Editing Medical gaslighting

'''Medical gaslighting''' is term used to describe doctors or medical practitioners who wrongly deny a patient's illness entirely, for example wrongly telling patients that they are [[Hypochondriasis|not really sick]], or [[Psychologization|blame a patient's physical illness or symptoms on psychological factors]].<ref name="ABCOct23" /><ref name="DamagedIdentities">{{Cite book | title = Damaged Identities, Narrative Repair|pages=29-30|isbn=978-0-8014-8740-8|edition=|language=en|title-link=|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Damaged_Identities_Narrative_Repair.html?id=EjL9qyGmJF4C|access-date= | date = 2001 | publisher=Cornell University Press | last = Nelson | first = Hilde Lindemann | authorlink = |veditors=|others=|doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location= | editor-last = |editor-first = |editor1-link=|editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = |chapter=Narrative Repair: Reclaiming Moral Agency}}</ref><ref name="Vice2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/gy899x/maya-dusenbery-how-doctors-gaslight-women-doubting-their-own-pain | title = How Doctors Gaslight Women into Doubting Their Own Pain | last = Weiss | first = Suzannah  | authorlink =  | date = Mar 6, 2018 | website = Vice|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref><ref name="CBT-MVE">{{Cite tweet|url=https://twitter.com/MBVanElzakker/status/765678606425198592 | title = What #PACEtrial called "CBT" is not normal CBT.|user=MBVanElzakker | last = VanElzakker | first = Michael | authorlink=Michael VanElzakker | date = Aug 16, 2016|quote=What #PACEtrial called "CBT" is not normal CBT. Cancer patients see CBT therapists all the time and are not told, "you're not really sick."|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=Oct 31, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Gaslight.jpg|alt=Gaslight|thumb]]
'''Gaslighting''' refers to a type of manipulation where the intent is to lead someone to question their own experiences, memory, or perceptions. Gaslighting is viewed as a form of emotional abuse.<ref name="NBC2018">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/better/health/what-gaslighting-how-do-you-know-if-it-s-happening-ncna890866 | title = What is gaslighting?|publisher=NBC News | date = Jul 13, 2018|first = Sarah | last = DiGiulio|language=en|access-date=2022-05-06}}</ref>  

=== Effects ===
[[File:Gaslighting-movie.jpg|alt=Psychological effects of gaslighting|thumb]]
People experiencing gaslighting often begin to question their own reality or may feel "crazy", particularly if the person gaslighting them has greater authority or personal power.<ref name="EpInjustice2017">{{Cite book | title = The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Injustice|pages=167-174|isbn=978-1-351-81450-8|edition=|volume=|language=en|title-link=|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VkYlDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA167&dq=+consequences|access-date= | date = 2017 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | last = McKinnon | first = Rachel | authorlink = | last2 = Kidd | first2 = Ian James | authorlink2 = | last3 = Medina | first3 = José | authorlink3 = | last4 = Pohlhaus | first4 = Gaile | authorlink4 = |veditors=|others=|doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location= | editor-last = |editor-first = |editor1-link=|editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = |chapter=Gaslighting as epistemic injustice}}</ref> Gaslighting almost always involves multiple incidents and is particularly effective if several different people gaslight the same person.<ref name="Childbirth2019">{{Cite book | title = Childbirth, Vulnerability and Law: Exploring Issues of Violence and Control|isbn=978-0-429-81290-3|language=en | url =https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=asuqDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT42&pg=PT31#v=onepage&q&f=true | date = 2019 | publisher=Routledge | last = Pickles | first = Camilla | last2 = Herring | first2 = Jonathan}}</ref> Victims of gaslighting may become anxious, develop depression or mental illness, or become increasingly emotional as a result, which makes them more likely to be seen having unreliable or questionable judgement, both by others and themselves, discrediting them further. Gaslighting may result in a loss of trust, and isolation.<ref name="EpInjustice2017" /> 

Gaslighting by medics is more commonly experienced by certain patient groups, particularly women, and in illnesses which do not yet have a clear diagnostic tests, for example [[ME/CFS]], [[chronic pain]], and [[endometriosis]]. This form of gaslighting may be done either consciously or unconsciously.<ref name="Childbirth2019" />

