Autoantibody: Difference between revisions

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|Adrenergic receptor beta 2
|Adrenergic receptor beta 2
|Yes<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Loebel|first=Madlen|last2=Grabowski|first2=Patricia|last3=Heidecke|first3=Harald|last4=Bauer|first4=Sandra|last5=Hanitsch|first5=Leif G.|last6=Wittke|first6=Kirsten|last7=Meisel|first7=Christian|last8=Reinke|first8=Petra|last9=Volk|first9=Hans-Dieter|date=Feb 2016|title=Antibodies to β adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399744|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=52|pages=32–39|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.013|issn=1090-2139|pmid=26399744}}</ref>
|Elevated<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Loebel|first=Madlen|last2=Grabowski|first2=Patricia|last3=Heidecke|first3=Harald|last4=Bauer|first4=Sandra|last5=Hanitsch|first5=Leif G.|last6=Wittke|first6=Kirsten|last7=Meisel|first7=Christian|last8=Reinke|first8=Petra|last9=Volk|first9=Hans-Dieter|date=Feb 2016|title=Antibodies to β adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399744|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=52|pages=32–39|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.013|issn=1090-2139|pmid=26399744}}</ref>
|Yes<ref name=":0" />
|Yes<ref name=":0" />
|Yes<ref name=":1" />
|Yes<ref name=":1" />
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|Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
|Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
|Yes<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Tanaka|first=Susumu|last2=Kuratsune|first2=Hirohiko|last3=Hidaka|first3=Yoh|last4=Hakariya|first4=Yukiko|last5=Tatsumi|first5=Ke-Ita|last6=Takano|first6=Toru|last7=Kanakura|first7=Yuzuru|last8=Amino|first8=Nobuyuki|date=Aug 2003|title=Autoantibodies against muscarinic cholinergic receptor in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12851722|journal=International Journal of Molecular Medicine|volume=12|issue=2|pages=225–230|issn=1107-3756|pmid=12851722}}</ref>
|53% (32 of 60)<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Tanaka|first=Susumu|last2=Kuratsune|first2=Hirohiko|last3=Hidaka|first3=Yoh|last4=Hakariya|first4=Yukiko|last5=Tatsumi|first5=Ke-Ita|last6=Takano|first6=Toru|last7=Kanakura|first7=Yuzuru|last8=Amino|first8=Nobuyuki|date=Aug 2003|title=Autoantibodies against muscarinic cholinergic receptor in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12851722|journal=International Journal of Molecular Medicine|volume=12|issue=2|pages=225–230|issn=1107-3756|pmid=12851722}}</ref>
|Yes<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dysautonomiainternational.org/pdf/Vernino_Muscarinic_Abstract.pdf|title=M1and M2 Muscarinic receptor antibodies among patients with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: potential disease biomarker|last=Dubey|first=Divyanshu|last2=Hopkins|first2=Steve|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|last3=Vernino|first3=Steven}}</ref>
|Yes<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dysautonomiainternational.org/pdf/Vernino_Muscarinic_Abstract.pdf|title=M1and M2 Muscarinic receptor antibodies among patients with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: potential disease biomarker|last=Dubey|first=Divyanshu|last2=Hopkins|first2=Steve|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|last3=Vernino|first3=Steven}}</ref>
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|Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
|Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
|Yes<ref name=":2" />
|Elevated<ref name=":2" />
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|Yes<ref name=":1" />
|Yes<ref name=":1" />
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|Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4
|Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4
|Yes<ref name=":2" />
|Elevated<ref name=":2" />
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|Yes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yu|first=Xichun|last2=Li|first2=Hongliang|last3=Murphy|first3=Taylor A.|last4=Nuss|first4=Zachary|last5=Liles|first5=Jonathan|last6=Liles|first6=Campbell|last7=Aston|first7=Christopher E.|last8=Raj|first8=Satish R.|last9=Fedorowski|first9=Artur|date=2018-04-04|title=Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Autoantibodies in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29618472|journal=Journal of the American Heart Association|volume=7|issue=8|doi=10.1161/JAHA.117.008351|issn=2047-9980|pmc=|pmid=29618472}}</ref>
