Talk:Collagen

2019-09-14T10:17:58Z

Sisyphus:Undo revision 69902 by Sisyphus (talk)

Rheumatological presentation of Bartonella koehlerae and Bartonella henselae bacteremias: A case report
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/Pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2018&issue=04270&article=00032&type=Fulltext

Cross reaction of antibodies to a glycine/alanine repeat sequence of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 with collagen, cytokeratin, and actin.
https://ard.bmj.com/content/annrheumdis/50/11/772.full.pdf

Herpes-simplex virus encephalitis is characterized by an early MMP-9 increase and collagen type IV degradation
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899306029246

==Potential treatment table==
I think there need to be more references for the potential treatment table. Just because a substance is involved somewhere in the production or degradation of Collagen, doesn't mean that taking more of it, is a 'potential treatment'. Perhaps the best way to proceed is just to change the title from potential treatment to substances involved in collagen metabolism or something like that. [[User:Hip|Hip]] [[User:JenB|JenB]]

Talk:Collagen

2019-09-14T10:16:20Z

Sisyphus:

2019-09-13T10:15:22Z

Sisyphus:Restoring the version that includes the old information and the added info by Sisyphus. This is the page with by far the most info, I suggest working from here. Will now add in the changes Notjusttired did on interview and media coverage

[[File:Michael-sharpe.jpg|right|200px]]
Michael Sharpe, M.A., M.R.C.P., M.R.C.Psych. is a British professor of psychological medicine at St Cross College, Oxford University and formerly at the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.<ref name=":4" /> His research focuses on the integration of physical and mental healthcare.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|last2=Naylor|first2=Chris|date=2016-4|title=Integration of mental and physical health care: from aspiration to practice|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26965021|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=4|pages=312–313|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00062-6|issn=2215-0374|pmid=26965021}}</ref>

Sharpe is first author of the British case definition of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) - often called the Oxford criteria<ref name=":24" /> - and co-author of the 1994 Fukuda criteria<ref name=":25" /> which has been widely used in research.<ref name=":26" /> Sharpe also helped develop the cognitive behavioral model for CFS<ref name=":7" /> and medically unexplained symptoms.<ref name=":16" />

As one of the principal investigators of the controversial PACE trial<ref name=":27" />, Sharpe was criticized for misrepresenting the study’s findings in favor of cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />

== Biography ==
Michael Sharpe studied experimental psychology at Corpus Christi College Oxford and medicine at Corpus Christi College Cambridge.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stx.ox.ac.uk/people/fellow/professor-michael-sharpe|title=Professor Michael Sharpe|date=2012-08-06|website=St Cross College|language=en|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref> He was trained in psychiatry at Oxford and became Clinical Tutor in the University Department. From 1997 to 2011 Sharpe was a professor of psychological medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He took up his current posts in Oxford in September 2011.<ref name=":4" />

Currently, Sharpe is a Fellow of Saint Cross College, Oxford and Honorary Professor at the University of Edinburgh.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/team/michael-sharpe|title=Michael Sharpe — Department of Psychiatry|website=www.psych.ox.ac.uk|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref> He is an Honorary Consultant in Psychological Medicine and Trust Lead in Psychological Medicine at Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and advisor to Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust.<ref name=":5" /> Sharpe is also President-Elect of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Vice-President of the European Association of Psychosomatic Medicine.<ref name=":5" />

