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Pesticide exposure link to ME/CFS
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== Organophosphate exposure during pregnancy causes a 7-point IQ drop in children == A large study in an agricultural community in California found that children who were exposed to organophosphate pesticides during pregnancy had poorer scores for working memory, processing speed, verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning and intelligence quotient (IQ). Children with the highest prenatal exposures to organophosphates had an IQ which was 7 points lower on average compared to children with the lowest prenatal organophosphate exposures. Organophosphate exposure was determined by measuring organophosphate metabolites in the urine. In this study postnatal exposure to organophosphates was not correlated to poorer intellectual development, only prenatal exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bouchard | first = Maryse F. | last2 = Chevrier | first2 = Jonathan | last3 = Harley | first3 = Kim G. | last4 = Kogut | first4 = Katherine | last5 = Vedar | first5 = Michelle | last6 = Calderon | first6 = Norma | last7 = Trujillo | first7 = Celina | last8 = Johnson | first8 = Caroline | last9 = Bradman | first9 = Asa | date = Aug 2011 | title = Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and IQ in 7-year-old children | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21507776|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=119|issue=8|pages=1189–1195|doi=10.1289/ehp.1003185|issn=1552-9924|pmc=3237357|pmid=21507776|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> Another large study in New York City found that inner-city children whose mothers had the highest organophosphate exposures during pregnancy (as measured by organophosphate metabolites in the mother's urine) had an IQ which was on average 6.7 points lower compared to children whose mother's had the lowest exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Factor-Litvak | first = Pam | last2 = Insel | first2 = Beverly | last3 = Calafat | first3 = Antonia M. | last4 = Liu | first4 = Xinhua | last5 = Perera | first5 = Frederica | last6 = Rauh | first6 = Virginia A. | last7 = Whyatt | first7 = Robin M. | date = 2014-12-10 | title = Persistent Associations between Maternal Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates on Child IQ at Age 7 Years|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4262205/|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=9|issue=12|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0114003|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4262205|pmid=25493564}}</ref> In a study in a farming valley in Mexico employing pesticides agriculturally, the researchers asked children in the valley to draw a person using pencil and paper. The children from the valley were unable to do draw a person: their drawings looked unintelligible, nothing like the human subjects they were asked to draw. But when the researchers asked children of similar age in an adjacent foothills region which did not use pesticides to draw a person, the children from the foothills were quite capable of producing intelligible drawings of a person.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Guillette | first = E A | last2 = Meza | first2 = M M | last3 = Aquilar | first3 = M G | last4 = Soto | first4 = A D | last5 = Garcia | first5 = I E | date = Jun 1998 | title = An anthropological approach to the evaluation of preschool children exposed to pesticides in Mexico.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1533004/|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=106|issue=6|pages=347–353|issn=0091-6765|pmc=1533004|pmid=9618351|doi=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> The image shows a representative example of the children's drawings from the study. [[File:Drawings by children exposed and not exposed to pesticides.jpeg|none|frame|Intelligible drawings by children in the foothills who were not exposed to pesticides (left), compared to the unintelligible drawings made by children in the valley who were exposed to pesticides from agriculture (right)]]
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