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School phobia
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'''School phobia''' or '''school avoidance''' or '''school refusal''' is a proposed mental illness. School phobia is vaguely defined and its validity has been challenged.<ref name="PMC15898849">{{Cite journal| title = School phobia| date = Jun 2005|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15898849/|journal=The Journal of School Nursing: The Official Publication of the National Association of School Nurses|volume=21|issue=3|pages=147β151 | last = Tyrrell | first = Maureen | authorlink = |doi=10.1177/10598405050210030401|pmc=|pmid=15898849|access-date=|issn=1059-8405|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="legend">{{Cite journal| title = The legend and myth of school phobia. | date = 1995|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0088293|journal=School Psychology Quarterly|volume=10|issue=1 | pages = 65β85 | last = Kearney | first = Christopher A. | author-link = | last2 = Eisen | first2 = Andrew R. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Silverman | first3 = Wendy K. | authorlink3 = |language=en|doi=10.1037/h0088293|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=1939-1560|quote=|via=}}</ref> ==Signs and symptoms== No diagnostic criteria have been established, but the following are generally described: * A child or adolescent fails to attend school, or very rarely attends Sometimes the following criteria are also used, or may be assumed to be present: * Lack of attendance cannot be explained (or is not fully explained) by illness * The child or adolescent is afraid to attend school or intentionally tries to avoid attending<ref name="legend"/><ref name="Colby2007" /><ref name="Miike2003" /> ==Treatment== ==ME/CFS== Dr [[Rosemary Underhill]] stated tjat [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome|children with ME/CFS]] may be wrongly considered to have a [[mental illness|mental or behavioral disorder]] if they are too ill to attend school regularly: <blockquote>"[[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome|ME/CFS]] has often been misdiagnosed, as School Avoidance Behavior, or as [[Fabricated Induced Illness|Munchausen's syndrome by proxy]] (a condition in which, a parent fabricates their child's illness)."<ref name="Underhill2007" /></blockquote> ME/CFS has been found to cause significant absence from school, and studying at home can be seriously affected by [[cognitive dysfunction]] including [[difficulty learning new information|difficulty learning new things]], [[memory problems]] and [[concentration problems|poor concentration]].<ref name="Rowe2017">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rowe | first1 = Peter C. | authorlink1 = Peter Rowe | last2 = Underhill | first2 = Rosemary A. | authorlink2 = Rosemary Underhill | last3 = Friedman | first3 = Kenneth J. | authorlink3 = Kenneth Friedman | last4 = Gurwitt | first4 = Alan | authorlink4 = Alan Gurwitt | last5 = Medow | first5 = Marvin S. | authorlink5 = Marvin Medow | last6 = Schwartz | first6 = Malcolm S. | authorlink6 = Malcolm Schwartz | last7 = Speight | first7 = Nigel | authorlink7 = Nigel Speight | last8 = Stewart | first8 = Julian M. | authorlink8 = Julian Stewart | last9 = Vallings | first9 = Rosamund | authorlink9 = Rosamund Vallings | last10 = Rowe | first10 = Katherine S. | authorlink10 = Katherine Rowe| title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis and Management in Young People: A Primer| journal = Frontiers in Pediatrics | volume = 5 | issue = 121 | page = | date = 2017 | pmid = | doi = 10.3389/fped.2017.00121 }}</ref><ref name="ICC2011primer">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16 = Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19= AR | authorlink19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20 = Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22 = John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24 = Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf}}</ref> ===Misdiagnosis as school phobia=== Tyrrell (2005) describes a particularly common combination of childhood ME/CFS symptoms as school phobia, stating: <blockquote>"Hiding behind such common physical symptoms as [[headache]]s, [[abdominal pain|stomachaches]], and [[fatigue]], school phobia evades diagnosis with ease."<ref name="PMC15898849"/></blockquote> ==Notable studies== *2020, Severe ME in Children<ref name="SpeightSevere">{{Cite journal | last = Speight | first = Nigel | authorlink=Nigel Speight | date = 2020 | title=Severe ME in Children|journal=Healthcare|volume=8|issue=3 | page = 211|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/8/3/211/htm |doi=10.3390/healthcare8030211 }}</ref> - [https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/8/3/211/htm (Full text)] *2007, Special problems of children with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and the enteroviral link<ref name="Colby2007">{{Cite journal | last = Colby | first = J | author-link = Jane Colby| date = Feb 2007| title = Special problems of children with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and the enteroviral link | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1860612/|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=60|issue=2|pages=125β128|doi=10.1136/jcp.2006.042606|issn=0021-9746|pmc=1860612|pmid=16935964|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1860612/ (Full text)] *2007, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Children and Adolescents<ref name="Underhill2007">{{Cite web|url=http://www.njcfsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/ME.CFS-in-Children-AdolFact-Sheet-2007.pdf| title = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Children and Adolescents | last = Underhill | first = Rosemary | authorlink=Rosemary Underhill |publisher=New Jersey Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Association, Inc| date = 2007}}</ref> - [http://www.njcfsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/ME.CFS-in-Children-AdolFact-Sheet-2007.pdf (Full text)] * 2003, Learning and memorization impairment in childhood chronic fatigue syndrome manifesting as school phobia in Japan<ref name="Miike2003">{{Cite journal| title = Learning and memorization impairment in childhood chronic fatigue syndrome manifesting as school phobia in Japan| date = 2004-10-01|url=https://www.brainanddevelopment.com/article/S0387-7604(03)00202-X/abstract|journal=Brain and Development|volume=26|issue=7 | pages = 442β447 | last = Miike | first = Teruhisa | authorlink = Teruhisa Miike | last2 = Tomoda | first2 = Akemi | authorlink2 = | last3 = Jhodoi | first3 = Takako | authorlink3 = | last4 = Iwatani | first4 = Noritaka | authorlink4 = |language=English|doi=10.1016/j.braindev.2003.10.004|pmc=|pmid=15351079|access-date=|issn=0387-7604|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.brainanddevelopment.com/article/S0387-7604(03)00202-X/abstract (Full Text)] * 1995, The myth and the legend of school phobia<ref name="legend" /> - [https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088293 (Abstract)] ==See also== *[[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome]] *[[Pervasive Refusal Syndrome]] (includes Pervasive School Refusal Syndrome) *[[Esther Crawley]] *[[Ethical issues]] *[[Severe and very severe ME]] ==Learn more== ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Potential comorbidities]] [[Category:Diagnoses]] [[Category:Mental disordersβ]]
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