Peter White

From MEpedia, a crowd-sourced encyclopedia of ME and CFS science and history

Peter Denton White is a British psychiatrist and a prominent researcher in the field of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). White was an honorary consultant liaison psychiatrist at St Bartholomew's hospital and the co-lead of the East London chronic fatigue syndrome service until he retired from these positions in 2016.[1]

His research in ME/CFS focused on Epstein Barr virus infection, the heterogeneity of the illness and the development of graded exercise therapy.[2] As lead author of the controversial PACE trial, White was criticized for misrepresenting the study’s findings in favor of cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy.[3]

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Biography[edit | edit source]

Peter Denton White qualified in medicine at St Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical College.[4] He was trained in general medicine in Southampton and received his psychiatric training at the Maudsley and St Bartholomew’s Hospitals.[4] He became Professor of Psychological Medicine at Barts and the London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London[4] and was a consultant liaison psychiatrist and co-lead of the chronic fatigue syndrome service at St Bartholomew’s hospital, until he retired from these positions in 2016.[1]

White was one of the authors of the British diagnostic criteria for CFS, often referred to as the Oxford definition, and provided financial support for the guideline meeting.[5] In 2002 White was one of the members of the Chief Medical Officer’s Working Group for ME/CFS, a position from which he resigned due to disagreements about the final report.[6]

White currently is a trustee of the Voluntary Hospital of St Bartholomew's and a member of the Independent Medical Experts Group, which advises the UK Ministry of Defence regarding its Armed Forces Compensation Scheme.[7] He also provides paid consultancy to re‐ insurance companies.[7]

Research[edit | edit source]

CFS following Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Infection[edit | edit source]

In a large longitudinal study, White and colleagues followed up on 108 persons with Epstein Barr Virus (EBV-) infection, 83 patients with glandular not caused by EBV and 54 subjects with an ordinary upper respiratory tract infection (URTI).[8] These patients were followed up for more than six months to assess symptoms and disability. The results suggested that a distinct fatigue syndrome existed after glandular fever whose constituent symptoms were reliable over time.[9] The prevalence of CFS according to the Fukuda definition was 10%, six months after EBV-infection compared to 0% following an ordinary URTI.[8] No psychiatric disorder was significantly more prevalent six months following EBV-infection than before.[8] According to White et al. “The validity of the fatigue syndrome was supported, separate from psychiatric disorders in general and depressive disorders in particular.”[10]

Using data from the General Practice Research Database (GPRD), White and colleagues reported that significantly more fatigue symptoms were reported in the months following EBV-infection compared to tonsillitis and influenza.[11] White is also a member of The International Collaborative on Fatigue Following Infection (COFFI)[12] which has been established to study post-infection fatigue and related symptoms by sharing data and samples from cohorts around the world.[13]

Graded exercise therapy (GET)[edit | edit source]

Peter White helped develop graded exercise therapy (GET) [14][15], on the basis that "CFS maintained by both the avoidance of activity and deconditioning."[16] In of his studies CFS patients were compared to sedentary controls. While both were equally unfit, CFS patients had reduced exercise capacity and perceived greater effort during exercise than sedentary controls.[17]

With GET patients are instructed to gradually increase their level of physical activity.[14] Under the guidance of a trained physical therapist, patients are instructed to find a baseline of physical activity they can easily manage, even on bad days.[15] From there, the amount of exercise is increased time-contingently with the goal of reaching 30 minutes five times a week. When patients reach their goals, the intensity of exercise can be increased for example by going from walking to running or swimming.[18]

According to White, patients can improve and even recover from CFS by following GET.[19] He has argued that “patients can be released from their self-perpetuating cycle of inactivity if the impairments that occur due to inactivity and their physiological deconditioning can be reversed. This can occur if they are willing to gradually exceed their perceived energy limits, and recondition their bodies through GET.”[15]

White has conducted three randomized trials that assessed the effectiveness of GET.[14][20][21] All claimed that CFS patients significantly improved in the GET-group, although the results have been challenged by others.[22][23][24][25] A review by Vink & Vink-Niese indicated that patients rarely improve on objective outcomes following GET.[26] White has acknowledged that “GET does not work by improving physical fitness”[27] but argued that it may work by improving exercise tolerance or reducing fear avoidance.[27]