Sharpe was awarded Psychiatric Academic of the Year in 2009<ref>[https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/about-us/what-we-do/annual-reports/rcpsych-annual-review-2009.pdf?sfvrsn=dd1e49a4_2 Royal College of Psychiatrists. Annual review 2009.]</ref> and Psychiatrist of the Year in 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/news/prof-michael-sharpe-is-named-as-psychiatrist-of-the-year|title=Professor Michael Sharpe is named as Psychiatrist of the Year — Department of Psychiatry|website=www.psych.ox.ac.uk|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref> by the Royal College of Psychiatrists. His work in the field of chronic fatigue syndrome, however, has been the subject of controversy<ref name=":30">{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2018/11/08/trial-by-error-an-australian-exchange-with-professor-sharpe/|title=Trial By Error: An Australian Exchange with Professor Sharpe|website=www.virology.ws|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref><ref name=":31">{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2019/02/18/trial-by-error-professor-sharpes-retraction-requests/|title=Trial By Error: Professor Sharpe’s Retraction Requests|website=www.virology.ws|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref> and criticism.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Wilshire|first=Carolyn E.|last2=Kindlon|first2=Tom|date=03 26, 2019|title=Response: Sharpe, Goldsmith and Chalder fail to restore confidence in the PACE trial findings|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30914065|journal=BMC psychology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=19|doi=10.1186/s40359-019-0296-x|issn=2050-7283|pmc=6434781|pmid=30914065}}</ref><ref>Lucibees blog. [https://lucibee.wordpress.com/2018/07/02/sharpes-briefing-on-the-so-called-pace-trial-for-the-21-june-2018-westminster-hall-debate/ Sharpe’s briefing on the (“so-called”) PACE trial for the 21 June 2018 Westminster Hall debate]. 02-07-2018. </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spoonseeker.com/tag/michael-sharpe/|title=Michael Sharpe|website=spoonseekerdotcom|language=en|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2018/04/18/trial-by-error-professor-michael-sharpes-gaffe-on-australian-radio/|title=Trial By Error: Professor Michael Sharpe’s Gaffe on Australian Radio|website=www.virology.ws|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref>

Sharpe's ambition is to “to see psychiatry regarded as an “ordinary but useful” component in the care of medically ill people.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Group|first=British Medical Journal Publishing|date=2016-08-10|title=Michael Sharpe: Psychiatry was no “waste of a career”|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i4231|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=354|pages=i4231|doi=10.1136/bmj.i4231|issn=1756-1833|pmid=27510631}}</ref>

==Research in the field of ME/CFS ==

=== Author of CFS case definitions ===

==== Oxford criteria ====
Sharpe is first author of the British case definition of CFS, often called the Oxford criteria.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=M. C.|last2=Archard|first2=L. C.|last3=Banatvala|first3=J. E.|last4=Borysiewicz|first4=L. K.|last5=Clare|first5=A. W.|last6=David|first6=A.|last7=Edwards|first7=R. H.|last8=Hawton|first8=K. E.|last9=Lambert|first9=H. P.|date=1991-2|title=A report--chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1999813|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=84|issue=2|pages=118–121|issn=0141-0768|pmc=1293107|pmid=1999813}}</ref> The Oxford criteria have been used in a number of influential British studies, including the PACE trial. They are however considered a broad definition<ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=P. D.|last2=Thomas|first2=J. M.|last3=Amess|first3=J.|last4=Crawford|first4=D. H.|last5=Grover|first5=S. A.|last6=Kangro|first6=H. O.|last7=Clare|first7=A. W.|date=1998-12|title=Incidence, risk and prognosis of acute and chronic fatigue syndromes and psychiatric disorders after glandular fever|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9926075|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science|volume=173|pages=475–481|doi=10.1192/bjp.173.6.475|issn=0007-1250|pmid=9926075}}</ref> and have been criticized for including patients with fatigue symptoms other than CFS. A 2016 report by the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) wrote that: <blockquote>“the Oxford (Sharpe, 1991) case definition is the least specific of the definitions and less generalizable to the broader population of patients with ME/CFS. It could identify individuals who have had 6 months of unexplained fatigue with physical and mental impairment, but no other specific features of ME/CFS such as post-exertional malaise which is considered by many to be a hallmark symptom of the disease. As a result, using the Oxford case definition results in a high risk of including patients who may have an alternate fatiguing illness or whose illness resolves spontaneously with time.”<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK379582/|title=July 2016 Addendum|last=McDonagh|first=Marian|last2=Wasson|first2=Ngoc|last3=Daeges|first3=Monica|last4=Pappas|first4=Miranda|last5=Haney|first5=Elizabeth|last6=Nelson|first6=Heidi D.|last7=Smith|first7=M. E. Beth|date=2014/12|publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>A report issued by a working group on ME/CFS at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) emphasized that “continuing to use the Oxford definition may impair progress and cause harm. Therefore, for progress to occur, we recommend that this definition be retired.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Carmen R.|last2=Cowan|first2=Penney|last3=Elk|first3=Ronit|last4=O'Neil|first4=Kathleen M.|last5=Rasmussen|first5=Angela L.|date=2015-06-16|title=National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: Advancing the Research on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26075757|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=162|issue=12|pages=860–865|doi=10.7326/M15-0338|issn=1539-3704|pmid=26075757}}</ref>