|Yes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yu|first=Xichun|last2=Li|first2=Hongliang|last3=Murphy|first3=Taylor A.|last4=Nuss|first4=Zachary|last5=Liles|first5=Jonathan|last6=Liles|first6=Campbell|last7=Aston|first7=Christopher E.|last8=Raj|first8=Satish R.|last9=Fedorowski|first9=Artur|date=2018-04-04|title=Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Autoantibodies in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29618472|journal=Journal of the American Heart Association|volume=7|issue=8|doi=10.1161/JAHA.117.008351|issn=2047-9980|pmc=|pmid=29618472}}</ref>
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|Dopamine D2 receptor
|Yes<ref name=":3" />
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|Mu-opioid receptor
|Mu-opioid receptor
|Yes<ref name=":3" />
|15% (9 of 60)<ref name=":3" />
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|Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor   
|Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
|Yes<ref name=":3" />
|62% (26 of 42)<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Klein|first=R.|last2=Berg|first2=P. A.|date=1995-10-16|title=High incidence of antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine, gangliosides and phospholipids in patients with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndrome and their relatives: evidence for a clinical entity of both disorders|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9392689|journal=European Journal of Medical Research|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–26|issn=0949-2321|pmid=9392689}}</ref>
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|Serotonin (neurotransmitter)
|Yes<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Klein|first=R.|last2=Berg|first2=P. A.|date=1995-10-16|title=High incidence of antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine, gangliosides and phospholipids in patients with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndrome and their relatives: evidence for a clinical entity of both disorders|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9392689|journal=European Journal of Medical Research|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–26|issn=0949-2321|pmid=9392689}}</ref>
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|Gangliosides
|Gangliosides
|Yes<ref name=":4" />
|43% (18 of 42)<ref name=":4" />
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|Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2)
|Phospholipids
|Yes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vernon|first=Suzanne D.|last2=Reeves|first2=William C.|date=2005-05-25|title=Evaluation of autoantibodies to common and neuronal cell antigens in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15916704|journal=Journal of Autoimmune Diseases|volume=2|pages=5|doi=10.1186/1740-2557-2-5|issn=1740-2557|pmc=1177983|pmid=15916704}}</ref>
|38% (16 of 42)<ref name=":4" />
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|Phosphatidylinositol
|Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)
|Yes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maes|first=Michael|last2=Mihaylova|first2=Ivanka|last3=Leunis|first3=Jean-Claude|date=Dec 2007|title=Increased serum IgM antibodies directed against phosphatidyl inositol (Pi) in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and major depression: evidence that an IgM-mediated immune response against Pi is one factor underpinning the comorbidity between both CFS and depression|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063934|journal=Neuro Endocrinology Letters|volume=28|issue=6|pages=861–867|issn=0172-780X|pmid=18063934}}</ref>
|47% (28 of 60)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=von Mikecz|first=A.|last2=Konstantinov|first2=K.|last3=Buchwald|first3=D. S.|last4=Gerace|first4=L.|last5=Tan|first5=E. M.|date=Feb 1997|title=High frequency of autoantibodies to insoluble cellular antigens in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9041942|journal=Arthritis and Rheumatism|volume=40|issue=2|pages=295–305|issn=0004-3591|pmid=9041942}}</ref>
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|Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
|Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
|Yes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nishikai|first=Masahiko|date=Jun 2007|title=[Antinuclear antibodies in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome]|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17561698|journal=Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=65|issue=6|pages=1067–1070|issn=0047-1852|pmid=17561698}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Konstantinov|first=K|last2=von Mikecz|first2=A|last3=Buchwald|first3=D|last4=Jones|first4=J|last5=Gerace|first5=L|last6=Tan|first6=E M|date=1996-10-15|title=Autoantibodies to nuclear envelope antigens in chronic fatigue syndrome.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507629/|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=98|issue=8|pages=1888–1896|issn=0021-9738|pmid=8878441}}</ref>
|56.7% (34 of 60)<ref name=":3" />
 
