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=== Craniocervical instability === {{Main article|page_name=Craniocervical instability}}Craniocervical instability (CCI) is a pathological condition of increased mobility at the craniocervical junction, the area where the skull meets the spine. In CCI the ligamentous connections of the craniocervical junction can be stretched, weakened or ruptured.<ref name=Henderson2017 /><ref name="Choi2013">{{Cite journal | last =Choi | first = Sung Ho | last2 = Lee | first2 = Sang Gu | last3 = Park | first3 = Chan Woo | last4 = Kim | first4 = Woo Kyung | last5 = Yoo | first5 = Chan Jong | last6 = Son | first6 = Seong | date = Apr 2013 | title = Surgical Outcomes and Complications after Occipito-Cervical Fusion Using the Screw-Rod System in Craniocervical Instability|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698232/|journal=Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society|volume=53|issue=4|pages=223–227|doi=10.3340/jkns.2013.53.4.223|issn=2005-3711|pmc=3698232|pmid=23826478}}</ref> CCI usually develops as a result of physical trauma such as a car accident, an inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or a congenital disorder such as Down's syndrome.<ref name="Ashafai2019">{{Cite journal | last = Ashafai | first = Nabeel S. | last2 = Visocchi | first2 = Massimiliano | last3 = Wąsik | first3 = Norbert | date = 2019 | title = Occipitocervical Fusion: An Updated Review | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30610329|journal=Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplement|volume=125|pages=247–252|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-62515-7_35|issn=0065-1419|pmid=30610329}}</ref> More recently, physicians have reported an increased prevalence of CCI in patients with hereditary disorders of connective tissue such as Ehlers Danlos Syndromes (EDS).<ref name="Henderson2016">{{Cite journal | last =Henderson | first=Fraser C. | date = 2016 | title=Cranio-cervical Instability in Patients with Hypermobility Connective Disorders|url=https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/craniocervical-instability-in-patients-with-hypermobility-connective-disorders-2165-7939-1000299.php?aid=71754|journal=Journal of Spine|language=en|volume=05|issue=02|doi=10.4172/2165-7939.1000299|issn=2165-7939}}</ref> There have also been anecdotal reports of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) who were later diagnosed with CCI,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://forums.phoenixrising.me/index.php?threads/have-you-ruled-out-chiari-as-a-cause-of-your-cfs.56908/ | title = Have you ruled out Chiari as a cause of your CFS | last = | first = | date = | website = Phoenix Rising|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@jenbrea/cci-tethered-cord-series-e1e098b5edf | title = CCI + Tethered cord series | last =Brea | first = Jennifer | date = 2019-06-06 | website = Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mechanicalbasis.org/interviews.html | title = Craniocervical instability, Atlantoaxial Instability, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, ME, CFS|website=MEchanical Basis|language=en|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref> although no scientific publication on this subject exists. It frequently co-occurs with [[atlantoaxial instability]] (AAI).{{Citation needed|reason= | date = 10 December 2019}}
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