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Endocrine system
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=== Pituitary === The [[pituitary gland]] is a small bulb situated at the base of the brain and both releases hormones and controls other glands which release hormones. It is under direct control of the [[hypothalamus]], a section of the [[brain]] right above the pituitary.<ref>{{Cite news |url =https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-gland-disorders/overview-of-the-pituitary-gland | title = Overview of the Pituitary Gland - Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders|work=Merck Manuals Consumer Version|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en-US}}</ref> The hypothalamus receives input about hormonal and homeostatic states in the body, processes that information, then relays instructions to the pituitary gland to respond with certain hormones.<ref name="DoughertyCh">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s4/chapter01.html|chapter=Hypothalamus: Structural Organization | url =https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s4/index.htm | title = Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | last = Dougherty | first = Patrick|website=McGovern Medical School - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> For example, osmoreceptors, water-level sensing cells, in the hypothalamus detect when you are dehydrated. The hypothalamus tells the pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone, which notifies the bladder to retain water. Water levels in the body will increase and once at an adequate level the osmoreceptors stop their signaling to have ADH released<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/the-pituitary-gland-and-hypothalamus/ | title = The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus {{!}} Anatomy and Physiology II|website=courses.lumenlearning.com|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref>. {| class="wikitable" |Anterior Lobe Hormones<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.yourhormones.info/glands/pituitary-gland/ | title = Pituitary gland {{!}} You and Your Hormones|website=Society for Endocrinology|language=en|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> | |- | * [[Growth hormone]] * [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone]] * [[Adrenocorticotropic hormone]] * [[Follicle-stimulating hormone]] * Prolactin | * Controls the growth and development of the body * Activates thyroid hormone production * Activates the adrenal glands (on the kidneys) which produce hormones like stress * Activates sperm and testosterone production in the testes and egg and estrogen production in the ovaries * Activates milk production in the breasts |} [[File:Endocrine hormones.png|thumb|'''Hormones and the endocrine system'''''Image by [[commons:File:Hormones_feedback.png|Shazz]], CC-BY-3.0'']] Pituitary dysfunction can lead to several disorders, including: * Acromegaly - an overproduction of growth hormone which can cause gigantism in children and oversized limbs in adults. * [[Cushing's Disease]] - usually caused by a tumor on the pituitary, it is an overproduction of ACTH, the hormone that stimulates the production of cortisol. It leads to consistent high levels of cortisol in the bloodstream leading to symptoms such as increased fat around the neck, memory and cognitive dysfunction, and osteoporosis. * [[Hypopituitarism]] - when the pituitary doesnโt produce enough hormones; can cause anemia, decreased appetite, [[weight change]]s, joint stiffness, and developmental problems (in children).
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