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Neuroendocrine system
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{{stub}} The '''neuroendocrine''' system.<ref name="Plant2015">{{Cite journal | last = Plant | first = Tony M. | authorlink = | date = Aug 2015 | title = 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25901041/|journal=The Journal of Endocrinology|volume=226|issue=2|pages=T41–54|doi=10.1530/JOE-15-0113|issn=1479-6805|pmc=4498991|pmid=25901041|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> <ref name="Farzi2018">{{Cite journal | last = Farzi | first = Aitak | authorlink = | last2 = Fröhlich | first2 = Esther E. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Holzer | first3=Peter | author-link3 = | date = Jan 2018 | title = Gut Microbiota and the Neuroendocrine System|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29380303/|journal=Neurotherapeutics: The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics|volume=15|issue=1 | pages = 5–22|doi=10.1007/s13311-017-0600-5|issn=1878-7479|pmc=5794709|pmid=29380303|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> ==Function== ===Metabolism=== <ref name="Park2015">{{Cite journal | last = Park | first = Hyeong-Kyu | author-link = | last2 = Ahima | first2 = Rexford S. | authorlink2 = | date = Jan 2015 | title = Physiology of leptin: energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine function and metabolism|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25199978/|journal=Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental|volume=64|issue=1|pages=24–34|doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2014.08.004|issn=1532-8600|pmc=4267898|pmid=25199978|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> ===Immune system, stress and neuroendocrinology=== <ref name="Menard2017">{{Cite journal | last = Ménard | first = Caroline | authorlink = | last2 = Pfau | first2 = Madeline L. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Hodes | first3=Georgia E. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Russo | first4 = Scott J. | authorlink4 = | date = Jan 2017 | title = Immune and Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Stress Vulnerability and Resilience|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27291462/|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology|volume=42|issue=1 | pages = 62–80|doi=10.1038/npp.2016.90|issn=1740-634X|pmc=5143517|pmid=27291462|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> ===Sleep=== <ref name="Smith2019">{{Cite journal | last = Smith | first = Philip C. | last2 = Mong | first2 = Jessica A. | date = 2019 | title=Neuroendocrine Control of Sleep | url =https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31396895|journal=Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences|volume=43|pages=353–378|doi=10.1007/7854_2019_107|issn=1866-3370|pmc=6986346|pmid=31396895}}</ref> ===Stress and the HPA axis=== <!-- The role of the [[hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] in neuroendocrine responses to stress --> [[Stress]] can refer to emotional (psychological) stress]] or physical stress, e.g. a tension or pulling on a part of the body.<ref name="oxdict">{{Cite book | title = New Oxford American Dictionary | date = 2015 | publisher =Oxford University Press | editor-first = Angus | editor-last = Stevenson|editor-first2 = Christine A.|editor-last2 = Lindberg}}</ref> <ref name="Smith2006">{{Cite journal | last = Smith | first = Sean M. | last2 = Vale | first2 = Wylie W. | date = 2006 | title=The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17290797/|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=8|issue=4|pages=383–395|issn=1294-8322|pmc=3181830|pmid=17290797}}</ref> {{See also|Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis}} ==Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal Axis== {{See also|Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis}} ==ME/CFS== ===Differential diagnoses=== The following endocrine disorders are differential diagnosis that may need to be investigated before a diagnosis of ME is made: * endocrine gland infections * [[Addison's disease]], also known as adrenal failure * [[Hashmioto's thyroiditis|hypothyroidism]] * [[hyperthyroidism]] * [[Cushing's Syndrome]], a metabolic disorder<ref name="ICC2011primer" /> ===Symptom recognition === The [[International Consensus Criteria]] for [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] recognizes [[thermostatic instability|loss of thermostatic stability]] and [[Temperature sensitivity|intolerance of extremes of temperature]] as neuroendocrine symptoms involving the [[autonomic nervous system]] (ANS).<ref name="ICC2011primer">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16 = Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | authorlink19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20 = Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22 = John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24 = Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf}}</ref> ===Treatment === The clinicians' primer for the [[International Consensus Criteria]] for ME suggests that [[galangtamine]] and [[melatonin]] may improve HPA axis symptoms, and vitamin C has a role in maintaining healthy [[adrenal gland]]s.