==ME/CFS==
{{Image frame|caption=<span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:120%">ME/CFS patients who have experienced a dismissive attitude from a health care professional.</span><span style ="font-size:80%"><br>
Source: Health Care Women Int. 2019 Mar; 40(3): 241–258.<ref name="McManimen2019"/></span>|
content={{Graph:Chart|width=400|height=|type=rect|xAxisTitle=Have experienced a dismissive attitude from a health care professional|yAxisTitle=% of patients with ME/CFS|legend=Legend|x=1|y1=89.1|y2=10.9|y1Title=Yes|y2Title=No|
|colors={{MEActionRed}},{{MEActionBlue}}|xAxisAngle=}}
}}

People with [[ME/CFS]] typically experience healthcare professionals who dismiss or ignore their health problems,<ref name="Lapp2019">{{Cite journal | last = Lapp|first = Charles W. | authorlink = Charles Lapp | date = 2019 | title=Initiating Care of a Patient With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2018.00415/full|journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics|language=English|volume=6|issue=|pages=|doi=10.3389/fped.2018.00415|issn=2296-2360|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> or attribute their ME/CFS symptoms as coming from a psychological rather than physical cause, leading to inappropriate treatments, such as focusing patients'[[Illness beliefs|"beliefs about the illness"]] rather than medical treatment of the symptoms.<ref name="BleaseGeraghty2016a" /><ref name="McManimen2019" /><ref name="Agardy2017">{{Cite journal | last = Agardy|first = Susanna | authorlink =  | date = Aug 2017 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome patients have no reason to accept the PACE trial results: Response to Keith J Petrie and John Weinman | url =http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359105317715476|journal=Journal of Health Psychology|language=en|volume=22|issue=9|pages=1206–1208|doi=10.1177/1359105317715476|issn=1359-1053|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Propaganda">{{Cite web|url=http://www.margaretwilliams.me/2017/power-of-propaganda.pdf | title=The Power of Propaganda? | last = Williams | first = Margaret | authorlink=Margaret Williams | date = Mar 2017 | website = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=Oct 31, 2020}}</ref> Some doctors have also made claims that patients are not ''really'' sick, or have tried to discredit them by suggesting they are exaggerating the extent of their illness.<ref name="SharpeTweet">{{Cite web|url=https://www.virology.ws/2018/11/08/trial-by-error-an-australian-exchange-with-professor-sharpe/ | title = Trial By Error: An Australian Exchange with Professor Sharpe | last = Tuller | first = David | authorlink = David Tuller | date = Nov 8, 2018 | website = [[Virology blog]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-10-31}}</ref>

==Long COVID ==
Some Long COVID patients have experienced gaslighting, particularly when a doctor or healthcare professional does not find a clear biological (organic) causes for their [[long COVID]] symptoms.<ref name="LCgaslighting">{{Cite web | first = Vernita | last = Perkins | first2 = Leonard A. | last2 = Jason | authorlink2 = Leonard Jason | website = Psychology Today|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mental-health-revolution/202204/long-covid-and-gaslighting? | date = Apr 11, 2022 | title = Long COVID and Gaslighting }}</ref><ref name="Recognition2022">{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/feb/03/long-covid-fight-recognition-gaslighting-pandemic| title = The great gaslighting: how Covid longhaulers are still fighting for recognition|website=The Guardian | first = Mike | last = Mariani | date = Feb 3, 2022}}</ref> Perkins and Jason give as example:
{{Quote frame|text=Healthcare professionals might say they are sorry that "you feel" or [[illness beliefs|"you believe"]] that there is something wrong, but then are quick to inform the patient that their physical exam or blood work has come out normal. In a patronizing style, patients are sometimes told they will feel better taking [[antidepressant|anti-depressants]] or just [[exercise|exercising]]. These types of treatments might be appropriate for those with a [[depression|Major Depressive Disorder]], but patients with long COVID, as well as ME/CFS, may be being gaslit, and these insensitive and harmful interventions can produce [[Medical neglect and abuse|irrevocable harm]]. We also know that women and people of color receive poorer quality care.<ref name="LCgaslighting"/>|source=Long COVID and Gaslighting, Psychology Today  | author = Perkins and Jason | date = Apr 2022}}