==== Fukuda criteria ====
Sharpe is also a co-author of the 1994 CFS case definition issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), often called the Fukuda criteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fukuda|first=K.|last2=Straus|first2=S. E.|last3=Hickie|first3=I.|last4=Sharpe|first4=M. C.|last5=Dobbins|first5=J. G.|last6=Komaroff|first6=A.|date=1994-12-15|title=The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7978722|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=121|issue=12|pages=953–959|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009|issn=0003-4819|pmid=7978722}}</ref> This is the case definition that has been the most frequently used in CFS research.<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal|last=Malterud|first=Kirsti|last2=Flottorp|first2=Signe|last3=Larun|first3=Lillebeth|last4=Fønhus|first4=Marita Sporstøl|last5=Brurberg|first5=Kjetil Gundro|date=2014-02-01|title=Case definitions for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME): a systematic review|url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/2/e003973|journal=BMJ Open|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=e003973|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003973|issn=2044-6055|pmid=24508851}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|last=Fukuda|first=K.|last2=Straus|first2=S. E.|last3=Hickie|first3=I.|last4=Sharpe|first4=M. C.|last5=Dobbins|first5=J. G.|last6=Komaroff|first6=A.|date=1994-12-15|title=The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7978722|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=121|issue=12|pages=953–959|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009|issn=0003-4819|pmid=7978722}}</ref>

=== A cognitive theory of CFS ===
In the 1990s Sharpe helped develop the cognitive behavioral model (CBM) of CFS.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=M.|date=1991-10|title=Psychiatric management of PVFS|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1794095|journal=British Medical Bulletin|volume=47|issue=4|pages=989–1005|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072525|issn=0007-1420|pmid=1794095}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Surawy|first=C.|last2=Hackmann|first2=A.|last3=Hawton|first3=K.|last4=Sharpe|first4=M.|date=1995-6|title=Chronic fatigue syndrome: a cognitive approach|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7598674|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=33|issue=5|pages=535–544|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(94)00077-w|issn=0005-7967|pmid=7598674}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=M.|date=1993|title=Non-pharmacological approaches to treatment|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8491104|journal=Ciba Foundation Symposium|volume=173|pages=298–308; discussion 308–317|doi=10.1002/9780470514382.ch17|issn=0300-5208|pmid=8491104}}</ref> This model suggests that “it is not a particular biological process, but rather specific psychological and behavioural mechanisms that are the common factors determining the clinical characteristics of the syndrome.”<ref name=":7" /> According to the CBM, CFS patients have become trapped in a vicious, self-perpetuating cycle of excessive rest, symptom focusing and demoralization due to the attribution of symptoms to an incurable neurological disease..<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> In a newspaper article on CFS patients, Sharpe commented that “It’s wrong to say people don’t want to get better, but they get locked into a pattern and their life constricts around what they can do. If you live within your limits that becomes a selffulfilling prophesy.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/positive-thinking-exercise-could-help-091553348.html|title=Positive Thinking And Exercise Could Help Beat Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Study Suggests|website=uk.news.yahoo.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref>

Sharpe has contributed to the CBM by including psychosocial factors that predispose persons to develop CFS, such as perfectionism, a pre-morbid personality characterized by a marked achievement orientation and a family history where emotional distress was seen as a sign of weakness.<ref name=":7" /> According to Sharpe and colleagues these precipitating factors may be “the result of an upbringing in which recognition, acceptance and affection were contingent on meeting high standards and parental expectations, and where the admission of difficulty or the expression of negative emotion produced an unsympathetic response.”<ref name=":7" />

