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Cocoa
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'''Cocoa''' (in the form of dark chocolate) may improve the symptoms of [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]].<ref name="high2010" /> == Evidence == In animal models, cocoa may inhibit the function of type 2 [[T helper cell]]s,<ref name="immune2013" /><ref name="pigs2015" /> increase intestinal T lymphocyte count,<ref name="immune2013" /> and decrease secretory [[IgA]].<ref name="rats2008" /> Cocoa was also found to significantly increase [[Lactobacillus|Lactobacillus casei]] in pigs.<ref name="pigs2015" /> Chocolate contains [[phenylalanine]], a [[dopamine]] precursor, and is rich in flavinoids.<ref name="high2010" /> [[Mendus]] is running a small unblinded trial to assess cocoa in [[ME/CFS]].<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3pmHE2RSVQmVm5qejFSSEtmNm8/view?usp=embed_facebook | title = The ME/CFS Chocolate Study | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = | website = Google Docs| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref> ==Prebiotic== Some evidence suggests dark chocolate may provide benefits to the gut [[microbiome]]. == Risks and safety == Cocoa (including chocolate) was previously considered a common trigger of migraine attacks, a condition which many people with ME/CFS have. However, more careful examination has revealed that certain things assumed to cause migraine attacks may instead be caused BY a migraine attack that's already in process. The prodomal phase of migraine (the phase before the headache starts) may cause a craving for chocolate. When the headache arrives, people assume it was triggered by the chocolate, but this is not always a correct assumption<ref>{{Cite journal|title=To Eat or Not to Eat: A Review of the Relationship between Chocolate and Migraines|date=2020-02-26|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32110888/|journal=Nutrients|volume=12|issue=3|pages=608|last=Nowaczewska|first=Magdalena|last2=Wiciński|first2=Michał|last3=Kaźmierczak|first3=Wojciech|last4=Kaźmierczak|first4=Henryk|doi=10.3390/nu12030608|pmc=7146545|pmid=32110888|issn=2072-6643}}</ref>. ==Learn more== * [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00677/full Cocoa and Dark Chocolate Polyphenols: From Biology to Clinical Applications] 2017 ** "Cocoa polyphenols modulate intestinal microbiota, leading to growth of good bacteria & anti-inflammatory pathway in host" ** "Cocoa and dark chocolate polyphenols exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities switching on some important signaling pathways such as toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB/signal transducer and activator of transcription. In particular, cocoa polyphenols induce release of nitric oxide (NO) through activation of endothelial NO synthase which, in turn, accounts for vasodilation and cardioprotective effects" ==See also== * [[Phenylalanine]] * [[Quercetin]] * [[Migraine]] ==References== <references> <ref name="high2010">{{Citation| doi = 10.1186/1475-2891-9-55| issn = 1475-2891| volume = 9| pages = 55| last1 = Sathyapalan | first1 = Thozhukat | last2 = Beckett | first2 = Stephen | last3 = Rigby | first3 = Alan S. | last4 = Mellor | first4 = Duane D. | last5 = Atkin | first5 = Stephen L.| title = High cocoa polyphenol rich chocolate may reduce the burden of the symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome| journal = Nutrition Journal| access-date = 2016-11-09| date = 2010| url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-55}}</ref> <ref name="immune2013">{{Citation| doi = 10.3389/fphar.2013.00071| issn = 1663-9812| volume = 4| last1 = Pérez-Cano | first1 = Francisco J. | last2 = Massot-Cladera | first2 = Malen | last3 = Franch | first3 = Àngels | last4 = Castellote | first4 = Cristina | last5 = Castell | first5 = Margarida | title = The effects of cocoa on the immune system| journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology| access-date = 2016-11-09| date = 2013-06-04| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3671179/| pmid = 23759861| pmc = 3671179}}</ref> <ref name="pigs2015">{{Citation| issn = 0892-6638| volume = 29 | issue = 1 Supplement| pages = 914–4| last1 = Jang | first1 = Saebyeol | last2 = Sun | first2 = Jianghao | last3 = Chen | first3 = Pei | last4 = Lakshman | first4 = Sukla | last5 = Molokin | first5 = Aleksey | last6 = Harnly | first6 = James | last7 = Joseph Urban | first7 = Jr | last8 = Davis | first8 = Cindy | last9 = Solano-Aguilar | first9 = Gloria | title = Changes in the Intestinal Microbiota and Host Inflammatory Gene Expression in Pigs Fed a Flavanol-Enriched Cocoa Powder| journal = The FASEB Journal| access-date = 2016-11-09| date = 2015-04-01| url = http://www.fasebj.org/content/29/1_Supplement/914.4}}</ref> <ref name="rats2008">{{Citation| doi = 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.07.002| issn = 0955-2863| volume = 19 | issue = 8| pages = 555–565| last1 = Ramiro-Puig | first1 = Emma | last2 = Pérez-Cano | first2 = Francisco J. | last3 = Ramos-Romero | first3 = Sara | last4 = Pérez-Berezo | first4 = Teresa | last5 = Castellote | first5 = Cristina | last6 = Permanyer | first6 = Joan | last7 = Franch | first7 = Àngels | last8 = Izquierdo-Pulido | first8 = Maria | last9 = Castell | first9 = Margarida | title = Intestinal immune system of young rats influenced by cocoa-enriched diet| journal = The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry| access-date = 2016-11-09| date = August 2008| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955286307001842}}</ref> </references> [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Medicinal foods]]
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