authorlink13 = Maureen Hanson |last14  = Genfi |first           14  |authorlink14 = |last15  = Bhat |first             15  |authorlink15 = |last16  = Zheng |first           16  |authorlink16 = |last17  = Wang |first             17  |authorlink17 = |last18  = Li |first               18  |authorlink18 = |last19  = Hung |first             19  |authorlink19 = |last20  = Lee |first             20  |authorlink20 = |last21  = Sameroff |first         21  |authorlink21 = |last22  = Heneine |first         22  |authorlink22 = |last23  = Coffin |first           23  |authorlink23 = |last24  = Hornig |first           24  |authorlink24 = Mady Hornig |last25  = Lipkin |first           25  |authorlink25 = Ian Lipkin
| last1  = Alter            | first1 = Harvey J.                | authorlink1 =  
| last2  = Mikovits          | first2 = Judy A.                  | authorlink2 = Judy Mikovits
| last3  = Switzer          | first3 = William M.                | authorlink3 =  
| last4  = Ruscetti          | first4 = Francis W.                | authorlink4 =  
| last5  = Lo               | first5 = Shyh-Ching               | authorlink5 =  
| last6  = Klimas            | first6 = Nancy                    | authorlink6 = Nancy Klimas
| last7  = Komaroff          | first7 = Anthony L.                | authorlink7 = Anthony Komaroff
| last8  = Montoya          | first8 = Jose G.                  | authorlink8 = Jose Montoya
| last9  = Bateman          | first9 = Lucinda                  | authorlink9 = Lucinda Bateman
| last10  = Levine          | first10 = Susan                    | authorlink10 = Susan Levine
| last11  = Peterson        | first11 = Daniel                  | authorlink11 = Daniel Peterson
| last12  = Levin            | first12 = Bruce                    | authorlink12 = Bruce Levin
| last13  = Hanson          | first13 = Maureen R.              | authorlink13 = Maureen Hanson
| last14  = Genfi            | first14 = Afia                    | authorlink14 =  
| last15  = Bhat            | first15 = Meera                    | authorlink15 =  
| last16  = Zheng            | first16 = HaoQiang                | authorlink16 =  
| last17  = Wang            | first17 = Richard                  | authorlink17 =  
| last18  = Li              | first18 = Bingjie                  | authorlink18 =  
| last19  = Hung            | first19 = Guo-Chiuan              | authorlink19 =  
| last20  = Lee              | first20 = Li Ling                  | authorlink20 =  
| last21  = Sameroff        | first21 = Stephen                  | authorlink21 =  
| last22  = Heneine          | first22 = Walid                    | authorlink22 =  
| last23  = Coffin          | first23 = John                    | authorlink23 =  
| last24  = Hornig          | first24 = Mady                    | authorlink24 = Mady Hornig
| last25  = Lipkin          | first25 = W. Ian                  | authorlink25 = Ian Lipkin
| title  = A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus
| title  = A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus
| journal = mBio    | volume = 3    | issue = 5  | page = e00266–12
| journal = mBio    | volume = 3    | issue = 5  | page = e00266–12
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}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
<ref name="Hornig, 2016">{{Citation
<ref name="Hornig, 2016">{{Citation |last1  = Hornig |first               1  |authorlink1 = |last2  = Gottschalk |first           2  |authorlink2 = Gunnar Gottschalk |last3  = Peterson |first             3  |authorlink3 = Daniel Peterson |last4  = Knox |first                 4  |authorlink4 = |last5  = Schultz |first             5  |authorlink5 = |last6  = Eddy |first                 6  |authorlink6 = |last7  = Che |first                 7  |authorlink7 = |last8  = Lipkin |first               8  |authorlink8 = Ian Lipkin
| last1  = Hornig              | first1 = M                  | authorlink1 =  
| last2  = Gottschalk          | first2 = G                  | authorlink2 = Gunnar Gottschalk  
| last3  = Peterson            | first3 = D                  | authorlink3 = Daniel Peterson
| last4  = Knox                | first4 = KK                  | authorlink4 =  
| last5  = Schultz              | first5 = AF                  | authorlink5 =  
| last6  = Eddy                | first6 = ML                  | authorlink6 =  
| last7  = Che                  | first7 = X                  | authorlink7 =  
| last8  = Lipkin              | first8 = WI                  | authorlink8 = Ian Lipkin
| title  = Cytokine network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.
| title  = Cytokine network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.
| journal = Molecular Psychiatry    | volume =  21  | issue = 2  | page = 261-9
| journal = Molecular Psychiatry    | volume =  21  | issue = 2  | page = 261-9
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}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
<ref name="Hornig, 2017">{{Citation