The use of GET has been controversial in the ME/CFS community. In several surveys, patients indicated to have been harmed by this treatment.[28] White has said that reports of harm are merely examples of GET being wrongly applied, for example when patients are told to go to the gym to exercise without any guidance[29] - an explanation that has been contested.[30] White has acknowledged however that “It is an apparent paradox that graded exercise programmes are prescribed for patients with CFS/ME, when post-exertional malaise is a feature, which requires explanation.”[27]

Risk factors and prognosis of CFS[edit | edit source]

Using data from the 1958 British birth cohort White was able to study premorbid risk factors for (self-reported) CFS/ME. The study could not confirm a connection with activity levels in child- or adulthood. Female gender, premorbid psychopathology, childhood gastrointestinal symptoms and parental reports of many colds increased the risk of self-reported CFS/ME in later life.[31] There was also an association with parental physical abuse, although this factor was assessed retrospectively.[32]

Using data from the General Practice Research Database (GPRD), White and colleagues were able to report that viral infections were a risk marker for CFS, while gastroenteritis put persons at greater risk for irritable bowel syndrome.[33]

Using the GPRD, White estimated the incidence of CFS to be 14.8 per 100,000 people.[34] The data indicated that the incidence of CFS had remained relatively constant during the period 2001-2013, even decreasing a little over time.[34] White and colleagues also reported that CFS-patients had a 50% increased GP consultation rate in the 10 years before their CFS diagnosis in the GPRD, compared to controls.[35] Healthcare consumption peaked in the year of CFS/ME diagnosis but quickly reached levels similar to the period before diagnosis.[35]

Activated cytokines[edit | edit source]

In one of his first papers featuring CFS, White speculated that the condition may be the result of activated cytokines such as Interleukin 1.[36] He subsequently tested the activation of cytokines in CFS patients before and after performing an exercise test.[37] In a 2015 review, however, White and colleagues reported that studies on cytokines in CFS are often of poor quality and have conflicting results.[38] According to the authors, the only consistent finding has been an increase in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β).[38] A subsequent study by White’s research group showed that TGF-β was the only cytokine significantly increased in CFS patients compared to controls, but that this was considered “a spurious finding due to variation between different assay batches.”[39] According to the authors, the results suggest that “elevated circulating cytokines are not important in the pathophysiology of CFS” although a role for local release of cytokines in the central nervous system (CNS) was not ruled out.[39]

Subgrouping: to both 'lump' and 'split'[edit | edit source]

White has argued that CFS is a heterogeneous label representing more than one separate condition and that this might explain the lack of replication in the field. “If CFS is found to be more than one separate condition", he wrote, “this could explain why no replicated causes have been found associated with the illness, since an association found only in one subgroup would be diluted, and risk being found non‐significant, by mixing the subgroup with others.”[40]

White was able to perform subgroup analysis on the data collected during two large epidemiological studies by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States. Principal components analysis was conducted on selected CFS patients, patients with idiopathic chronic fatigue and healthy controls from the Wichita, Kansas study.[41] The analysis indicated 6 different classes which were mostly based on factors such as obesity, depression, and apnea.[41][42] Similar groups were found in the analysis of data from the CDC’s prevalence study in Georgia.[43] According to the authors, this replication supported “the broadening of the concept of CFS to include patients with fewer symptoms but similar disability.”[43] White has recommended that NICE guidelines for the diagnosis of CFS as the most useful as it requires only one additional symptom beyond post‐exertional fatigue.[40][44]

White has however been critical of proposals to lump several functional somatic syndromes (FSS) - which in his view includes ME/CFS - into one diagnostic entity.[45][46][47] He has argued that there is little overlap between conditions such as fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome, that treatments and risk factors between FSS may differ and that “historically, more progress has been made through splitting illnesses rather than lumping them together.”[45] According to White “A general functional somatic syndrome can be consistent only with psychogenesis, since it is difficult to conceive of a pathophysiological mechanism that would be common to all functional somatic syndromes.”[45]  As an alternative White proposes to be “over‐inclusive regarding the diagnosis as a first step, while subdividing the condition into likely subgroups as a means of finding valid and reliable associations with potential causes”[40] He has argued that "the solution to the debate is that we need to both 'lump' and 'split.' We need to study both the similarities between syndromes and their dissimilarities to better understand what we currently call the FSSs."[46]

Central Sensitization[edit | edit source]

While White has originally emphasized the role of deconditioning in the pathology of CFS, in recent years he has highlighted the potential role of central sensitization, a suspected hypersensitivity of the central nervous system.[48] He has argued that central sensitization may form a common link between functional somatic syndromes, whereas precipitating events such as environmental exposures could mark the development of specific syndromes or their sub-phenotypes.[48] White has also emphasized the role of interoception[49] and abnormal perception of effort in CFS.[15]  His research however indicated that CFS patients do no have an exercise phobia.[16]