The CBM for CFS has been criticized for a lack of empirical support<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Song|first=Sharon|last2=Jason|first2=Leonard A.|date=2005-06-01|title=A population-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) experienced in differing patient groups: An effort to replicate Vercoulen et al.'s model of CFS|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230500076165|journal=Journal of Mental Health|volume=14|issue=3|pages=277–289|doi=10.1080/09638230500076165|issn=0963-8237}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sunnquist|first=Madison|last2=Jason|first2=Leonard A.|date=07 2018|title=A reexamination of the cognitive behavioral model of chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29457646|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=74|issue=7|pages=1234–1245|doi=10.1002/jclp.22593|issn=1097-4679|pmc=6002889|pmid=29457646}}</ref> and relying on unproven assumptions.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Geraghty|first=Keith|last2=Jason|first2=Leonard|last3=Sunnquist|first3=Madison|last4=Tuller|first4=David|last5=Blease|first5=Charlotte|last6=Adeniji|first6=Charles|date=2019-01|title=The ‘cognitive behavioural model’ of chronic fatigue syndrome: Critique of a flawed model|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2055102919838907|journal=Health Psychology Open|language=en-US|volume=6|issue=1|pages=205510291983890|doi=10.1177/2055102919838907|issn=2055-1029|pmc=PMC6482658|pmid=31041108}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-09-06|title=The cognitive-behavioural model of illness for chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis is not supported by the outcomes of the PACE trial.|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h227/rr-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Friedberg|first=Fred|date=2016-07-02|title=Cognitive-behavior therapy: why is it so vilified in the chronic fatigue syndrome community?|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2016.1200884|journal=Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior|volume=4|issue=3|pages=127–131|doi=10.1080/21641846.2016.1200884|issn=2164-1846}}</ref> A 2019 review concluded that “the model lacks high-quality evidential support, conflicts with accounts given by most patients and fails to account for accumulating biological evidence of pathological and physiological abnormalities found in patients.”<ref name=":9" />

=== Proposed similarities between CFS and psychiatric disorders ===
Sharpe has studied prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=M.|last2=Hawton|first2=K.|last3=Seagroatt|first3=V.|last4=Pasvol|first4=G.|date=1992-07-18|title=Follow up of patients presenting with fatigue to an infectious diseases clinic|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1515828|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|volume=305|issue=6846|pages=147–152|doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6846.147|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1883193|pmid=1515828}}</ref>, illness beliefs<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clements|first=A.|last2=Sharpe|first2=M.|last3=Simkin|first3=S.|last4=Borrill|first4=J.|last5=Hawton|first5=K.|date=1997-6|title=Chronic fatigue syndrome: a qualitative investigation of patients' beliefs about the illness|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9226609|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=42|issue=6|pages=615–624|doi=10.1016/s0022-3999(97)00087-1|issn=0022-3999|pmid=9226609}}</ref>, sleep patterns<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpley|first=Ann|last2=Clements|first2=Alison|last3=Hawton|first3=Keith|last4=Sharpe|first4=Michael|date=November/December 1997|title=Do Patients With "Pure" Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Neurasthenia) Have Abnormal Sleep?|url=https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/1997/11000/Do_Patients_With__Pure__Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome.6.aspx|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|language=en-US|volume=59|issue=6|pages=592|issn=0033-3174}}</ref> and fluctuations in perceived energy<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=C.|last2=Magnello|first2=M. E.|last3=Sharpe|first3=M. C.|date=1992-4|title=Fluctuations in perceived energy and mood among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1290537|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=85|issue=4|pages=195–198|issn=0141-0768|pmc=1294721|pmid=1290537}}</ref> in patients with CFS. He has argued that CFS resembles a psychiatric or emotional disorder, claiming that "all patients labeled as having CFS can be given a psychiatric diagnosis if one wanted to pursue this approach to its logical conclusion."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=M.|date=1996-9|title=Chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8856816|journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America|volume=19|issue=3|pages=549–573|issn=0193-953X|pmid=8856816}}</ref> According to Sharpe, “CFS and psychiatric disorder are alternative diagnoses of the same symptoms.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|date=2005-06-01|title=Psychiatric diagnosis and chronic fatigue syndrome: Controversies and conflicts|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230500136621|journal=Journal of Mental Health|volume=14|issue=3|pages=269–276|doi=10.1080/09638230500136621|issn=0963-8237}}</ref> He considers it likely that “many or all of the symptoms of CFS can be explained on the basis of emotional disorder and associated pathophysiological processes.”<ref name=":7" /> These views are not shared by most experts in the field.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Komaroff|first=Anthony L.|date=2019-07-05|title=Advances in Understanding the Pathophysiology of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31276153|journal=JAMA|doi=10.1001/jama.2019.8312|issn=1538-3598|pmid=31276153}}</ref> The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) state that “ME/CFS is a biological illness, not a psychologic disorder.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/presentation-clinical-course/etiology-pathophysiology.html|title=Etiology and Pathophysiology {{!}} Presentation and Clinical Course {{!}} Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) {{!}} CDC|date=2019-07-23|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref>

===Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) ===
Sharpe and colleagues helped develop cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for patients with CFS.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> CBT challenges unhelpful illness beliefs and encourages patients to gradually increase their level of (physical) activity.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> According to Sharpe, “the aim is to help patients to change their understanding of their illness from an uncontrollable externally caused medical condition with frightening symptoms, to a controllable reversible physiological disorder with symptoms that may be annoying but not dangerous.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|date=2005|title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0470013389.ch16|language=en|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|pages=303–330|doi=10.1002/0470013389.ch16|isbn=9780470013380}}</ref>

In 1996 Sharpe and colleagues published a randomized trial of CBT and medical care compared to medical care alone.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=M.|last2=Hawton|first2=K.|last3=Simkin|first3=S.|last4=Surawy|first4=C.|last5=Hackmann|first5=A.|last6=Klimes|first6=I.|last7=Peto|first7=T.|last8=Warrell|first8=D.|last9=Seagroatt|first9=V.|date=1996-01-06|title=Cognitive behaviour therapy for the chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2349693/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=312|issue=7022|pages=22–26|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2349693|pmid=8555852}}</ref> CFS patients in the CBT group reported more improvements but the difference occurred mostly during the follow-up period.<ref name=":10" /> The trial has been criticized for not including a credible control condition. Consultant neurologist, Jim Pearce for example commented in BMJ: "Sharpe and colleagues did not compare cognitive therapy with other treatments or placebo, and the improvements (including persistence after the treatment had ended) are compatible with a placebo effect.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pearce|first=J.|date=1996-04-27|title=Cognitive behaviour therapy for the chronic fatigue syndrome. Cognitive behavior therapy should be compared with placebo treatments.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2350872/|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=312|issue=7038|pages=1097–1098|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2350872|pmid=8616427}}</ref>

=== The PACE trial ===
Sharpe was also one of the principal investigators of the PACE trial, a large study involving more than 600 CSF patients that compared CBT to graded exercise therapy (GET) and adaptive pacing therapy (APT).<ref name=":27">{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=M.|last2=Chalder|first2=T.|last3=McCrone|first3=P.|last4=Wilks|first4=D.|last5=O'Dowd|first5=H.|last6=Murphy|first6=M.|last7=Murphy|first7=G.|last8=Angus|first8=B. J.|last9=Bavinton|first9=J.|date=2011-03-05|title=Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60096-2/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=377|issue=9768|pages=823–836|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60096-2|issn=0140-6736|pmid=21334061}}</ref> While the reported findings indicated that CBT and GET were effective treatments for CFS, the authors have been criticized for misrepresenting the trials’ results.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2015/10/21/trial-by-error-i/|title=TRIAL BY ERROR: The Troubling Case of the PACE Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study|website=www.virology.ws|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Geraghty|first=Keith J.|date=08 2017|title='PACE-Gate': When clinical trial evidence meets open data access|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27807258|journal=Journal of Health Psychology|volume=22|issue=9|pages=1106–1112|doi=10.1177/1359105316675213|issn=1461-7277|pmid=27807258}}</ref>