<ref name="Hornig, 2017">{{Citation |last1  = Hornig |first             1  |authorlink1 = Mady Hornig |last2  = Gottschalk |first         2  |authorlink2 = Gunnar Gottschalk |last3  = Eddy |first               3  |authorlink3 = |last4  = Che |first                 4  |authorlink4 = |last5  = Ukaigwe |first             5  |authorlink5 = |last6  = Peterson |first           6  |authorlink6 = Daniel Peterson |last7  = Lipkin |first             7  |authorlink7 = Ian Lipkin
| last1  = Hornig              | first1 = M              | authorlink1 = Mady Hornig
| last2  = Gottschalk          | first2 = G              | authorlink2 = Gunnar Gottschalk  
| last3  = Eddy                | first3 = ML              | authorlink3 =  
| last4  = Che                | first4 = X              | authorlink4 =  
| last5  = Ukaigwe            | first5 = JE              | authorlink5 =  
| last6  = Peterson            | first6 = DL              | authorlink6 = Daniel Peterson  
| last7  = Lipkin             | first7 = WI             | authorlink7 = Ian Lipkin
| title  = Immune network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome with atypical and classical presentations
| title  = Immune network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome with atypical and classical presentations
| journal = Translational Psychiatry    | volume =  7  | issue = 4  | page =
| journal = Translational Psychiatry    | volume =  7  | issue = 4  | page =
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}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
<ref name="Magnus, 2015">{{Cite journal
<ref name="Magnus, 2015">{{Cite journal |last1  = Magnus |first           1  |authorlink1 = |last2  = Gunnes |first           2  |authorlink2 = |last3  = Tveito |first           3  |authorlink3 = |last4  = Bakken |first           4  |authorlink4 = Inger Johanne Bakken |last5  = Ghaderi |first           5  |authorlink5 = |last6  = Stoltenberg |first       6  |authorlink6 = |last7  = Hornig |first           7  |authorlink7 = Mady Hornig |last8  = Lipkin |first           8  |authorlink8 = Ian Lipkin |last9  = Trogstad |first         9  |authorlink9 = |last10  = Håberg |first           10  |authorlink10 =  
| last1  = Magnus            | first1 = P                  | authorlink1 =  
| last2  = Gunnes            | first2 = N                  | authorlink2 =  
| last3  = Tveito            | first3 = K                  | authorlink3 =  
| last4  = Bakken            | first4 = IJ                | authorlink4 = Inger Johanne Bakken
| last5  = Ghaderi          | first5 = S                  | authorlink5 =  
| last6  = Stoltenberg      | first6 = C                  | authorlink6 =  
| last7  = Hornig            | first7 = M                  | authorlink7 = Mady Hornig
| last8  = Lipkin            | first8 = WI                | authorlink8 = Ian Lipkin
| last9  = Trogstad          | first9 = L                  | authorlink9 =  
| last10  = Håberg            | first10 = SE                | authorlink10 =  
| title  = Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is associated with pandemic influenza infection, but not with an adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine
| title  = Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is associated with pandemic influenza infection, but not with an adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine
| journal = Vaccine    | volume = 33  | issue = 46 | date = 2015
| journal = Vaccine    | volume = 33  | issue = 46 | date = 2015
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|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X15014334|pages=6173-7}}
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X15014334|pages=6173-7}}
</ref>
</ref>
<ref name="Nagy-Szakal, 2017">{{Citation
<ref name="Nagy-Szakal, 2017">{{Citation |last1  = Nagy-Szakal |first         1  |authorlink1 = Dorottya Nagy-Szakal |last2  = Williams |first             2  |authorlink2 = |last3  = Mishra |first               3  |authorlink3 = |last4  = Che |first                 4  |authorlink4 = |last5  = Lee |first                 5  |authorlink5 = |last6  = Bateman |first             6  |authorlink6 = Lucinda Bateman |last7  = Klimas |first               7  |authorlink7 = Nancy Klimas |last8  = Komaroff |first             8  |authorlink8 = Anthony Komaroff |last9  = Levine |first               9  |authorlink9 = Susan Levine |last10  = Montoya |first             10  |authorlink10 = Jose Montoya |last11  = Peterson |first           11  |authorlink11 = Daniel Peterson |last12  = Ramanan |first             12  |authorlink12 = |last13  = Jain |first               13  |authorlink13 = |last14  = Eddy |first               14  |authorlink14 = |last15  = Hornig |first             15  |authorlink15 = Mady Hornig |last16  = Lipkin |first             16  |authorlink16 = Ian Lipkin
| last1  = Nagy-Szakal          | first1 = Dorottya                | authorlink1 = Dorottya Nagy-Szakal