Controversies[edit | edit source]

The PACE trial[edit | edit source]

Peter White was the lead investigator of the PACE trial, a 5 million pound study that investigated the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), graded exercise therapy (GET) and adaptive pacing therapy (APT) in a sample of more than 600 CFS patients.[20] While the reported findings indicated that CBT and GET were effective treatments for CFS, the authors have been criticized for misrepresenting the trials’ results.[3][50][51][52] The PACE authors deviated from the methods specified in their protocol, without explaining these changes in full in their publications or how the changes impacted the reported findings.[50][51] Following inconsistencies in the economic analysis of the PACE trial, health psychologist James Coyne filed a request to the journal PLOS ONE to access the data of the trial, a request that was dismissed as vexatious by Kings College London.[53] PLOS ONE has since issued an expression of concern about the publication in question.[54]

The PACE authors have refused to share the trial's data for independent reanalysis due to concerns that “patients might be personally identified by releasing their data.”[55] Peter White has also criticized the "All Trials campaign" as it encourages authors to share their datasets publicly.[56] During a 2015 first tribunal hearing on the release of the PACE trial data, Professor Ross Anderson defended the PACE authors’ decision by making “wild speculations” about “young men, borderline sociopathic or psychopathic” being attached to criticism of the PACE trial.[57] The tribunal considered these claims to be unfounded and ordered the release of some of the anonymized data of the trial.[57] An independent reanalysis showed that the PACE authors had inflated improvement and recovery rates threefold.[3] An open letter signed by more than 100 prominent ME/CFS experts including researchers, clinicians, and MPs has called for “an independent re-analysis of the individual-level trial data, with appropriate sensitivity analyses.[58] In a letter to Richard Horton, editor of the Lancet journal, Peter White et al stated: “The PACE trial paper refers to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) which is operationally defined; it does not purport to be studying CFS/ME”;[59] however the authors separately stated their results had also been validated against a modified version of the London criteria for ME. According to White et al. criticism of the PACE trial is based on “misunderstandings and misrepresentations”[55]. In 2016 article in the Guardian newspaper, White wrote that "If my team’s research on ME is rejected, the patients will suffer.”[60]

An adverse effect of the label ME[edit | edit source]

In one of their studies using the GPRD, White and colleagues reported that the prognosis of patients diagnosed with ME was worse than those diagnosed with CFS or post-viral fatigue syndrome.[61] The authors considered it unlikely that there was a difference in the underlying condition which the GP’s could accurately differentiate. They speculated that the poorer prognosis of ME was due to the label itself. “It is possible”, the authors wrote, “that the label ME with its suggestion of an untreatable pathological process may somehow render the patient less able to combat their symptoms and disability than other labels.”[61]

Resigning from the CMO working group[edit | edit source]

White was one of the members of the Chief Medical Officer’s (CMO) Working Group for ME/CFS, a position from which he resigned due to disagreements about the final report.[6][52] White and other members who resigned found that the report played down the psychological and social aspects of the condition and concentrates on a medical model.[6] In an Editorial, White explained that criticism of the report included the “dangers of both over-medicalisation of chronic fatigue and the iatrogenic damage consequent upon that.”[62] White also disagreed with the inclusion of pacing as a recommended treatment advice, writing that “the theoretical risk of pacing is that the patient remains trapped by their symptoms in the envelope of ill health.”[62]

Comments on 2007 NICE guideline[edit | edit source]

During the development of the 2007 guidelines form the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), several controversial comments were made to the draft version of the report, by St Bartholomew’s Hospital Chronic Fatigue Services, which at the time was headed by Peter White.[63] The comments criticized the provision of equipment and adaptations (for example, a wheelchair,blue badge or stairlift) to allow individuals to improve their independence. St Bartholomew’s provided the following feedback: 

“Where is the warning about dependence being encouraged and expectation of recovery being damaged by the message that is given in this intervention? We are in no doubt that it is a powerful message for a therapist of any sort to provide such aids. Our view is that such aids should only be considered by a multi-disciplinary therapeutic team as a whole, and usually in the context of providing a temporary means for a patient to increase their activity levels.”[63] 

Regarding multiple chemical sensitivites (MCS), Bartholomew’s commented that  “MCS is a potentially remediable condition through a graded exposure programme on the basis that the underlying pathophysiology is a conditioned response. It should not be considered as a part of CFS/ME.”[63]