68% (41 of 60); 15% controls<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Konstantinov|first=K|last2=von Mikecz|first2=A|last3=Buchwald|first3=D|last4=Jones|first4=J|last5=Gerace|first5=L|last6=Tan|first6=E M|date=1996-10-15|title=Autoantibodies to nuclear envelope antigens in chronic fatigue syndrome.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507629/|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=98|issue=8|pages=1888–1896|issn=0021-9738|pmid=8878441}}</ref>
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|Insoluble cellular antigens
|68/48 kDa protein
|Yes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=von Mikecz|first=A.|last2=Konstantinov|first2=K.|last3=Buchwald|first3=D. S.|last4=Gerace|first4=L.|last5=Tan|first5=E. M.|date=Feb 1997|title=High frequency of autoantibodies to insoluble cellular antigens in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9041942|journal=Arthritis and Rheumatism|volume=40|issue=2|pages=295–305|issn=0004-3591|pmid=9041942}}</ref>
|13% (15 of 114); 0% controls<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nishikai|first=M.|last2=Tomomatsu|first2=S.|last3=Hankins|first3=R. W.|last4=Takagi|first4=S.|last5=Miyachi|first5=K.|last6=Kosaka|first6=S.|last7=Akiya|first7=K.|date=2001-07|title=Autoantibodies to a 68/48 kDa protein in chronic fatigue syndrome and primary fibromyalgia: a possible marker for hypersomnia and cognitive disorders|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11477286/|journal=Rheumatology (Oxford, England)|volume=40|issue=7|pages=806–810|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/40.7.806|issn=1462-0324|pmid=11477286}}</ref>
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|Cardiolipin
|Cardiolipin
|Yes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hokama|first=Yoshitsugi|last2=Campora|first2=Cara Empey|last3=Hara|first3=Cynthia|last4=Kuribayashi|first4=Tina|last5=Le Huynh|first5=Diana|last6=Yabusaki|first6=Kenichi|date=2009|title=Anticardiolipin antibodies in the sera of patients with diagnosed chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19623655|journal=Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis|volume=23|issue=4|pages=210–212|doi=10.1002/jcla.20325|issn=1098-2825|pmid=19623655}}</ref>
|95% (38 of 40)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hokama|first=Yoshitsugi|last2=Campora|first2=Cara Empey|last3=Hara|first3=Cynthia|last4=Kuribayashi|first4=Tina|last5=Le Huynh|first5=Diana|last6=Yabusaki|first6=Kenichi|date=2009|title=Anticardiolipin antibodies in the sera of patients with diagnosed chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19623655|journal=Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis|volume=23|issue=4|pages=210–212|doi=10.1002/jcla.20325|issn=1098-2825|pmid=19623655}}</ref>
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|Heat shock protein HSP60
|Yes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elfaitouri|first=Amal|last2=Herrmann|first2=Björn|last3=Bölin-Wiener|first3=Agnes|last4=Wang|first4=Yilin|last5=Gottfries|first5=Carl-Gerhard|last6=Zachrisson|first6=Olof|last7=Pipkorn|first7=Rϋdiger|last8=Rönnblom|first8=Lars|last9=Blomberg|first9=Jonas|date=2013|title=Epitopes of microbial and human heat shock protein 60 and their recognition in myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24312270/|journal=PloS One|volume=8|issue=11|pages=e81155|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0081155|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3842916|pmid=24312270}}</ref>
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|Anti-citrullinated protein
|HSP60 (Chlamydia pneumoniae peptide)
|Yes<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wames.org.uk/cms-english/2016/01/anti-citrullinated-protein-antibodies-in-cfs/|title=Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in CFS|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|24% IgM 15 of 61)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elfaitouri|first=Amal|last2=Herrmann|first2=Björn|last3=Bölin-Wiener|first3=Agnes|last4=Wang|first4=Yilin|last5=Gottfries|first5=Carl-Gerhard|last6=Zachrisson|first6=Olof|last7=Pipkorn|first7=Rϋdiger|last8=Rönnblom|first8=Lars|last9=Blomberg|first9=Jonas|date=2013|title=Epitopes of microbial and human heat shock protein 60 and their recognition in myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24312270/|journal=PloS One|volume=8|issue=11|pages=e81155|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0081155|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3842916|pmid=24312270}}</ref>
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Revision as of 05:14, November 22, 2020

