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Myalgic encephalomyelitis/he
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== Co-morbidities == [[File:Chronically_Hopeful_Char_Profile_Pic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Char, author at [[Chronically Hopeful]], must use sunglasses due to light sensitivity ([[photophobia]]) and noise canceling ear protection due to sound sensitivity ([[hyperacusis]])]] {{main article|Comorbidities of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis}} Clinicians have observed several predisposing conditions, co-morbidities, overlapping conditions, and increased risks for secondary diseases in patients with ME.<ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /><ref name="CDC-symptoms" /> However, as no large-scale [[Epidemiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|epidemiological]] studies, genetic studies, or family studies have been done, there is little that can be said definitively about the rate or underlying biological reasons for these potentially related conditions. Overlapping [[:Category:Definitions|diagnostic criteria]] and the lack of a [[Diagnostic biomarker|biomarker]] in many of these conditions add to the confusion and diagnostic uncertainty. Moreover, certain conditions such as [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] (POTS) and [[neurally mediated hypotension]] (NMH) and idiopathic [[intracranial hypertension]] (IIH/IH) and [[fibromyalgia]] (FM/FMS) can occur in or be co-morbid with numerous conditions, including ME.<ref name="CDC-etiology">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/presentation-clinical-course/etiology-pathophysiology.html | title = Etiology and Pathophysiology {{!}} Presentation and Clinical Course {{!}} Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2018-11-08 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-17}}</ref><ref name="Dankaerts2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dovepress.com/the-link-between-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-fibromyalgia-and-peer-reviewed-article-JPR | title = The link between idiopathic intracranial hypertension, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome: exploration of a shared pathophysiology | last = Dankaerts | first = Wim | last2 = Bruyninckx | first2 = Frans | date = 2018-12-10 | website = Journal of Pain Research|language=English|access-date=2019-02-17 | last3 = Stalmans | first3 = Ingeborg | last4 = Vansant | first4 = Greet | last5 = Rasschaert | first5 = Ricky | last6 = Hulens | first6 = Mieke}}</ref> The following are some syndromes and diseases that have been associated with or misdiagnosed as ME: <div style="column-count:2;"> *[[fibromyalgia]]<ref name="CDC-comorbid">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/comorbid-conditions.html | title = Comorbid Conditions {{!}} Diagnosis {{!}} Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2018-11-08 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref> * [[Lyme disease]] and [[Chronic lyme disease|chronic Lyme disease]]<ref name="ICC" /> *[[Intracranial hypertension|idiopathic intracranial hypertension]]<ref name="Dankaerts2018" /> *[[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|postural orthostatic tachychardia syndrome]]<ref name="ICC" /><ref name="Hoad2008">{{Cite journal | last = Hoad | first = A. | authorlink = | last2 = Spickett | first2 = G. | author-link2 = Gavin Spickett | last3 = Elliott | first3 = J. | author-link3 = | last4 = Newton | first4 = J. | author-link4 = Julia Newton | date = 2008 | title = Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome is an under-recognized condition in chronic fatigue syndrome | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805903 | journal = QJM: monthly journal of the Association of Physicians | volume = 101 | issue = 12 | pages = 961–965 | doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcn123 | issn=1460-2393 | pmid = 18805903 | quote = | via = }}</ref> *[[irritable bowel syndrome]]<ref name="CDC-comorbid" /><ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /> *[[thyroid disease]]<ref name="CDC-other">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/other-conditions.html | title = Other Conditions for Evaluation {{!}} Diagnosis {{!}} Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2018-11-08 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref> *[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]<ref name="CDC-other" /> *[[Sjögren's syndrome]]<ref name="CDC-other" /> *[[multiple chemical sensitivity]]<ref name="CDC-comorbid" /><ref name="ICC2011primer" /> </div> A Swedish study of 234 ME/CFS patients meeting the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]] found that 13.2% had tonsillar herniations severe enough to be considered a [[Chiari malformation|Chiari Malformation]]. 49% had hypermobility and 20% met criteria for hEDS (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with hypermobility), while 96% had fibromyalgia trigger point pain, with 67% meeting the diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia.<ref name="Bragee2020">{{Cite journal | last = Bragée | first = Björn | authorlink = | last2 = Michos | first2 = Anastasios | authorlink2 = | last3 = Drum | first3 = Brandon | authorlink3 = | last4 = Fahlgren | first4 = Mikael | authorlink4 = | last5 = Szulkin | first5 = Robert | authorlink5 = | last6 = Bertilson | first6 = Bo C. | authorlink6 = | date = 2020 | title=Signs of Intracranial Hypertension, Hypermobility, and Craniocervical Obstructions in Patients With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2020.00828/full|journal=Frontiers in Neurology|language=English|volume=11|issue=|pages=|doi=10.3389/fneur.2020.00828|issn=1664-2295|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
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