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Anti-inflammatory diets
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{{NeedsImage}} A number of different diets have been proposed to be '''anti-inflammatory diets''', with the [[mediterranean diet]] being the best-researched anti-inflammatory diets.<ref name="anti-inflammatory" /> '''Anti-inflammatory diets''' aim to reduce foods or nutrients that cause inflammation and to increase foods or nutrients that reduce levels of [[inflammation]] in the body.<ref name="anti-inflammatory" /> ==Theory== Increasing evidence shows that [[chronic fatigue]] caused by many different physical illnesses is linked to chronic low-level [[inflammation]] in the body. Raised levels of inflammatory substances and inflammation in areas of the body have also been found in ME/CFS patients, including [[neuroinflammation]].<ref name="Strawbridge2019" /> Anti-inflammatory diets aim to reduce the level of inflammation in the hope that this will reduce systems, particularly to reduce [[fatigue]].<ref name="anti-inflammatory" /> Some anti-inflammatory diets may cure certain illnesses in a subgroup of people, for example the [[DASH diet]] aims to reduce or cure hypertension.<ref name="DASH">{{Cite web | url = https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/dash-eating-plan | access-date = 2021-12-29 | website = National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute {{!}} National Institutes of Health | title = DASH Eating Plan}}</ref> ==Types== *Single-nutrient: focused on increasing levels of particular nutrients, eg the fatty acids [[omega 3 fatty acid]], [[eicosapentaenoic acid|EPA]] and [[docosahexaenoic acid|DHA]], [[Vitamin A]], [[Vitamin D]], [[magnesium]], [[ribose|D-ribose]], or [[polyunsaturated fatty acids]] *Anti-inflammatory food diets: focused on including an increased amount of certain foods believed to have anti-inflammatory effects or using supplements, eg [[probiotic]]s, [[ginseng]] (Korean/panax or radix ginseng), [[ginger]] (zingiber officinale), and plant polyphenols *The [[DASH diet]] *[[fatigue reduction diet]] *[[Leaky gut diet]] *[[Mediterranean diet]] *[[Nordic diet]] *[[Vegan diet|Plant-based diet]]s *Whole-grain diet and [[Whole foods plant-based diet]] (WFPB)<ref name="anti-inflammatory" /><ref name="Cowan2020" /><ref name="Jones2017" /><ref name="Xu2018" /> ==Evidence== ME/CFS cannot be diagnosed if a person is suffering from malnutrition, vitamin or mineral deficiencies, so medical tests must rule these out before diagnosis, and it is highly unlikely that ME/CFS would be cured by a change of diet. In [[ME/CFS]] a number of studies have shown the presence of inflammation including [[neuroinflammation]].<ref name="ICC2011primer">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | author-link1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | author-link2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | author-link3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | author-link4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | author-link6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | author-link8 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | author-link8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | author-link9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | author-link10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | author-link11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | author-link12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 =N | author-link13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | author-link14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | author-link15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | author-link16 = Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | author-link17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | author-link18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | author-link19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | author-link20 = Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | author-link21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | author-link22 = John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | author-link23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | author-link24 = Kunihisa Miwa| last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | author-link25= Modra Murovska| last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | author-link26 = Staci Stevens| title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf}}</ref><ref name="canadianconsensus-CCC">{{Cite journal | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = Bruce M. | author-link1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | author-link2 = Anil Kumar Jain | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | author-link3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | author-link4 = Daniel Peterson | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | authorlink5 = Nancy Klimas | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | author-link6 = Martin Lerner | last7 = Bested | first7 = Alison C. | author-link8 = Alison Bested | last8 = Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | author-link8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip | author-link9 = Pradip Joshi | last10= Powles | first10 = AC Peter | author-link10 = A C Peter Powles | last11= Sherkey | first11 = Jeffrey A. | author-link11 = Jeffrey Sherkey | last12= van de Sande | first12 = Marjorie I. | author-link12 = Marjorie van de Sande| title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols| journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 7-115 | date = 2003 |pmid = | doi = 10.1300/J092v11n01_02| url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf}}</ref><br> However, no particular diet is recommended for ME/CFS beyond a [[healthy, balanced diet]]<ref name="canadianconsensus-CCC" /><ref name="ICC2011primer" /> and there is a lack of clinical trials to establish the effects and potential harms of various different anti-inflammatory diets on patients with ME/CFS.<ref name="Jones2017" /> A limited number of [[:Category:Supplements|dietary supplements]] do have evidence of benefits for people with [[ME/CFS]].