An autoantibody is a type of antibody created by the immune system which targets the organism's own tissues, cells, or cell components. Many autoimmune diseases are caused by autoantibodies.

Autoantibodies found in ME/CFS and its comorbid conditions of POTS and OH[edit | edit source]

Various studies have detected autoantibodies in myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) as well as in its common comorbid conditions of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and orthostatic hypotension (OH). The table below lists the autoantibodies found in ME/CFS, POTS and OH.

Autoantibodies Found in ME/CFS, POTS and OH
Autoantibody target ME/CFS POTS OH
Adrenergic receptor alpha 1  Yes[1]
Adrenergic receptor alpha 2
Adrenergic receptor beta 1   Yes[1] Yes[2]
Adrenergic receptor beta 2 Elevated[3] Yes[1] Yes[2]
   
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 53% (32 of 60)[4] Yes[5]
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 Yes[5] Yes[2]
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 Elevated[3] Yes[2]
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 Elevated[3]
   
Nicotinic ganglionic acetylcholine receptor alpha 3 Yes[6]
Nicotinic ganglionic acetylcholine receptor beta 4 Yes[6]
   
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor Yes[7]
Mu-opioid receptor 15% (9 of 60)[4]
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 62% (26 of 42)[8]
Gangliosides 43% (18 of 42)[8]
Phospholipids 38% (16 of 42)[8]
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) 47% (28 of 60)[9]
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) 56.7% (34 of 60)[4]

68% (41 of 60); 15% controls[10]

68/48 kDa protein 13% (15 of 114); 0% controls[11]
Cardiolipin 95% (38 of 40)[12]
HSP60 (Chlamydia pneumoniae peptide) 24% IgM 15 of 61)[13]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Li, Hongliang; Yu, Xichun; Liles, Campbell; Khan, Muneer; Vanderlinde-Wood, Megan; Galloway, Allison; Zillner, Caitlin; Benbrook, Alexandria; Reim, Sean (February 26, 2014). "Autoimmune basis for postural tachycardia syndrome". Journal of the American Heart Association. 3 (1): e000755. doi:10.1161/JAHA.113.000755. ISSN 2047-9980. PMC 3959717. PMID 24572257.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Yu, Xichun; Stavrakis, Stavros; Hill, Michael A.; Huang, Shijun; Reim, Sean; Li, Hongliang; Khan, Muneer; Hamlett, Sean; Cunningham, Madeleine W. (January 2012). "Autoantibody activation of beta-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors contributes to an "autoimmune" orthostatic hypotension". Journal of the American Society of Hypertension: JASH. 6 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2011.10.003. ISSN 1878-7436. PMC 3259269. PMID 22130180.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Loebel, Madlen; Grabowski, Patricia; Heidecke, Harald; Bauer, Sandra; Hanitsch, Leif G.; Wittke, Kirsten; Meisel, Christian; Reinke, Petra; Volk, Hans-Dieter (February 2016). "Antibodies to β adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 52: 32–39. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.013. ISSN 1090-2139. PMID 26399744.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Tanaka, Susumu; Kuratsune, Hirohiko; Hidaka, Yoh; Hakariya, Yukiko; Tatsumi, Ke-Ita; Takano, Toru; Kanakura, Yuzuru; Amino, Nobuyuki (August 2003). "Autoantibodies against muscarinic cholinergic receptor in chronic fatigue syndrome". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 12 (2): 225–230. ISSN 1107-3756. PMID 12851722.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dubey, Divyanshu; Hopkins, Steve; Vernino, Steven. "M1and M2 Muscarinic receptor antibodies among patients with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: potential disease biomarker" (PDF). Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Watari, Mari; Nakane, Shunya; Mukaino, Akihiro; Nakajima, Makoto; Mori, Yukiko; Maeda, Yasuhiro; Masuda, Teruaki; Takamatsu, Koutaro; Kouzaki, Yanosuke (February 28, 2018). "Autoimmune postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome". Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 5 (4): 486–492. doi:10.1002/acn3.524. ISSN 2328-9503. PMC 5899914. PMID 29687025.
  7. ↑ Yu, Xichun; Li, Hongliang; Murphy, Taylor A.; Nuss, Zachary; Liles, Jonathan; Liles, Campbell; Aston, Christopher E.; Raj, Satish R.; Fedorowski, Artur (April 4, 2018). "Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Autoantibodies in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome". Journal of the American Heart Association. 7 (8). doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.008351. ISSN 2047-9980. PMID 29618472.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Klein, R.; Berg, P. A. (October 16, 1995). "High incidence of antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine, gangliosides and phospholipids in patients with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndrome and their relatives: evidence for a clinical entity of both disorders". European Journal of Medical Research. 1 (1): 21–26. ISSN 0949-2321. PMID 9392689.
  9. ↑ von Mikecz, A.; Konstantinov, K.; Buchwald, D. S.; Gerace, L.; Tan, E. M. (February 1997). "High frequency of autoantibodies to insoluble cellular antigens in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 40 (2): 295–305. ISSN 0004-3591. PMID 9041942.
  10. ↑ Konstantinov, K; von Mikecz, A; Buchwald, D; Jones, J; Gerace, L; Tan, E M (October 15, 1996). "Autoantibodies to nuclear envelope antigens in chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 98 (8): 1888–1896. ISSN 0021-9738. PMID 8878441.
  11. ↑ Nishikai, M.; Tomomatsu, S.; Hankins, R. W.; Takagi, S.; Miyachi, K.; Kosaka, S.; Akiya, K. (2001-07). "Autoantibodies to a 68/48 kDa protein in chronic fatigue syndrome and primary fibromyalgia: a possible marker for hypersomnia and cognitive disorders". Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 40 (7): 806–810. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/40.7.806. ISSN 1462-0324. PMID 11477286. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ↑ Hokama, Yoshitsugi; Campora, Cara Empey; Hara, Cynthia; Kuribayashi, Tina; Le Huynh, Diana; Yabusaki, Kenichi (2009). "Anticardiolipin antibodies in the sera of patients with diagnosed chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 23 (4): 210–212. doi:10.1002/jcla.20325. ISSN 1098-2825. PMID 19623655.
  13. ↑ Elfaitouri, Amal; Herrmann, Björn; Bölin-Wiener, Agnes; Wang, Yilin; Gottfries, Carl-Gerhard; Zachrisson, Olof; Pipkorn, Rϋdiger; Rönnblom, Lars; Blomberg, Jonas (2013). "Epitopes of microbial and human heat shock protein 60 and their recognition in myalgic encephalomyelitis". PloS One. 8 (11): e81155. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081155. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3842916. PMID 24312270.