==Blaming patients and carers==
Some health professionals, including doctors, have stated that they believe ME/CFS is a behavioral disorder, and in [[FINE trial|one unsuccessful clinical trial of psychological therapy for severely ill patients]], some nurses blamed patients when the treatment involving behavioral change failed, claiming they were "bastards" who just "don't want to get better".<ref name="parliamentHooperEvidence">{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmhealth/503/503we79.htm | title = Evidence submitted by Professor Malcolm Hooper (NICE 07) | last = | first = | authorlink =  | date = March 2007 | website = publications.parliament.uk|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-10-31}}</ref><ref name="Propaganda" /> Some nurses had become totally convinced that the psychological and behavioral treatment would work, and that patients were well enough to be able to follow it, that they appeared to lose sight of the fact they were part of a clinical trial to determine ''if'' the treatments worked.<br />

Some carers of [[Severe and very severe ME|severely ill ME/CFS]] patients have been blamed for "encouraging" patients to remain sick by providing essential care, and told to stop essential care.<ref name="sophia" /> Some parents of severely ill children with ME/CFS found themselves accused of medical neglect or [[Fabricated Induced Illness|Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy]] when they declined potentially harmful medical treatment, or the children were labelled as having [[school phobia]] rather than a genuine illness when doctors or social workers denied the reality of their illness.<ref name="Colby2017">{{Cite journal | last = Colby|first = J | author-link = Jane Colby | date = Feb 2007 | title = Special problems of children with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and the enteroviral link | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1860612/|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=60|issue=2|pages=125–128|doi=10.1136/jcp.2006.042606|issn=0021-9746|pmc=1860612|pmid=16935964|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>

==Forced treatment ==
The belief of some health professionals that ME/CFS is entirely or partly psychological/behavioral in nature has led to some patients, including children, being forcibly admitted to locked psychiatric units in order to force them to participate in treatment that they had previously declined. Concerns over forced treatment of [[Severe and very severe ME|severely ill ME patients]] has led to some charities to produce advise for patients and carers about how to avoid unnecessary and harmful forced psychiatric admission.<ref name="PreventUnnecessarySectioning">{{Cite web|url=https://25megroup.org/download/2527/ | title = Knowledge in the Hope of Protecting M.E. Sufferers from Unnecessary Sectioning | last2 = 25% ME Group | first2 =  | authorlink2 = 25 Percent ME Group | last = The Grace Charity for M.E. | first = | authorlink = The Grace Charity for M.E. | date = Jan 2019|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-07-12}}</ref> Patients known to have been subjected to inappropriate forced 
treatments in psychiatric units include [[Sophia Mirza]], who died of M.E. just a few months after being released,<ref name="sophia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.investinme.org/Article-050%20Sophia%20Wilson%2001.htm | title = The Story of Sophia and M.E. | last = | first = | date = |website=[[Invest in ME Research]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref><ref name="SophiaAutopsy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sophiaandme.org.uk/neuropathologicalreport.html | title = Neuropathological Report | last = | first = | date = |website=Sophia and ME|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref> and [[Karina Hansen]], who was later found to have been illegally detained.<ref name="Kos">https://www.dailykos.com/story/2016/10/26/1587112/-Karina-Hansen-is-Finally-Home-sort-of</ref> ME/CFS is not classified as a psychological disorder, so patients typically have this diagnosis removed and are misdiagnosed with a psychiatric diagnosis that includes physical symptoms instead, e.g., [[bodily distress disorder]], [[functional somatic syndrome]], [[medically unexplained symptoms|somitization or conversion disorder]], or in the case of children, the unrecognised diagnosis of [[Pervasive Refusal Syndrome|pervasive refusal syndrome]].<ref name="PreventUnnecessarySectioning" /> The mental illness diagnosis can be used to claim patients are unable to make their own healthcare decisions or are not able to make decisions in their own best interests, which allows doctors to determine their treatment for them. Forced treatments may include [[exercise]], [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] (if patients can still speak), or behavioral approaches like removing disability aids and leaving food out of reach to "motivate" patients to [[Post-exertional malaise|over-exert]] in order to eat.<ref name="PreventUnnecessarySectioning" />

== Call for apologies to patients ==
In 2015, several doctors publicly called for the medical community to apologize to ME/CFS patients for their decades of poor treatment, including [[Jose Montoya|José Montoya]], who was then a specialist doctor and researcher at Stanford University, and [[Charles Shepherd]], medical director of the ME Association, who is also a doctor with ME. 

