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Fasting
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== Physiological effects == A fast with duration sufficient to deplete the body's glycogen stores, at least 18 hours, increases the blood ketone β-hydroxybutyrate allowing for nutritional [[ketosis]]. Fasting increases autophagy in mice. The US National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases conducted the CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy) study using a 2-year CR diet (25% reduction) in non-obese adults (n = 143) compared to an ad libitum group (n =75). The CR group reported improvements in mood and improved sleep quality without adverse effects or immune compromise. There was also improvement in cardiovascular risk factors including C-reactive protein.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Kraus | first = William E. | last2 = Bhapkar | first2 = Manjushri | last3 = Huffman | first3 = Kim M. | last4 = Pieper | first4 = Carl F. | last5 = Krupa Das | first5 = Sai | last6 = Redman | first6 = Leanne M. | last7 = Villareal | first7 = Dennis T. | last8 = Rochon | first8 = James | last9 = Roberts | first9 = Susan B. | date = Sep 2019 | title = 2 years of calorie restriction and cardiometabolic risk (CALERIE): exploratory outcomes of a multicentre, phase 2, randomised controlled trial| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31303390|journal=The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology|volume=7|issue=9 | pages = 673–683|doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30151-2|issn=2213-8595|pmc=6707879|pmid=31303390}}</ref>
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