autoantibody An antibody that works against the body's own antigens, a hallmark of autoimmune diseases. Autoantibodies are the opposite of an antibodies.

antibodies Antibody/immunoglobulin refers to any of a large number of specific proteins produced by B cells that act against an antigen in an immune response.

autoantibody An antibody that works against the body's own antigens, a hallmark of autoimmune diseases. Autoantibodies are the opposite of an antibodies.

autoantibody An antibody that works against the body's own antigens, a hallmark of autoimmune diseases. Autoantibodies are the opposite of an antibodies.

postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) - A form of orthostatic intolerance where the cardinal symptom is excessive tachycardia due to changing position (e.g. from lying down to sitting up).

tachycardia An unusually rapid heart beat. Can be caused by exercise or illness. A symptom of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). (Learn more: www.heart.org)

autoantibody An antibody that works against the body's own antigens, a hallmark of autoimmune diseases. Autoantibodies are the opposite of an antibodies.

β β / Β. Greek letter beta (a symbol used in science), equivalent to "b".

antibodies Antibody/immunoglobulin refers to any of a large number of specific proteins produced by B cells that act against an antigen in an immune response.

antibodies Antibody/immunoglobulin refers to any of a large number of specific proteins produced by B cells that act against an antigen in an immune response.

antinuclear antibodies (ANA) - "A circulating group of autoantibodies that are produced by the body when the immune system mistakenly recognizes normal components of its own cell nucleus as foreign."

antinuclear antibodies (ANA) - "A circulating group of autoantibodies that are produced by the body when the immune system mistakenly recognizes normal components of its own cell nucleus as foreign."

antinuclear antibodies (ANA) - "A circulating group of autoantibodies that are produced by the body when the immune system mistakenly recognizes normal components of its own cell nucleus as foreign."

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