Dr Sarah Myhill has a [[Medical Abuse In ME Sufferers (MAIMES)|long-standing petition]] calling on the UK government to carry out an inquiry into the medical abuse of M.E. patients.<ref name="maimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drmyhill.co.uk/wiki/Medical_Abuse_In_ME_Sufferers_(MAIMES) | title = Medical Abuse In ME Sufferers (MAIMES) | last = Myhill|first = Sarah  | authorlink = Sarah Myhill | date = |website=Dr Myhill|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-10-31}}</ref>


A number of researchers who promote the [[biopsychosocial model]] of ME/CFS have been described as gaslighting ME/CFS patients and [[Intimidation and bullying of PACE trial critics|intimidating ME/CFS advocates]],<ref name="Propaganda" /><ref name="Tuller20201020" /><ref name="SharpeTweet" /><ref name="Hughes2019">{{Cite web|url=https://thesciencebit.net/2019/03/21/if-you-spend-20-years-gaslighting-your-patients-perhaps-you-should-think-twice-before-accusing-them-of-trolling-you/ | title = If you spend 20 years gaslighting your patients, perhaps you should think twice before accusing *them* of trolling *you* | last = Hughes | first = Brian | authorlink=Brian Hughes | date = 2019-03-21 | website = The Science Bit|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref> and research has shown that health professionals routinely suggest or provide inappropriate and harmful treatments,<ref name="BleaseGeraghty2016a" /><ref name="McManimen2019" /> wrongly suggest that a patient's ME/CFS symptoms result only from psychological factors or from a mental health condition such as [[depression]], [[anxiety]], or somatization, or treat patients as if their symptoms are in some way "all in their head"—regardless of the symptoms or history that the patient has.<ref name="McManimen2019" /><ref name="NewtonDisbelief">{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810602 | title = A Narrative Review of the Impact of Disbelief in Chronic Pain | last = Benjamin J. | first = Newton | authorlink= | last2 = Southall | first2 = Jane L. | authorlink2 = | date = 2013 | website = |pages=161-171|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date= | last3 = Raphael | first3 = Jon H. | last4 = Ashford | first4 = Robert L. | last5 = LeMarchand | first5 = Karen|journal=Pain Manag Nurs|volume=14|issue=3}}</ref><ref name="mentalhealthmovement" /><ref name="Disdain" />

==Chronic illnesses ==
Medical gaslighting behavior by health professionals is experienced by patients with certain chronic illnesses, particularly those that also [[Female predominant diseases|disproportionately affect women]], such as [[endometriosis]],<ref name="Vice2018" /> [[chronic pain]],<ref name="NewtonDisbelief" /> [[fibromyalgia]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], and [[Medically unexplained physical symptoms|medically unexplained symptoms]] (sometimes called persistent physical symptoms).<ref name="Tuller20201020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.virology.ws/2020/10/20/trial-by-error-long-covid-me-cfs-and-medically-unexplained-symptoms/ | title = Trial By Error: Some Thoughts on Long-Covid, ME/CFS and MUS | last = Tuller | first = David | authorlink = David Tuller | date = |website=[[Virology blog]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref> People with [[long COVID]] are also reporting gaslighting by medics.<ref name="ABCOct23">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2020-10-23/doctors-with-long-covid-warn-long-term-effects-can-be-serious/12785934 | title = Doctors warn of lasting effects of COVID-19 after struggling to recover from virus | last = Mitchell|first = Natasha | authorlink= | date = 2020-10-22 | website = ABC News {{!}} Health & Wellbeing|language=en-AU|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref><ref name="cnnOct12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/12/health/children-coronavirus-long-haulers-wellness/index.html | title = Kids struggle with Covid-19 and its months of aftermath | last = Prior | first = Ryan | authorlink=Ryan Prior | date = Oct 12, 2020 | website = CNN|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref>