WHO classification[edit | edit source]

White has repeatedly stated that there are multiple ways of classifying CFS using the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Diseases, version 10 (ICD-10).[7][64][44] He has claimed for example that “chronic fatigue syndrome may be classified as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) within the neurology chapter (G93.3) of ICD-10, or as neurasthenia, a psychiatric disorder (F 48.0).”[64] The WHO however classifies ME, CFS and post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS) under code G93.3 in Chapter VI Diseases of the nervous system of ICD-10, and has made clear that it “is not permitted for the same condition to be classified to more than one rubric”.[65] ICD-10 explicitly excludes code G93.3 (PVFS, ME and CFS) from the neurasthenia diagnosis F48.0.[66]

White has also stated incorrectly that CFS can be classified under "R53.82 Chronic fatigue, unspecified, which includes chronic fatigue syndrome NOS."[7] There is however no such code in the ICD,[67] only in the U.S.'s clinical modification, the ICD-10-CM.[68][69] White has also written that "Fink's concept of body distress syndrome" was recently incorporated into ICD-11[7], which is incorrect. For the core ICD-11, WHO has approved the differently conceptualized, "Bodily distress disorder (BDD) which is distinct from Fink's concept of Bodily Distress Syndrome.[69][citation needed]

In a lecture for the re-insurance company Swiss RE, White emphasized that a diagnosis of CFS makes it easier than a diagnosis of ME to use a mental health exclusion in insurance policies.[70] He argued  that “a diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis or ME (a term often used colloquially instead of CFS) is considered a neurological condition according to the arrangement of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnostic codes whereas CFS can alternatively be defined as neurasthenia which is in the mental health chapter of ICD10.”[71]

Conflict of interests[edit | edit source]

Disability benefits work[edit | edit source]

Peter White has performed paid and unpaid work for the United Kingdom's Department for Work and Pensions (DWP)[20][72], which is the government department responsible for administering and reforming the assessment of sickness and disability payments, including the controversial Employment Support Allowance (ESA)[73] and Personal Independence Payments (PIP)[74] for people of working age. White helped draft the DWP's initial disability assessment guidelines for CFS from 2005 - 2007, which were rejected by all UK ME charities as "unfit for purpose".[75][76]

In 2017, the United Nations released a report that was highly critical of the benefits, and of the UK treatment of disabled people.[74][77] White is member of the Independent Medical Experts Group, which advises the UK's Ministry of Defence regarding its Armed Forces Compensation Scheme and provides paid consultancy to re‐insurance companies.[7]

White did not disclose his financial conflicts of interest to the participants of the PACE Trial, of which he was the lead investigator. According to Journalist David Tuller, The PACE authors “promised in their protocol to adhere to this foundational human rights document, among other ethical codes. Despite this promise, they did not tell prospective participants about their financial and consulting links with insurance companies, including those in the disability sector. That ethical breach raises serious concerns about whether the “informed consent” they obtained from all 641 of their trial participants was truly ‘informed,’ and therefore legitimate.”[78]

Health insurance and reinsurance industry links[edit | edit source]

Peter White provides paid consultancy to re‐insurance companies,[20] including both UnumProvident[76] and Re-Swiss.[79][70][80] [81]

Directorships and Shareholdings[edit | edit source]

Peter White was a director of OneHealth (Company number 04364122) from 2002 to 2010.[82] The memorandum of association states that the purpose is to promote the biopsychosocial model of illness.[83] From 1999 to the present, White has been a director of Added Value Advisory Services (Company number 03764154), a company that focuses on “management consultancy activities other than financial management.”[84] Since November 2018 White is also director of PDW Medical Limited, a company that focuses on specialists medical practice activities.[85][52]

Notable studies and articles related to ME/CFS[edit | edit source]

Half of all the referred patients to a specialist CFS clinic had alternative medical and psychiatric diagnoses.[88]

Talks and interviews[edit | edit source]

Books[edit | edit source]

