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Ampligen
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==Mechanism of action== [[File:Ampligen chemical structure.png|right|frame|'''Poly I:C12U''' Source: Hemispherx Biopharma, Inc]] The chemical formation of Ampligen® begins with the known immunostimulant called Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (usually abbreviated Poly I:C). Poly I:C is a mismatched double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with one strand being a polymer of [[inosinic acid]] and the other strand a polymer of [[cytidylic acid]].<ref name="HemBio,2012" /> Poly I:C is structurally similar to the type of dsRNA present in some [[virus]]es. When introduced into the body it stimulants the [[immune system]] because the body thinks a virus is present. Ampligen® is formed when uridine (one of the five standard nucleosides which form the building blocks of RNA) is introduced into this Poly I:C strand, altering the strand to Poly I:C12U.<ref name="HemBio,2012" /> As a result, one strand of the dsRNA is a homopolymer, poly rI and annealed to this strand is a heteropolymer, polyC12U.<ref name="HemBio,2012" /> This alteration increases the compound's instability and shortens the half life to less than 40 minutes after IV administration. Plasma RNase (an enzyme naturally present in blood) degrades the Ampligen® compound into separate ribonucleotides which are completely natural degradation products the body can easily handle, thus lessening its toxicity.<ref name="HemBio,2012" /> Ampligen® is a [[TLR3]] agonist.<ref name="HemBio,2012" /> It stimulates the production of [[toll-like receptor]] 3 (TLR3), which is a naturally occurring protein. we TLR3 recognizes the [[dsRNA]] present in some viruses, such as [[retrovirus]]es, and stimulates a series of biochemical reactions that result is an increase in the production of [[interferon]]. Interferon, an important player in the body's immune system, protects against viral infections and activates immune cells, such as [[Natural killer cell|NKC]].
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