<ref name="ICC2011primer" /><ref name="Jones2017" /> ==Clinicians== ==Risks and safety== * People with ME/CFS often develop [[food intolerance]]s, so any diet would need to be adapted for this * A lack of clinical trials and a lack of expert ME/CFS clinicians advising on anti-inflammatory diets mean that potential benefits and risks are largely unknown. * An internet-based study found that many people seek dietary information online, especially for ME/CFS, [[multiple chemical sensitivity]], and [[rheumatoid arthritis]], but those who self-reported improvements as a result of altering their diet were more likely to report improvements related to other illnesses rather than ME/CFS. Feeling more refreshed after sleep was mentioned by many, although these were for a variety of different diets and it is not clear how many ME/CFS patients experienced this.<ref name="Cowan2020" /> Many patients did report improvements in many [[irritable bowel syndrome]] symptoms, and IBS is common in ME/CFS.<ref name="ICC2011primer" /> ==Costs and availability== Readily available. Some diets may be expensive, eg if they suggest only organic foods or gluten-free foods are used. ==Notable studies == *2016, A systematic review of probiotic interventions for gastrointestinal symptoms and irritable bowel syndrome in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME)<ref name="Corbitt2016">{{Cite journal | last = Corbitt | first = Matthew | last2 = Campagnolo | first2 = N. | last3 = Staines | first3 = D. | last4 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first4 = S. | author-link4 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | date = 2018-09-01 | title = A Systematic Review of Probiotic Interventions for Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) | url = https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-018-9397-8 | journal = Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins|language=en | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 466–477|doi=10.1007/s12602-018-9397-8|issn=1867-1314}}</ref> - [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12602-018-9397-8 (Abstract)] *2017, Dietary and nutrition interventions for the therapeutic treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic review<ref name="Campagnolo2017">{{Cite journal | last = Campagnolo | first = N. | last2 = Johnston | first2 = S. | last3 = Collatz | first3 = A. | last4 = Staines | first4 = D. | author-link4 = Donald Staines | last5 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first5 = S. | author-link5 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | date = 2017 | title = Dietary and nutrition interventions for the therapeutic treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic review | url =https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jhn.12435 | journal = Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics|language=en | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 247–259|doi=10.1111/jhn.12435|issn=1365-277X|pmid=28111818|pmc=5434800|quote=}}</ref> - [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jhn.12435 (Full text)] *2017, Role of dietary modification in alleviating chronic fatigue syndrome symptoms: a systematic review<ref name="Jones2017">{{Cite journal | title = Role of dietary modification in alleviating chronic fatigue syndrome symptoms: a systematic review | date = 2017 | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1753-6405.12670 | journal = Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 338–344 | last = Jones | first = Kathryn | last2 = Probst | first2 = Yasmine|language=en|doi=10.1111/1753-6405.12670|issn=1753-6405}}</ref> - [http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5961&context=smhpapers (Full text)] *2018, Whole grain diet reduces systemic inflammation<ref name="Xu2018">{{Cite journal | title = Whole grain diet reduces systemic inflammation | date = 2018-10-26 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6221555/ | journal = Medicine | volume = 97 | issue = 43| pages = e12995 | last = Xu | first = Yujie | last2 = Wan | first2 = Qianyi | last3 = Feng | first3 = Jinhua | last4 = Du | first4 = Liang | last5 = Li | first5 = Ka | last6 = Zhou | first6 = Yong|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000012995|pmc=6221555|pmid=30412134|issn=0025-7974}}</ref> - [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12967-017-1229-1 (Full text)] *2019, Anti-Inflammatory Diets and Fatigue<ref name="anti-inflammatory">{{Cite journal | title = Anti-Inflammatory Diets and Fatigue | date = 2019-09-30 | url = https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102315 | journal = Nutrients | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 2315 | last = Haß| first = Ulrike | last2 = Herpich | first2 = Catrin | last3 = Norman | first3 = Kristina|doi=10.3390/nu11102315|pmc=PMC6835556|pmid=31574939|issn=2072-6643}}</ref> - [https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/10/2315/htm (Full text)] *2019, Inflammatory proteins are altered in chronic fatigue syndrome–a systematic review and meta-analysis<ref name="Strawbridge2019">{{Cite journal | last = Strawbridge | first = Rebecca | last2 = Sartor | first2 = Maria-Laura | last3 = Scott | first3 = Fraser | last4 = Cleare | first4 = Anthony J. | date = 2019-12-01 | title = Inflammatory proteins are altered in chronic fatigue syndrome—A systematic review and meta-analysis |url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763419306128 | journal = Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews|language=en | volume = 107 | pages = 69–83|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.011|issn=0149-7634}}</ref> - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763419306128 (Full text)] *2020, Inflaming Public Interest: A Qualitative Study of Adult Learners’ Perceptions on Nutrition and Inflammation<ref name="Cowan2020">{{Cite journal | title = Inflaming Public Interest: A Qualitative Study of Adult Learners’ Perceptions on Nutrition and Inflammation | date = 2020-01-28 | url = https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020345 | journal = Nutrients | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 345 | last = Cowan | first = Stephanie | last2 = Sood | first2 = Surbhi | last3 = Truby | first3 = Helen | last4 = Dordevic | first4 = Aimee | last5 = Adamski | first5 = Melissa | last6 = Gibson | first6 = Simone|doi=10.3390/nu12020345|pmc=PMC7071230|pmid=32012994|issn=2072-6643}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020345 (Full text)] ==See also== *[[Healthy, balanced diet]] *[[DASH diet]] *[[Fatigue reduction diet]] *[[Leaky gut diet]] *[[Mediterranean diet]] *[[Nordic diet]] *[[Vegan diet|Plant-based diet]] ==Learn more== * ==References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Alternative medicine]] [[Category:Anti-inflammatories]] [[Category:Diets]]
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