The PACE authors have been criticized for deviating from the methods specified in their protocol, without explaining these changes in full in their publications or how the changes impacted the reported findings.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /> Following inconsistencies in the economic analysis of the PACE trial, health psychologist James Coyne filed a request to the journal PLOS ONE to access the data of the trial, a request that was dismissed as vexatious by Kings College London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314024024/https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/23608059/PACE%20F325-15%20-%20Prof.%20James%20Coyne%20-%20Response-2.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|date=2016-03-14|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref> PLOS ONE has since issued an expression of concern about the publications in question.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Peter D.|last2=Goldsmith|first2=Kimberley A.|last3=Johnson|first3=Anthony L.|last4=Knapp|first4=Martin|last5=Chalder|first5=Trudie|last6=Sharpe|first6=Michael|last7=McCrone|first7=Paul|date=2012-08-01|title=Adaptive Pacing, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Graded Exercise, and Specialist Medical Care for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040808|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=7|issue=8|pages=e40808|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0040808|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC3411573|pmid=22870204}}</ref>

The PACE authors have refused to share the trial's data for independent reanalysis due to concerns that “patients might be personally identified by releasing their data.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Peter D|last2=Chalder|first2=Trudie|last3=Sharpe|first3=Michael|last4=Angus|first4=Brian J|last5=Baber|first5=Hannah L|last6=Bavinton|first6=Jessica|last7=Burgess|first7=Mary|last8=Clark|first8=Lucy V|last9=Cox|first9=Diane L|date=2017-01-24|title=Response to the editorial by Dr Geraghty|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359105316688953|journal=Journal of Health Psychology|language=en-US|volume=22|issue=9|pages=1113–1117|doi=10.1177/1359105316688953|issn=1359-1053}}</ref> During a 2015 first tribunal hearing on the release of the PACE trial data, Professor Ross Anderson defended the PACE authors’ decision by making “wild speculations” about “young men, borderline sociopathic or psychopathic” being attached to criticism of the PACE trial.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.meaction.net/2016/08/16/tribunal-orders-release-of-pace-data/|title=Tribunal orders release of PACE data|date=2016-08-16|website=#MEAction|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref> The tribunal considered these claims to be unfounded. It rejected the appeal by the PACE investigators and ordered the release of some of the anonymized data of the trial.<ref name=":14" /> An independent reanalysis showed that the PACE authors had inflated improvement and recovery rates threefold.<ref name=":11" /> Sharpe and colleagues responded that they preferred their revised version of recovery over the one specified in the protocol, as it gives “absolute rates more consistent both with the literature and with our clinical experience.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=T|first=Chalder|last2=K|first2=Goldsmith|last3=M|first3=Sharpe|date=2019-03-12|title=The PACE trial of treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome: a response to WILSHIRE et al.|url=https://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/publications/983338|journal=BMC Psychol|language=en|volume=7|pages=15}}</ref> An open letter signed by more than 100 prominent ME/CFS experts including researchers, clinicians, and MPs has called for “an independent re-analysis of the individual-level trial data, with appropriate sensitivity analyses.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2018/08/13/trial-by-error-open-letter-to-the-lancet-version-3-0/|title=Trial By Error: Open Letter to The Lancet, version 3.0|website=www.virology.ws|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref>

The University of Oxford however has defended Sharp and colleagues. It “considers Professor Sharpe and his colleagues to be highly reputable scientists whose sole aim has been to improve quality of life for patients with ME/CFS. While scientific research should always be open to challenge and debate, this does not justify the unwarranted attacks on professionalism and personal integrity which the PACE trial team have been subjected to.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-journal-of-health-psychologys-special-issue-on-the-pace-trial/|title=expert reaction to Journal of Health Psychology’s Special Issue on The PACE Trial {{!}} Science Media Centre|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref>