==Notable studies and publications ==
*2003, [[The Mental Health Movement: Persecution of Patients?|THE MENTAL HEALTH MOVEMENT: PERSECUTION OF PATIENTS? A consideration of the role of Professor Simon Wessely and other members of the "Wessely School" in the perception of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) in the UK]]<ref name="mentalhealthmovement">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcs-international.org/downloads/009_mental_health_movement.pdf | title=THE MENTAL HEALTH MOVEMENT: PERSECUTION OF PATIENTS? A consideration of the role of Professor Simon Wessely and other members of the "Wessely School" in the perception of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) in the UK.<br>Background Briefing for the House of Commons Select Health Committee. | last=Hooper | first = Malcolm|authorlink=Malcolm Hooper | date = 2003 | website = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-10-15}}</ref> - [http://www.mcs-international.org/downloads/009_mental_health_movement.pdf (Full text)]

*2008, Obstructions for quality care experienced by patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)—A case study<ref name="Gilje2008">{{Cite journal | last = Gilje | first = Ann Marit | authorlink = | last2 = Söderlund | first2 = Atle | authorlink2 = | last3 = Malterud | first3 = Kirsti | authorlink3 =  | date = Oct 2008 | title = Obstructions for quality care experienced by patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)—A case study|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0738399108001936|journal=Patient Education and Counseling|language=en|volume=73|issue=1 | pages = 36–41|doi=10.1016/j.pec.2008.04.001|quote=|via=|pmc=|pmid=}}</ref> - [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0738399108001936 (Abstract)] 

*2015, THIRTY YEARS OF DISDAIN: How HHS and A Group of Psychiatrists Buried Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]<ref name="Disdain">{{Cite web|url= https://www.wucb.be/pdf/30yearsdisdain.pdf | title=THIRTY YEARS OF DISDAIN: How HHS and a group of psychiatrists Buried Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | last = Dimmock|first = Mary  | authorlink = Mary Dimmock | last2 = Lazell-Fairman | first2 = Matthew | authorlink2 = Matthew Lazell-Fairman | date = Dec 2015 | website = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=Nov 5, 2018}}</ref> - [https://www.wucb.be/pdf/30yearsdisdain.pdf (Full text)]

*2016, Cognitive behavioural therapy in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: A narrative review on efficacy and informed consent<ref name="BleaseGeraghty2016a">{{Cite journal | last1 = Blease | first1 = Charlotte  | authorlink1 = Charlotte Blease | last2 = Geraghty | first2 = Keith | authorlink2 = Keith Geraghty | title = Cognitive behavioural therapy in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: A narrative review on efficacy and informed consent | journal   = Journal of Health Psychology | date = Sep 15, 2016 | doi = 10.1177/1359105316667798 | url = https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316667798}}</ref> - [https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-in-the-treatment-of-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-a-narrative-review-on-efficacy-and-informed-consent(987590d0-a62d-473e-8d46-b74b9247e81c).html (Full text)]

*2016, Chronic fatigue syndrome: is the biopsychosocial model responsible for patient dissatisfaction and harm?<ref name="Geraghty,Esmail, 2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Geraghty | first1 = Keith | authorlink1 = Keith Geraghty | last2 = Esmail | first2 = Aneez | authorlink2 = | title =Chronic fatigue syndrome: is the biopsychosocial model responsible for patient dissatisfaction and harm? | journal = British Journal of General Practice | volume = 66 | issue =649  | page = 437-438| date = Aug 1, 2016| doi =10.3399/bjgp16X686473 | url = https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp16X686473}}</ref> - [http://bjgp.org/content/66/649/437 (Full text)]
* 2017, Epistemic injustice in healthcare encounters: evidence from chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Blease2017">{{Cite journal | last = Blease | first = Charlotte | authorlink = Charlotte Blease | last2 = Carel | first2 = Havi | authorlink2 = | last3 = Geraghty | first3 = Keith  | authorlink3 = Keith Geraghty | date = 2017-08-01 | title = Epistemic injustice in healthcare encounters: evidence from chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://jme.bmj.com/content/43/8/549|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|language=en|volume=43|issue=8 | pages = 549–557|doi=10.1136/medethics-2016-103691|issn=0306-6800|pmid=27920164|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://jme.bmj.com/content/43/8/549 (Full text)]

*2019, Legitimizing myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: indications of change over a decade<ref name="Friedberg2019">{{Cite journal | title = Legitimizing myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: indications of change over a decade|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2020.1718292|journal=Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior | date = 2020-01-02|issn=2164-1846|pages=24–31|volume=8|issue=1|doi=10.1080/21641846.2020.1718292|first = Fred | last = Friedberg | authorlink = Fred Friedberg|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21641846.2020.1718292 (Abstract)]

