Autoantibody
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An autoantibody is a type of antibody created by the immune system which targets the organism's own tissues, cells, or cell components. Many autoimmune diseases are caused by autoantibodies.
Autoantibodies found in ME/CFS and its comorbid conditions of POTS and OH[edit | edit source]
Various studies have detected autoantibodies in myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) as well as in its common comorbid conditions of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and orthostatic hypotension (OH). The table below lists the autoantibodies found in ME/CFS, POTS and OH.
Autoantibody target | ME/CFS | POTS | OH |
---|---|---|---|
Adrenergic receptor alpha 1 | Yes[1] | ||
Adrenergic receptor alpha 2 | |||
Adrenergic receptor beta 1 | Yes[1] | Yes[2] | |
Adrenergic receptor beta 2 | Elevated[3] | Yes[1] | Yes[2] |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | 53% (32 of 60)[4] | Yes[5] | |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Yes[5] | Yes[2] | |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Elevated[3] | Yes[2] | |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 | Elevated[3] | ||
S-farnesyl-L-cysteine | [6] | ||
Nicotinic ganglionic acetylcholine receptor alpha 3 | Yes[7] | ||
Nicotinic ganglionic acetylcholine receptor beta 4 | Yes[7] | ||
68/48 kDa protein | 13% (15 of 114); 0% controls[8] | ||
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor | Yes[9] | ||
Mu-opioid receptor | 15% (9 of 60)[4] | ||
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) | 62% (26 of 42)[10] | ||
Gangliosides | 43% (18 of 42)[10] | ||
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) | 47% (28 of 60)[11] | ||
HSP60 (Chlamydia pneumoniae peptide) | 24% IgM 15 of 61)[12] | ||
Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) | [13] | ||
Antiphospholipid antibodies | |||
Phospholipids (All) | 38% (16 of 42)[10] | ||
Cardiolipin | 95% (38 of 40)[14] | ||
β2 glycoprotein | |||
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) | |||
Antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) | |||
ANA (All) | 56.7% (34 of 60)[4]68% (41 of 60); 15% controls[15] | ||
ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) | [13] | ||
dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) | |||
Fatty Acid autoantibodies | |||
Oleic acid | [6] | ||
Palmitic acid | [6] | ||
Myristic acid | [6] | ||
Lipid peroxidation by-products | |||
Malondialdehyde (MDA) | [6] | ||
Azelaic acid | [6] | ||
N-oxide modified amino-acids | |||
NO-tyrosine | [6] | ||
NO-phenylalanine | [6] | ||
NO-arginine | [6] | ||
NO-tryptophan | [6] | ||
NO-cysteinyl | [6] |
Learn more[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Li, Hongliang; Yu, Xichun; Liles, Campbell; Khan, Muneer; Vanderlinde-Wood, Megan; Galloway, Allison; Zillner, Caitlin; Benbrook, Alexandria; Reim, Sean (February 26, 2014). "Autoimmune basis for postural tachycardia syndrome". Journal of the American Heart Association. 3 (1): e000755. doi:10.1161/JAHA.113.000755. ISSN 2047-9980. PMC 3959717. PMID 24572257.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Yu, Xichun; Stavrakis, Stavros; Hill, Michael A.; Huang, Shijun; Reim, Sean; Li, Hongliang; Khan, Muneer; Hamlett, Sean; Cunningham, Madeleine W. (January 2012). "Autoantibody activation of beta-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors contributes to an "autoimmune" orthostatic hypotension". Journal of the American Society of Hypertension: JASH. 6 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2011.10.003. ISSN 1878-7436. PMC 3259269. PMID 22130180.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Loebel, Madlen; Grabowski, Patricia; Heidecke, Harald; Bauer, Sandra; Hanitsch, Leif G.; Wittke, Kirsten; Meisel, Christian; Reinke, Petra; Volk, Hans-Dieter (February 2016). "Antibodies to β adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 52: 32–39. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.013. ISSN 1090-2139. PMID 26399744.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Tanaka, Susumu; Kuratsune, Hirohiko; Hidaka, Yoh; Hakariya, Yukiko; Tatsumi, Ke-Ita; Takano, Toru; Kanakura, Yuzuru; Amino, Nobuyuki (August 2003). "Autoantibodies against muscarinic cholinergic receptor in chronic fatigue syndrome". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 12 (2): 225–230. ISSN 1107-3756. PMID 12851722.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dubey, Divyanshu; Hopkins, Steve; Vernino, Steven. "M1and M2 Muscarinic receptor antibodies among patients with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: potential disease biomarker" (PDF). Cite has empty unknown parameter:
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(help) - ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 Maes, Michael; Mihaylova, Ivana; Leunis, Jean-Claude (2006-10). "Chronic fatigue syndrome is accompanied by an IgM-related immune response directed against neopitopes formed by oxidative or nitrosative damage to lipids and proteins". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 27 (5): 615–621. ISSN 0172-780X. PMID 17159817. Check date values in:
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(help) - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Watari, Mari; Nakane, Shunya; Mukaino, Akihiro; Nakajima, Makoto; Mori, Yukiko; Maeda, Yasuhiro; Masuda, Teruaki; Takamatsu, Koutaro; Kouzaki, Yanosuke (February 28, 2018). "Autoimmune postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome". Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 5 (4): 486–492. doi:10.1002/acn3.524. ISSN 2328-9503. PMC 5899914. PMID 29687025.