| last2  = Williams            | first2 = Brent L.                | authorlink2 =  
| last3  = Mishra              | first3 = Nischay                  | authorlink3 =  
| last4  = Che                  | first4 = Xiaoyu                  | authorlink4 =  
| last5  = Lee                  | first5 = Bohyun                  | authorlink5 =  
| last6  = Bateman              | first6 = Lucinda                  | authorlink6 = Lucinda Bateman
| last7  = Klimas              | first7 = Nancy G.                | authorlink7 = Nancy Klimas  
| last8  = Komaroff            | first8 = Anthony L.              | authorlink8 = Anthony Komaroff
| last9  = Levine              | first9 = Susan                    | authorlink9 = Susan Levine
| last10  = Montoya            | first10 = Jose G.                | authorlink10 = Jose Montoya
| last11  = Peterson            | first11 = Daniel L.              | authorlink11 = Daniel Peterson
| last12  = Ramanan            | first12 = Devi                    | authorlink12 =  
| last13  = Jain                | first13 = Komal                  | authorlink13 =  
| last14  = Eddy                | first14 = Meredith L.            | authorlink14 =  
| last15  = Hornig              | first15 = Mady                    | authorlink15 = Mady Hornig
| last16  = Lipkin              | first16 = W. Ian                  | authorlink16 = Ian Lipkin
| title  = Fecal metagenomic profiles in subgroups of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
| title  = Fecal metagenomic profiles in subgroups of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
| journal = Microbiome    | volume = 5  | issue = 44    | page =  
| journal = Microbiome    | volume = 5  | issue = 44    | page =  
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}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
<ref name="Nagy-Szakal, 2018">{{Citation
<ref name="Nagy-Szakal, 2018">{{Citation |last1  = Nagy-Szakal |first         1  |authorlink1 = Dorottya Nagy-Szakal |last2  = Barupal |first             2  |authorlink2 = |last3  = Lee |first                 3  |authorlink3 = |last4  = Che |first                 4  |authorlink4 = |last5  = Williams |first             5  |authorlink5 = |last6  = Kahn |first                 6  |authorlink6 = |last7  = Ukaigwe |first             7  |authorlink7 =   |last8  = Bateman |first             8  |authorlink8 = Lucinda Bateman |last9  = Klimas |first               9  |authorlink9 = Nancy Klimas |last10  = Komaroff |first             10  |authorlink10 = Anthony Komaroff |last11  = Levine |first               11  |authorlink11 = Susan Levine |last12  = Montoya |first             12  |authorlink12 = Jose Montoya |last13  = Peterson |first             13  |authorlink13 = Daniel Peterson |last14  = Levin |first               14  |authorlink14 = Bruce Levin |last15  = Hornig |first               15  |authorlink15 = Mady Hornig |last16  = Fiehn |first               16  |authorlink16 = |last17  = Lipkin |first               17  |authorlink17 = Ian Lipkin
| last1  = Nagy-Szakal          | first1 = Dorottya                | authorlink1 = Dorottya Nagy-Szakal
| last2  = Barupal              | first2 = Dinesh K.                | authorlink2 =  
| last3  = Lee                  | first3 = Bohyun                  | authorlink3 =  
| last4  = Che                  | first4 = Xiaoyu                  | authorlink4 =  
| last5  = Williams            | first5 = Brent L.                | authorlink5 =  
| last6  = Kahn                | first6 = Ellie J. R.              | authorlink6 =
| last7  = Ukaigwe              | first7 = Joy E.                  | authorlink7 =
| last8  = Bateman              | first8 = Lucinda                  | authorlink8 = Lucinda Bateman
| last9  = Klimas              | first9 = Nancy G.                | authorlink9 = Nancy Klimas  
| last10  = Komaroff            | first10 = Anthony L.              | authorlink10 = Anthony Komaroff
| last11  = Levine              | first11 = Susan                  | authorlink11 = Susan Levine
| last12  = Montoya              | first12 = Jose G.                | authorlink12 = Jose Montoya
| last13  = Peterson            | first13 = Daniel L.              | authorlink13 = Daniel Peterson
| last14  = Levin                | first14 = Bruce                  | authorlink14 = Bruce Levin  
| last15  = Hornig              | first15 = Mady                    | authorlink15 = Mady Hornig
| last16  = Fiehn                | first16 = Oliver                  | authorlink16 =  
| last17  = Lipkin              | first17 = W. Ian                  | authorlink17 = Ian Lipkin
| title  = Insights into myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome phenotypes through comprehensive metabolomics
| title  = Insights into myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome phenotypes through comprehensive metabolomics
| journal = Scientific Reports  | volume = 8  | issue = 1    | page = 10056
| journal = Scientific Reports  | volume = 8  | issue = 1    | page = 10056