==Research outside ME/CFS ==

===Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) ===

==== One functional somatic syndrome ====
In an influential 1999 article in the Lancet, Sharpe, Wessely and Nimnuan claimed that syndromes such as CFS constitute an “artefact of medical specialisation.”<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Wessely|first=S.|last2=Nimnuan|first2=C.|last3=Sharpe|first3=M.|date=1999-09-11|title=Functional somatic syndromes: one or many?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10489969|journal=Lancet (London, England)|volume=354|issue=9182|pages=936–939|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08320-2|issn=0140-6736|pmid=10489969}}</ref> They argued that there’s a large population of patients with multiple medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUS or MUPS) and that it’s mostly the specialist they see that determines their diagnosis. When seen in gastroenterology patients might be diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome, in rheumatology with fibromyalgia, in cardiology with atypical chest pain, in neurology with tension headache and in an infectious diseases clinic with chronic (postviral) fatigue syndrome.<ref name=":15" /> According to Sharpe and colleagues, there is a large overlap between these conditions and they should, therefore, be viewed together as one functional somatic syndrome.<ref name=":15" />

==== The prevalence of MUS ====
Sharpe’s research has estimated the prevalence of MUS in neurology<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carson|first=A. J.|last2=Ringbauer|first2=B.|last3=Stone|first3=J.|last4=McKenzie|first4=L.|last5=Warlow|first5=C.|last6=Sharpe|first6=M.|date=2000-2|title=Do medically unexplained symptoms matter? A prospective cohort study of 300 new referrals to neurology outpatient clinics|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10644789|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=68|issue=2|pages=207–210|doi=10.1136/jnnp.68.2.207|issn=0022-3050|pmc=1736779|pmid=10644789}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=M.|last2=MacMahon|first2=A. D.|last3=Walker|first3=J.|last4=Smyth|first4=R.|last5=Goldbeck|first5=R.|last6=Matthews|first6=K.|last7=Cavanagh|first7=J.|last8=Pelosi|first8=A.|last9=Cull|first9=R.|date=2009-10-01|title=Symptoms ‘unexplained by organic disease’ in 1144 new neurology out-patients: how often does the diagnosis change at follow-up?|url=https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/132/10/2878/333395|journal=Brain|language=en|volume=132|issue=10|pages=2878–2888|doi=10.1093/brain/awp220|issn=0006-8950}}</ref> and rheumatology clinics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maiden|first=N. L.|last2=Hurst|first2=N. P.|last3=Lochhead|first3=A.|last4=Carson|first4=A. J.|last5=Sharpe|first5=M.|date=2003-1|title=Medically unexplained symptoms in patients referred to a specialist rheumatology service: prevalence and associations|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12509622|journal=Rheumatology (Oxford, England)|volume=42|issue=1|pages=108–112|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/keg043|issn=1462-0324|pmid=12509622}}</ref> at approximately 30%. He reported that MUS patients tend to have more symptoms than patients with a medically explained condition but that symptom count does not adequately discriminate between the two groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carson|first=Alan J.|last2=Stone|first2=Jon|last3=Hansen|first3=Christian Holm|last4=Duncan|first4=Rod|last5=Cavanagh|first5=Jonathon|last6=Matthews|first6=Keith|last7=Murray|first7=G.|last8=Sharpe|first8=Michael|date=2015-3|title=Somatic symptom count scores do not identify patients with symptoms unexplained by disease: a prospective cohort study of neurology outpatients|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24935983|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=86|issue=3|pages=295–301|doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-308234|issn=1468-330X|pmid=24935983}}</ref>