Online presence/List of Publications[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. 1.0 1.1 "Peter D White, BSc, MBBS, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych - Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine - Barts and The London". qmul.ac.uk. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  2. "SMD > Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine > Psychiatry > Staff > Peter White". archive.wolfson.qmul.ac.uk. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Wilshire, Carolyn E.; Kindlon, Tom; Courtney, Robert; Matthees, Alem; Tuller, David; Geraghty, Keith; Levin, Bruce (March 22, 2018). "Rethinking the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome-a reanalysis and evaluation of findings from a recent major trial of graded exercise and CBT". BMC psychology. 6 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s40359-018-0218-3. ISSN 2050-7283. PMC 5863477. PMID 29562932.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Professor Peter White BSc, MBBS, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, OBE - GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  5. Sharpe, M. C.; Archard, L.C.; Banatvala, J.E.; Borysiewicz, L.K.; Clare, A.W.; David, A.; Edwards, R.H.; Hawton, K.E.; Lambert, H.P. (February 1991). "A report--chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 84 (2): 118–121. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1293107. PMID 1999813.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 Eaton, Lynn (January 5, 2002). "Chronic fatigue report delayed as row breaks out over content". BMJ : British Medical Journal. 324 (7328): 7. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1121974. PMID 11777785.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 White, Peter Denton (August 1, 2019). "A perspective on causation of the chronic fatigue syndrome by considering its nosology". Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. doi:10.1111/jep.13240. ISSN 1365-2753. PMID 31373106.
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 White, P. D.; Thomas, J.M.; Amess, J.; Crawford, D.H.; Grover, S.A.; Kangro, H.O.; Clare, A.W. (December 1998). "Incidence, risk and prognosis of acute and chronic fatigue syndromes and psychiatric disorders after glandular fever". The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science. 173: 475–481. doi:10.1192/bjp.173.6.475. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 9926075.
  9. White, P. D.; Thomas, J.M.; Amess, J.; Grover, S.A.; Kangro, H.O.; Clare, A.W. (September 1995). "The existence of a fatigue syndrome after glandular fever". Psychological Medicine. 25 (5): 907–916. ISSN 0033-2917. PMID 8588009.
  10. Clare, A. W.; Amess, J.; Thomas, J.M.; Kangro, H.O.; Grover, S.A.; White, P. D. (September 1995). "The validity and reliability of the fatigue syndrome that follows glandular fever". Psychological Medicine. 25 (5): 917–924. doi:10.1017/S0033291700037405. ISSN 1469-8978.
  11. Petersen, I.; Thomas, J.M.; Hamilton, W.T.; White, P. D. (January 2006). "Risk and predictors of fatigue after infectious mononucleosis in a large primary-care cohort". QJM: monthly journal of the Association of Physicians. 99 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hci149. ISSN 1460-2725. PMID 16330509.
  12. Katz, Ben Z; Collin, Simon M; Murphy, Gabrielle; Moss-Morris, Rona; Wyller, Vegard Bruun; Wensaas, Knut-Arne; Hautvast, Jeannine L.A.; Bleeker-Rovers, Chantal P; Vollmer-Conna, Ute (2018). "The International Collaborative on Fatigue Following Infection (COFFI)". Fatigue: biomedicine, health & behavior. 6 (2): 106–121. doi:10.1080/21641846.2018.1426086. ISSN 2164-1846. PMC 6333416. PMID 30666281.
  13. "COFFI". COFFI. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 Fulcher, K. Y.; White, P. D. (June 7, 1997). "Randomised controlled trial of graded exercise in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 314 (7095): 1647–1652. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7095.1647. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2126868. PMID 9180065.
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Clark, Lucy V.; White, Peter D. (June 1, 2005). "The role of deconditioning and therapeutic exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)". Journal of Mental Health. 14 (3): 237–252. doi:10.1080/09638230500136308. ISSN 0963-8237.
  16. 16.0 16.1 Gallagher, A.M.; Coldrick, A.R.; Hedge, B.; Weir, W.R.C.; White, P. D. (April 2005). "Is the chronic fatigue syndrome an exercise phobia? A case control study". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 58 (4): 367–373. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.02.002. ISSN 0022-3999. PMID 15992572.
  17. Fulcher, K. Y.; White, P. D. (September 2000). "Strength and physiological response to exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 69 (3): 302–307. doi:10.1136/jnnp.69.3.302. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 1737090. PMID 10945803.
  18. Bavinton J, Darbishire L, White PD. PACE. Manual For Therapists. Graded Exercise Therapy. MREC Version 2. 16 November 2004.
