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Peter White
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=== Activated cytokines === In one of his first papers featuring CFS, White speculated that the condition may be the result of activated cytokines such as Interleukin 1.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ur | first = E. | last2 = White | first2 = P. D. | last3 = Grossman | first3 = A. | date = 1992| title = Hypothesis: cytokines may be activated to cause depressive illness and chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1606197|journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience|volume=241|issue=5|pages=317–322|issn=0940-1334|pmid=1606197}}</ref> He subsequently tested the activation of cytokines in CFS patients before and after performing an exercise test.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = White | first = P. D. | last2 = Nye | first2 = K.E. | last3 = Pinching | first3 = A.J. | last4 = Yap | first4 = T.M. | last5 = Power | first5 = N. | last6 = Vleck | first6 = V. | last7 = Bentley | first7 = D.J. | last8 = Thomas | first8 = J.M. | last9 = Buckland | first9 = M. | date = 2004-01-01| title = Immunological Changes After Both Exercise and Activity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://doi.org/10.1300/J092v12n02_06|journal=Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|volume=12|issue=2 | pages = 51–66|doi=10.1300/J092v12n02_06|issn=1057-3321}}</ref> In a 2015 review, however, White and colleagues reported that studies on cytokines in CFS are often of poor quality and have conflicting results.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal | last = Blundell | first = S. | last2 = Ray | first2 = K.K. | last3 = Buckland | first3 = M. | last4 = White | first4 = P. D. | date = Nov 2015 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome and circulating cytokines: A systematic review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148446|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=50|pages=186–195|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.004|issn=1090-2139|pmid=26148446}}</ref> According to the authors, the only consistent finding has been an increase in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β).<ref name=":9" /> A subsequent study by White’s research group showed that TGF-β was the only cytokine significantly increased in CFS patients compared to controls, but that this was considered “a spurious finding due to variation between different assay batches.”<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal | last = Clark | first = L.V. | last2 = Buckland | first2 = M. | last3 = Murphy | first3 = G. | last4 = Taylor | first4 = N. | last5 = Vleck | first5 = V. | last6 = Mein | first6 = C. | last7 = Wozniak | first7 = E. | last8 = Smuk | first8 = M. | last9 = White | first9 = P. D. | date = Dec 2017| title = Cytokine responses to exercise and activity in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: case-control study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779554|journal=Clinical and Experimental Immunology|volume=190|issue=3|pages=360–371|doi=10.1111/cei.13023|issn=1365-2249|pmc=5680051|pmid=28779554}}</ref> According to the authors, the results suggest that “elevated circulating cytokines are not important in the pathophysiology of CFS” although a role for local release of cytokines in the central nervous system (CNS) was not ruled out.<ref name=":10" />
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