Revision as of 04:48, May 11, 2022

IanLipkin.jpeg

Walter Ian Lipkin, or W. Ian Lipkin, MD, is the John Snow Professor of Epidemiology at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University and Professor of Neurology and Pathology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. Lipkin is also Director of the Center for Infection and Immunity, an academic laboratory for microbe hunting in acute and chronic diseases.[1] Dr. Lipkin traveled to China in 2003 to investigate the SARS outbreak of 2003, and to Saudi Arabia during the MERS outbreak, both coronaviruses.[1] He traveled again to China in 2020 during the COVID-19 outbreak and contracted the disease himself. [2]

Talk and interviews[edit | edit source]

  • Discover Interview: The World's Most Celebrated Virus Hunter, Ian Lipkin
Discover - Health & Medicine By Grant Delin
"When Ian Lipkin chose a career in infectious diseases, he envisioned hunting for pathogens in daring treks around the world. Though disappointed to learn that modern-day virus hunters work largely from the lab, he still wound up a pioneer."[3]

Notable studies[edit | edit source]

XMRV[edit | edit source]

The scientist who put the nail in XMRV's coffin

Nature By Ewen Callaway

"A study published today has found no evidence to support research linking the retroviruses XMRV2 and pMLV3 to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The US$2.3-million study, funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), comes three years after a link between XMRV and CFS was first reported in Science."[5][12]

Open letters and advocacy[edit | edit source]

Chilli ME Challenge[edit | edit source]

Open letters[edit | edit source]

  • Oct 18, 2018, In response to the Fourth Annual Conference on Psychosomatics at Columbia University - ME/CFS is not a psychosomatic illness[13]

Online presence[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

  • Ian Lipkin: Three to Five Years* to Solve Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)
Simmaron Research By Cort Johnson
"Ian Lipkin flew to Lake Tahoe this December to fund raise for work he’s doing with the Simmaron Research Foundation. In a talk covering his virus hunting career, the threat of pathogens to humanity, and his work with chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), he dropped a bombshell: he stated that he believes it’s possible to solve ME/CFS in three to five years."[14]
  • Ian Lipkin Gets ME/CFS Grant – and So Do Others: the NIH Grants of 2015
Pro-Health By Cort Johnson
"Ian Lipkin gets a big grant and so did some others. (Could the IOM and P2P reports have prompted this little flurry of interest?)"[15]
  • Drs Lipkin, Mady Hornig and colleagues discover robust evidence that chronic fatigue syndrome is a biological illness
The Microbe Discovery Project
"Researchers at the Center for Infection and Immunity at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health identified distinct immune changes in patients diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome, known medically as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME/CFS) or Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease."[16]

See also[edit | edit source]