  19. White, P. D.; Goldsmith, K.; Johnson, A.L.; Chalder, T.; Sharpe, M. (October 2013). "Recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome after treatments given in the PACE trial". Psychological Medicine. 43 (10): 2227–2235. doi:10.1017/S0033291713000020. ISSN 0033-2917. PMC 3776285. PMID 23363640.
  20. 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Sharpe, M.; Chalder, T.; McCrone, P.; Wilks, D.; O'Dowd, H.; Murphy, M.; Murphy, G.; Angus, B.J.; Bavinton, J. (March 5, 2011). "Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial". The Lancet. 377 (9768): 823–836. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60096-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 21334061.
  21. White, Peter D.; Beynon, Michelle; Vergara-Williamson, Mario; Thomas, Janice M.; Pesola, Francesca; Clark, Lucy V. (July 22, 2017). "Guided graded exercise self-help plus specialist medical care versus specialist medical care alone for chronic fatigue syndrome (GETSET): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial". The Lancet. 390 (10092): 363–373. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32589-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 28648402.
  22. Shepherd, C.; Macintyre, A. (October 11, 1997). "Graded exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Patients should have initial period of rest before gradual increase in activity". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 315 (7113): 947, author reply 948. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2127628. PMID 9361549.
  23. Franklin, A.J. (October 11, 1997). "Graded exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Including patients who rated themselves as a little better would have altered results". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 315 (7113): 947, author reply 948. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2127632. PMID 9361550.
  24. Wood, Anna (March 24, 2018). "Graded exercise self-help for chronic fatigue syndrome in GETSET". Lancet (London, England). 391 (10126): 1161–1162. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30619-6. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 29595493.
  25. Crawford, Joan S. (March 24, 2018). "Graded exercise self-help for chronic fatigue syndrome in GETSET". Lancet (London, England). 391 (10126): 1160. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30621-4. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 29595492.
  26. Vink, Mark; Vink-Niese, Alexandra (July 2018). "Graded exercise therapy for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is not effective and unsafe. Re-analysis of a Cochrane review". Health Psychology Open. 5 (2): 2055102918805187. doi:10.1177/2055102918805187. ISSN 2055-1029. PMC 6176540. PMID 30305916.
  27. 27.0 27.1 27.2 Cheshire, Anna; Ridge, Damien; Clark, Lucy; White, Peter (October 16, 2018). "Guided graded Exercise Self-help for chronic fatigue syndrome: patient experiences and perceptions". Disability and Rehabilitation: 1–10. doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1499822. ISSN 1464-5165. PMID 30325677.
  28. Kindlon, T. Reporting of Harms Associated with Graded Exercise Therapy and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Bulletin of the IACFS/ME. 2011;19(2):59-111.
  29. Clark, Lucy V.; White, Peter D. (November 2008). "Chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 40 (10): 882–883, author reply 883–885. doi:10.2340/16501977-0261. ISSN 1651-2081. PMID 19242631.
  30. Kirke, Karen D. (August 2017). "PACE investigators' response is misleading regarding patient survey results". Journal of Health Psychology. 22 (9): 1168–1176. doi:10.1177/1359105317703787. ISSN 1461-7277. PMID 28805528.
  31. White, Peter D.; Hotopf, Matthew; Stansfeld, Stephen A.; Goodwin, Laura; Clark, Charlotte (October 2011). "Premorbid risk markers for chronic fatigue syndrome in the 1958 British birth cohort". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 199 (4): 323–329. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083956. ISSN 0007-1250.
  32. "Premorbid risk markers for chronic fatigue syndrome in the 1958 British birth cohort". Phoenix Rising ME / CFS Forums. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  33. White, P. D.; Thomas, J.M.; Gallagher, A.M.; Hamilton, W.T. (November 2009). "Risk markers for both chronic fatigue and irritable bowel syndromes: a prospective case-control study in primary care". Psychological Medicine. 39 (11): 1913–1921. doi:10.1017/S0033291709005601. ISSN 1469-8978.
  34. 34.0 34.1 Collin, Simon M.; Bakken, Inger J.; Nazareth, Irwin; Crawley, Esther; White, Peter D. (June 2017). "Trends in the incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia in the UK, 2001-2013: a Clinical Practice Research Datalink study". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 110 (6): 231–244. doi:10.1177/0141076817702530. ISSN 1758-1095. PMC 5499564. PMID 28358988.
  35. 35.0 35.1 Collin, Simon M.; Bakken, Inger J.; Nazareth, Irwin; Crawley, Esther; White, Peter D. (May 5, 2017). "Health care resource use by patients before and after a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS/ME): a clinical practice research datalink study". BMC Family Practice. 18 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/s12875-017-0635-z. ISSN 1471-2296. PMC 5420108. PMID 28476151.
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