- ↑ Nishikai, M.; Tomomatsu, S.; Hankins, R. W.; Takagi, S.; Miyachi, K.; Kosaka, S.; Akiya, K. (2001-07). "Autoantibodies to a 68/48 kDa protein in chronic fatigue syndrome and primary fibromyalgia: a possible marker for hypersomnia and cognitive disorders". Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 40 (7): 806–810. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/40.7.806. ISSN 1462-0324. PMID 11477286. Check date values in:
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(help) - ↑ Yu, Xichun; Li, Hongliang; Murphy, Taylor A.; Nuss, Zachary; Liles, Jonathan; Liles, Campbell; Aston, Christopher E.; Raj, Satish R.; Fedorowski, Artur (April 4, 2018). "Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Autoantibodies in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome". Journal of the American Heart Association. 7 (8). doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.008351. ISSN 2047-9980. PMID 29618472.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Klein, R.; Berg, P. A. (October 16, 1995). "High incidence of antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine, gangliosides and phospholipids in patients with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndrome and their relatives: evidence for a clinical entity of both disorders". European Journal of Medical Research. 1 (1): 21–26. ISSN 0949-2321. PMID 9392689.
- ↑ von Mikecz, A.; Konstantinov, K.; Buchwald, D. S.; Gerace, L.; Tan, E. M. (February 1997). "High frequency of autoantibodies to insoluble cellular antigens in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 40 (2): 295–305. ISSN 0004-3591. PMID 9041942.
- ↑ Elfaitouri, Amal; Herrmann, Björn; Bölin-Wiener, Agnes; Wang, Yilin; Gottfries, Carl-Gerhard; Zachrisson, Olof; Pipkorn, Rϋdiger; Rönnblom, Lars; Blomberg, Jonas (2013). "Epitopes of microbial and human heat shock protein 60 and their recognition in myalgic encephalomyelitis". PloS One. 8 (11): e81155. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081155. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3842916. PMID 24312270.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Vernon, Suzanne D; Reeves, William C (May 25, 2005). "Evaluation of autoantibodies to common and neuronal cell antigens in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Journal of Autoimmune Diseases. 2: 5. doi:10.1186/1740-2557-2-5. ISSN 1740-2557. PMC 1177983. PMID 15916704.
- ↑ Hokama, Yoshitsugi; Campora, Cara Empey; Hara, Cynthia; Kuribayashi, Tina; Le Huynh, Diana; Yabusaki, Kenichi (2009). "Anticardiolipin antibodies in the sera of patients with diagnosed chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 23 (4): 210–212. doi:10.1002/jcla.20325. ISSN 1098-2825. PMID 19623655.
- ↑ Konstantinov, K; von Mikecz, A; Buchwald, D; Jones, J; Gerace, L; Tan, E M (October 15, 1996). "Autoantibodies to nuclear envelope antigens in chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 98 (8): 1888–1896. ISSN 0021-9738. PMID 8878441.