*2019, Dismissing chronic illness: A qualitative analysis of negative health care experiences<ref name="McManimen2019">{{Cite journal | last = McManimen | first = Stephanie | authorlink = Stephanie McManimen | last2 = McClellan | first2 = Damani | authorlink2 = | last3 = Stoothoff | first3 = Jamie | authorlink3 = | last4 = Gleason | first4 = Kristen | authorlink4 = | last5 = Jason | first5 = Leonard A. | authorlink5 = Leonard Jason | date = 2019-03-04 | title = Dismissing chronic illness: A qualitative analysis of negative health care experiences|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6567989/|journal=Health Care for Women International|language=en|volume=40|issue=3|pages=241–258|doi=10.1080/07399332.2018.1521811|issn=0739-9332|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6567989/ (Full text)]

==Articles and blogs ==
*2022, [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/feb/03/long-covid-fight-recognition-gaslighting-pandemic The great gaslighting: how Covid longhaulers are still fighting for recognition] - The Guardian 
*2022, [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mental-health-revolution/202204/long-covid-and-gaslighting? Long COVID and gaslighting] - Vernita Perkins and Leonard A. Jason
*2020, [https://www.virology.ws/2020/10/20/trial-by-error-long-covid-me-cfs-and-medically-unexplained-symptoms/ Trial By Error: Some Thoughts on Long-Covid, ME/CFS and MUS] - [[David Tuller]]
* [https://thesciencebit.net/2019/03/21/if-you-spend-20-years-gaslighting-your-patients-perhaps-you-should-think-twice-before-accusing-them-of-trolling-you/ If you spend 20 years gaslighting your patients, perhaps you should think twice before accusing *them* of trolling *you*] - psychologist [[Brian Hughes]]
*2019, [https://www.vice.com/en/article/gy899x/maya-dusenbery-how-doctors-gaslight-women-doubting-their-own-pain How doctors gaslight women into doubting their own pain] - VICE
* 2019, [https://www.ajourneythroughthefog.co.uk/2019/11/have-you-been-a-victim-of-medical-gaslighting/ Have You Been A Victim Of Medical Gaslighting?] - [[Jo Moss]]
*2018, [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/04/memoirs-of-disease-and-disbelief Memoirs of Disease and Disbelief] ''Porochista Khakpour’s deliberately unheroic “Sick” raises questions about what we expect of female patients with chronic illness'' - The New Yorker
*2015, [https://meassociation.org.uk/2015/12/its-time-for-doctors-to-apologise-to-their-me-patients-dr-charles-shepherd-in-the-daily-telegraph-7-december-2015/ It's time for doctors to apologise to their ME patients]<ref name="Tele2015">{{Cite web|url
=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/12033810/Its-time-for-doctors-to-apologise-to-their-ME-patients.html | date = Dec 7, 2015 | last = Shepherd | first = Charles | authorlink = Charles Shepherd | title = It's time for doctors to apologise to their ME patients|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=Oct 31, 2020 | website = |url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-date=2015-12-07|archive-url=https://meassociation.org.uk/2015/12/its-time-for-doctors-to-apologise-to-their-me-patients-dr-charles-shepherd-in-the-daily-telegraph-7-december-2015/}}</ref> - The Telegraph 

==Learn more ==
*[https://www.berkeleywellness.com/healthy-community/health-care-policy/article/when-medical-symptoms-are-dismissed-all-your-head '''EXPERT Q&A''' When Medical Symptoms Are Dismissed as 'All in Your Head'] - [[David Tuller]]
* [https://rsds.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/NarrativeReviewof_ImpactofDisbeliefinChronicPain.pdf A Narrative Review of the Impact of Disbelief in Chronic Pain (2013)]

==See also ==
*[[Biopsychosocial model]]
*[[Ethical issues]]
*[[Contested illness]]
*[[Psychologization]]
*[[Hypochondriasis]] (hypochondria or illness anxiety disorder)
*[[School phobia]]
*[[The Mental Health Movement: Persecution of Patients?]]
*[[Medical Abuse In ME Sufferers (MAIMES)]]
*[[Cognitive behavioral therapy]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ethics]]