<ref name="ICC2011primer" /> {{See also|Neuroendocrine symptoms}} ==Notable studies == *1995, Contrasting neuroendocrine responses in depression and chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Cleare1995">{{Cite journal | last = Cleare | first = A.J. | last2 = Bearn | first2 = J. | last3 = Allain | first3=T. | last4 = McGregor | first4 = A. | last5 = Wessely | first5 = S. | last6 = Murray | first6 = R.M. | last7 = O'Keane | first7 = V. | date = 1995-08-18 | title = Contrasting neuroendocrine responses in depression and chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8550954/|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=34|issue=4|pages=283–289|doi=10.1016/0165-0327(95)00026-j|issn=0165-0327|pmid=8550954}}</ref> *2003, The neuroendocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Cleare2003">{{Cite journal | last = Cleare | first = Anthony J. | authorlink = Anthony Cleare | date = Apr 2003 | title = The neuroendocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12700181/|journal=Endocrine Reviews|volume=24|issue=2|pages=236–252|doi=10.1210/er.2002-0014|issn=0163-769X|pmc=|pmid=12700181|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> *2004, Neuroendocrine Aspects of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name="Papanicolaou2004">{{Cite journal | last = Papanicolaou | first = Dimitris A. | authorlink = | last2 = Amsterdam | first2 = Jay D. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Levine | first3=Susan | author-link3 = Susan Levine | last4 = McCann | first4 = Samuel M. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Moore | first5 = Rebecca C. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Newbrand | first6 = Clare H. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Allen | first7 = Glen | last8 = Nisenbaum | first8 = Rosane | last9 = Pfaff | first9 = Donald W. | authorlink9 = Donald Pfaff | date = 2004 | title = Neuroendocrine Aspects of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/75315|journal=Neuroimmunomodulation|language=english|volume=11|issue=2 | pages = 65–74|doi=10.1159/000075315|issn=1021-7401|pmc=|pmid=14758052|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> *2006, Combinations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in neuroendocrine effector receptor genes predict chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Goertzel2006">{{Cite journal | last = Goertzel | first = Benjamin N. | authorlink = | last2 = Pennachin | first2 = Cassio | authorlink2 = | last3 = de Souza Coelho | first3 = Lucio | authorlink3 = | last4 = Gurbaxani | first4 = Brian | authorlink4 = | last5 = Maloney | first5 = Elizabeth M. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Jones | first6 = James F. | authorlink6 = | date = Apr 2006 | title = Combinations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in neuroendocrine effector and receptor genes predict chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16610957/|journal=Pharmacogenomics|volume=7|issue=3 | pages = 475–483|doi=10.2217/14622416.7.3.475|issn=1462-2416|pmc=|pmid=16610957|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> *2007, Chronic fatigue syndrome: inflammation, immune function, and neuroendocrine interactions<ref name="Klimas2007">{{Cite journal | last = Klimas | first = Nancy G. | authorlink = Nancy Klimas | last2 = O'Brien Koneru | first2 = Anne | authorlink2 = | date = Dec 2007 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: inflammation, immune function, and neuroendocrine interactions|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18177602/|journal=Current Rheumatology Reports|volume=9|issue=6 | pages = 482–487|doi=10.1007/s11926-007-0078-y|issn=1523-3774|pmc=|pmid=18177602|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> *2008, Neuroendocrine and immune network re-modeling in chronic fatigue syndrome: an exploratory analysis<ref name="Fuite2008">{{Cite journal | last = Fuite | first = Jim | authorlink = | last2 = Vernon | first2 = Suzanne D. | authorlink2 = Suzanne Vernon | last3 = Broderick | first3 = Gordon | author-link3 = Gordon Broderick | date = Dec 2008 | title = Neuroendocrine and immune network re-modeling in chronic fatigue syndrome: an exploratory analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18775774/|journal=Genomics|volume=92|issue=6|pages=393–399|doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.08.008|issn=1089-8646|pmc=|pmid=18775774|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> *2014, Main neuroendocrine features, diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities in the chronic fatigue syndrome, an underdiagnosed entity<ref name="Amihaesei2014">{{Cite journal | last = Amihăesei | first = Ioana Cristina | authorlink = | last2 = Cojocaru | first2 = Elena | authorlink2 = | date = Jul 2014 | title = Main neuroendocrine features, diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities in the chronic fatigue syndrome, an underdiagnosed entity|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25341286/|journal=Revista Medico-Chirurgicala a Societatii De Medici Si Naturalisti Din Iasi|volume=118|issue=3 | pages = 688–691|doi=|issn=0048-7848|pmc=|pmid=25341286|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> *2021, The immune-neuroendocrine system in COVID-19, advanced age and rheumatic diseases<ref name="Jara2021">{{Cite journal | last= Jara | first = Luis J. | authorlink = | last2 = López-Zamora | first2 = Berenice | authorlink2 = | last3 = Ordoñez-González | first3 = Irvin | author-link3 = | last4 = Galaviz-Sánchez | first4 = María F. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Gutierrez-Melgarejo | first5 = Caroline I. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Saavedra | first6 = Miguel Ángel | authorlink6 = | last7 = Vera-Lastra | first7 = Olga | last8 = Cruz-Domínguez | first8 = María Pilar | last9 = Medina | first9 = Gabriela | date = Nov 2021 | title = The immune-neuroendocrine system in COVID-19, advanced age and rheumatic diseases|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8428987/|journal=Autoimmunity Reviews|volume=20|issue=11|pages=102946|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102946|issn=1568-9972|pmc=8428987|pmid=34509651|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8428987/ (Full text)] ==See also== *[[Endocrine system]] *[[Neuroendocrine symptoms]] ==Learn more== * ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Proteins]] [[Category:Neurology]] [[Category:Endocrine system]] [[Category:Body systems]] [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]]
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