Reports that may have led to grants[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "W. Ian Lipkin | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health". www.mailman.columbia.edu. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  2. ↑ Stankiewicz, Kevin (March 31, 2020). "Infectious disease expert who has coronavirus says public health can not be overlooked again". CNBC. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Discover Interview: The World's Most Celebrated Virus Hunter, Ian Lipkin | DiscoverMagazine.com". Discover Magazine. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
  4. ↑ http://mecfsdocumentary.com/interviews/
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 1first 2 first 1 first 3 first 2, "A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus" 
  6. ↑ Magnus; Gunnes; Tveito; Bakken; Ghaderi; Stoltenberg; Hornig; Lipkin; Trogstad; Håberg (2015). "Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is associated with pandemic influenza infection, but not with an adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine". Vaccine. 33 (46): 6173–7. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.018. PMID 26475444. Text "first 2" ignored (help); Text "first 3" ignored (help); Text "first 4" ignored (help); Text "first 5" ignored (help); Text "first 6" ignored (help); Text "first 7" ignored (help); Text "first 8" ignored (help); Text "first 10" ignored (help); Text "first 9" ignored (help); Text "first 1" ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Hornig, M; Montoya, JG; Klimas, NG; Levine, SM; Felsenstein, D; Bateman, L; Peterson, DL; Gottschalk, CG; Schultz, AF; Che, X; Eddy, ML; Komaroff, AL; Lipkin, WI (2015). "Distinct plasma immune signatures in ME/CFS are present early in the course of illness". Science Advances. 1 (1). doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400121.
  8. ↑ 1first 2 first 1 first 3 first 2, "Cytokine network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome." 
  9. ↑ 1first 2 first 1 first 3 first 2, "Fecal metagenomic profiles in subgroups of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome" 
  10. ↑ 1first 2 first 1 first 3 first 2, "Immune network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome with atypical and classical presentations" 
  11. ↑ 1first 2 first 1 first 3 first 2, "Insights into myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome phenotypes through comprehensive metabolomics" 
  12. ↑ The scientist who put the nail in XMRV's coffin - Nature By Ewen Callaway
  13. ↑ Lipkin, W. Ian (October 18, 2018). "Statement to the ME/CFS community" (PDF). columbia.edu. Retrieved January 28, 2019. Our studies of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and feces, using state-of-the-art methods that include microbial gene sequencing, metabolomics, proteomics, and immunological profiling, confirm that patients with ME/CFS have biological abnormalities that cannot be characterized as psychosomatic.

    Committees convened by the National Academies of Sciences, the National Institutes of Health, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have also concluded that ME/CFS is not a psychosomatic disorder.
  14. ↑ Johnson, Cort (December 26, 2015). "Ian Lipkin: Three to Five Years* to Solve Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)". Simmaron Research. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  15. ↑ Johnson, Cort (September 1, 2015). "Ian Lipkin Gets ME/CFS Grant – and So Do Others: the NIH Grants of 2015". Prohealth. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  16. ↑ The Microbe Discovery Project (April 25, 2015). "Drs Lipkin, Hornig and colleagues discover robust evidence that chronic fatigue syndrome is a biological illness - The Microbe Discovery Project". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2020.

chronic disease a disease or condition that usually lasts for 3 months or longer and may get worse over time. Chronic diseases are long-term (typically incurable and requiring long-term management) but are not necessarily severe.

National Institutes of Health (NIH) - A set of biomedical research institutes operated by the U.S. government, under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.

somatic symptom disorder A psychiatric term to describe an alleged condition whereby a person's thoughts somehow cause physical symptoms. The actual existence of such a condition is highly controversial, due to a lack of scientific evidence. It is related to other psychiatric terms, such as "psychosomatic", "neurasthenia", and "hysteria". Older terms include "somatization", "somatoform disorder", and "conversion disorder". Such terms refer to a scientifically-unsupported theory that claims that a wide range of physical symptoms can be created by the human mind, a theory which has been criticized as "mind over matter" parapsychology, a pseudoscience.

myalgic encephalomyelitis (M.E.) - A disease often marked by neurological symptoms, but fatigue is sometimes a symptom as well. Some diagnostic criteria distinguish it from chronic fatigue syndrome, while other diagnostic criteria consider it to be a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome. A defining characteristic of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), which is a notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others. An estimated 25% of those suffering from ME are housebound or bedbound. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies ME as a neurological disease.

cytokine any class of immunoregulatory proteins secreted by cells, especially immune cells. Cytokines are small proteins important in cell signaling that modulate the immune system. (Learn more: me-pedia.org)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a U.S. government agency dedicated to epidemiology and public health. It operates under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.

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