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Neuroinflammation
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=== Microglia activation === The [[blood brain barrier]] (BBB), a membrane that separates the brain from the rest of the body, may become compromised in [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]] patients. If there are [[Cytokine|cytokines]] circulating in the bloodstream, they may get into the brain through opened sections of the BBB<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | last2 = Maes | first2 = Michael | date = Dec 2013 | title = A neuro-immune model of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22718491|journal=Metabolic Brain Disease|volume=28|issue=4 | pages = 523–540|doi=10.1007/s11011-012-9324-8|issn=1573-7365|pmid=22718491}}</ref>. While this initially starts as a normal brain response so that the brain can get the body back to normal, healthy functioning, this process can be predisposed to dysfunction and activation may be sustained longer than usual. [[Microglia]] are cells that can act as the brain’s primary immune response. If cytokines or immune cells from outside the [[Central nervous system|CNS]] enter the brain through the BBB, the microglia will respond to the immune threat and attempt to clear the infiltrators out. However, this process increases neuron activation and the release of more cytokines potentially leading to a cycle of neuroinflammation<ref name=":3" />. One study used a radioligand, a tracer that lights up in the presence of a specific molecule, in a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner in search of activated microglia in ME patients’ brains. Activated microglia cells are believed to be correlated to neuroinflammation. Increased radioligand presence in ME subjects’ brains was observed; however, further analysis of these data and replication of their results are needed<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Nakatomi | first = Yasuhito | last2 = Mizuno | first2 = Kei | last3 = Ishii | first3 = Akira | last4 = Wada | first4 = Yasuhiro | last5 = Tanaka | first5 = Masaaki | last6 = Tazawa | first6 = Shusaku | last7 = Onoe | first7 = Kayo | last8 = Fukuda | first8 = Sanae | last9 = Kawabe | first9 = Joji | date = Jun 2014 | title = Neuroinflammation in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: An ¹¹C-(R)-PK11195 PET Study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24665088|journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine: Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine|volume=55|issue=6 | pages = 945–950|doi=10.2967/jnumed.113.131045|issn=1535-5667|pmid=24665088}}</ref>.
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