Ramsay definition

The Ramsay definition was published by Dr. Melvin Ramsay in the book Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Postviral Fatigue States: The saga of Royal Free disease. Dr. Ramsay was describing the symptoms of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) from the 1955 Royal Free Hospital outbreak. The 1986 definition is outlined below. The 1988 definition is better organized and less cumbersome.

Authors

• Melvin Ramsay

Definition

The following headings Disease in chronic state and Onset of the Disease and Credit are verbatim information provided by CFIDS Association of America on their page The Clinical Features of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Melvin Ramsay, M.D., 1986.

Disease in chronic state

Once the syndrome is fully established the patient presents a multiplicity of symptoms which can most conveniently be described in three groups.

1. Muscle phenomena

• [Fatiguability]: Muscle fatigability, whereby, even after a minor degree of physical effort, three, four or five days, or longer, elapse before full muscle power is restored and constitutes the sheet anchor of diagnosis. Without it I would be unwilling to diagnose a patient as suffering from ME, but it is most important to stress the fact that cases of ME or mild or even moderate severity may have normal muscle power in a remission. In such cases, tests for muscle power should be repeated after exercise.

• [Pain:] In severe cases of ME, muscle spasms and twitchings are a prominent feature and give rise to swollen bands of tissue which are acutely tender. In less severe cases, muscle tenderness may not be so readily elicited but careful palpation of the trapezii and gastrocnemii (the muscle groups most commonly involved) with the tip of the forefinger should enable the examiner to detect minute foci or exquisite tenderness.

• [Clumsiness:] In the aftermath of the disease patients frequently fumble with relatively simple manoevres such as turning a key in a lock or taking the cork of a bottle.

• Circulatory impairment. Most cases of ME complain of

• Cold extremities and
• Hypersensitivity to climactic change . . .
• Ashen-grey facial pallor, some twenty or thirty minutes before the Patient complains of feeling ill

• Cerebral dysfunction

• The cardinal features:

• Impairment of memory
• Impairment of powers of concentration and
• Emotional lability

• [Other] common deviations from normal cerebral function:

• Failure to recall recent or past events,
• Difficulty in completing a line of thought . . .
• Becoming tongue-tied in the middle of a sentence, and a
• Strong inclination to use wrong words, saying door when they mean table or hot when they mean cold . . .
• Complete inability to comprehend a paragraph even after re-reading it
• Bouts of uncontrollable weeping . . .
• Alterations of sleep rhythm or vivid dreams, or both . . .

[Accompanying] features [that] can only be attributed to involvement of the Autonomic nervous system:

• Frequency of micturition (urination)
• Hyperacusis (hypersensitivity to noise)
• Episodic sweating
• Orthostatic tachycardia . . .

Variability and fluctuation of both symptoms and physical findings in the course of a day is a constant feature in the clinical picture of myalgic encephalomyelitis.

An alarming tendency to become chronic. [Added in the 2nd edition, 1988]

Onset of the disease

The onset of the disease is similar to those described in the various recorded outbreaks. Thus it may be sudden and without apparent cause, as in cases where the first intimation of illness is an alarming attack of acute vertigo, but usually there is a history of infection of the upper respiratory tract or, occasionally, the gastrointestinal tract with nausea and/or vomiting.

Instead of an uneventful recovery the patient is dogged by:

• Persistent and profound fatigue accompanied by a medley of symptoms such as
• Headache
• Giddiness
• Muscle pain, cramps, or twitchings
• Muscle tenderness and weakness
• Paraesthesiae [numbness or tingling in the extremeties]
• Frequency of micturition [urination]
• Blurred vision and/or diplopia [double vision]
• Hyperacusis [sensitivity to noise sometimes alternating with deafness or normal hearing]
• Tinnitus [constant sound in the ears], and a
• General sense of feeling awful.

Some patients report the occurrence of fainting attacks relieved by a small meal or just eating a biscuit; these attacks were the result of hypoglycaemia

All cases run a low-grade pyrexia (fever), seldom exceeding 100°F (c. 38°C) and usually subsiding within a week.

A very thorough examination of the central nervous system should be made and this should be accompanied by a careful estimation of muscle power, especially in the limbs and neck. A search for enlarged lymph nodes should never be omitted. If muscle power is found to be satisfactory, a re-examination should be made after exercise; a walk of half a mile is sufficient, as very few ME cases can make more.

Credit

[A. Melvin Ramsay, M.A., M.D. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Postviral Fatigue States: The saga of Royal Free disease (London, 1st ed. 1986, 2nd ed. 1988). Ramsay died in 1990. Thanks to Connie Nelson of the UK for making this available to me.]

Criticism

Although the symptoms are accurate for the disease Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) (specifically the outbreak at the Royal Free Hospital in 1955), it is a difficult criterion to use by a clinician and many specialists may be needed for a diagnosis for groups of symptoms.

Learn more

• CFIDS-ME.org - Ramsay Definition 1986
• National Alliance for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis - Ramsay's Definition for M.E.
• ME Action UK - Ramsay's Definition (formalised 1988)

See also

• Melvin Ramsay
• Royal Free Hospital
• Royal Free Hospital outbreak

myalgic encephalomyelitis (M.E.) - A disease often marked by neurological symptoms, but fatigue is sometimes a symptom as well. Some diagnostic criteria distinguish it from chronic fatigue syndrome, while other diagnostic criteria consider it to be a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome. A defining characteristic of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), which is a notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others. An estimated 25% of those suffering from ME are housebound or bedbound. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies ME as a neurological disease.

See myalgic encephalomyelitis.

cerebral 1. of or relating to the brain or the intellect 2. of, relating to, affecting, or being the cerebrum.

1. of or relating to the brain or the intellect 2. of, relating to, affecting, or being the cerebrum.}

cerebral 1. of or relating to the brain or the intellect 2. of, relating to, affecting, or being the cerebrum.

An unusually rapid heart beat. Can be caused by exercise or illness. A symptom of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). (Learn more: www.heart.org)

tachycardia An unusually rapid heart beat. Can be caused by exercise or illness. A symptom of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). (Learn more: www.heart.org)

hypoglycemia abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood

central nervous system (CNS) - One of the two parts of the human nervous system, the other part being the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that travel from the central nervous system into the various organs and tissues of the body.