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Tramadol
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'''Tramadol''' is a generic pain reliever drug used in the [[United States]]. The US brand names are: ConZip, FusePaq Synapryn, rybix ODT, Ryzolt, Ultram and Ultram ER. Unlike traditional [[opioids]], tramadol exerts its effects through a combination of [[Serotonin|serotonergic]] and opioid mechanisms, and is thought to be less habit-forming. At high doses it also has [[Norepinephrine|noradrenergic]] effects. Sleep disturbances are commonly reported if taken too close to bedtime, and with the extended-release versions. It is used for moderate to moderately severe pain, and pain after surgery. The extended release or long acting form is used on chronic pain.<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/tramadol-oral-route/description/drg-20068050 Tramadol - Mayo Clinic]</ref> A three-year study showed a correlation between tramadol consumption and [[seizure]] occurrence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last =Boostani | first = Reza | last2 = Derakhshan | first2 = Siavash| date = 2012 | title = Tramadol induced seizure: A 3-year study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3755854/|journal=Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=3|issue=3|pages=484β487|issn=2008-6164|pmc=3755854|pmid=24009919}}</ref> == Notable studies == *[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3755854/ Tramadol induced seizure: A 3-year study]<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>"In our study, it was seen that seizures occurred both at therapeutic and supratherapeutic ranges without history of [[epilepsy]]."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>'''''"Conclusion:Β '''''In conclusion, the [[neurotoxicity]] of tramadol commonly manifests as generalized tonic-clonic seizures, most frequently within 24 hours after tramadol intake, and was more common in subjects concomitantly consuming alcohol, illicit drugs, [[Antipsychotic|anti-psychotics]], or [[Antidepressant|anti-depressants]]."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> == See also == * [[Opioids]] *[[Analgesics]] == Learn more == *[[Low dose naltrexone]] (Naltrexone) will block [[opioids]]. [http://www.well.com/user/woa/revia/reviafaq.htm (Answers to FAQ About Naltrexone Treatment for Alcoholism - 10. Can I take other medications with naltrexone?]) == References == [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Analgesics]] {{Reflist}} [[Category:Opioids]]
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