In collaboration with Chris Burton, Sharpe has studied MUS patients in primary who have been repeatedly (5 times or more in a 5 year period) referred to specialist clinics. Their research indicated this to be a rather small group (0,3% of total patients)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19686876|title=The identification in primary care of patients who have been repeatedly referred to hospital for medically unexplained symptoms: a pilot study. - PubMed - NCBI|last=pubmeddev|last2=al|first2=Smith BJ , et|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref> but one with a high rate of disability where psychological problems such as depression are undertreated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|last2=Burton|first2=Christopher|last3=Sawhney|first3=Aarti|last4=McGorm|first4=Kelly|last5=Weller|first5=David|date=2012-06|title=Is co-morbid depression adequately treated in patients repeatedly referred to specialist medical services with symptoms of a medical condition?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.03.005|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=72|issue=6|pages=419–421|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.03.005|issn=0022-3999}}</ref> Sharpe and Burton suggest developing “clinical information systems to remind practitioners that the patient has already had repeated referrals.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burton|first=Christopher|last2=McGorm|first2=Kelly|last3=Richardson|first3=Gerry|last4=Weller|first4=David|last5=Sharpe|first5=Michael|date=2012-3|title=Healthcare costs incurred by patients repeatedly referred to secondary medical care with medically unexplained symptoms: a cost of illness study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22325706|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=72|issue=3|pages=242–247|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.12.009|issn=1879-1360|pmid=22325706}}</ref> They propose a primary care clinic specialized in managing unexplained somatic symptoms with a “holistic” approach that targets symptom-maintaining factors with medication or cognitive behavioral techniques.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|last2=Worth|first2=Allison|last3=Marsden|first3=Wendy|last4=Weller|first4=David|last5=Burton|first5=Christopher|date=2012-01-01|title=A primary care Symptoms Clinic for patients with medically unexplained symptoms: pilot randomised trial|url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000513|journal=BMJ Open|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=e000513|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000513|issn=2044-6055|pmid=22327629}}</ref>

==== Cognitive behavioral model of MUS ====
In collaboration with Vincent Deary and Trudie Chalder, Sharpe has developed a cognitive behavioral model of medically unexplained symptoms.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=Deary|first=V.|last2=Chalder|first2=T.|last3=Sharpe|first3=M.|date=2007-10|title=The cognitive behavioural model of medically unexplained symptoms: a theoretical and empirical review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17822818|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|volume=27|issue=7|pages=781–797|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.002|issn=0272-7358|pmid=17822818}}</ref> The model assumes that if persons interpret benign bodily sensations as an indication of disease, they can become locked in an autopoietic cycle characterized by "distress sensitisation"; a reduced threshold for the detection of symptoms.<ref name=":16" /> Lack of an explanation is believed to increases anxiety and symptom focus while avoidance of symptoms and symptom-led activity patterns are proposed to lead to further sensitisation through operant conditioning.<ref name=":16" /> Sharpe has worked with the Danish team of Per Fink to conduct a randomized trial of CBT for patients with ‘multi-organ bodily distress syndrome’.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schröder|first=Andreas|last2=Rehfeld|first2=Emma|last3=Ornbøl|first3=Eva|last4=Sharpe|first4=Michael|last5=Licht|first5=Rasmus W.|last6=Fink|first6=Per|date=2012-6|title=Cognitive-behavioural group treatment for a range of functional somatic syndromes: randomised trial|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539780|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science|volume=200|issue=6|pages=499–507|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.111.098681|issn=1472-1465|pmid=22539780}}</ref>

==== Looking for a better name for MUS ====
According to Sharpe and colleagues, MUS is not an acceptable term to patients and doctors: “It defines the patient's symptoms by what they are not, rather than by what they are, and it reflects dualistic thinking – regarding symptoms as either 'organic' or 'non-organic'/'psychological'.”<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Creed|first=Francis|last2=Guthrie|first2=Elspeth|last3=Fink|first3=Per|last4=Henningsen|first4=Peter|last5=Rief|first5=Winfried|last6=Sharpe|first6=Michael|last7=White|first7=Peter|date=2010-1|title=Is there a better term than "medically unexplained symptoms"?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20004295|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=68|issue=1|pages=5–8|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.09.004|issn=1879-1360|pmid=20004295}}</ref> They suggest that ‘functional somatic disorder’ might be a more suitable alternative as it allows for an “explanation in terms of altered brain functioning (linking to the term functional imaging) demonstrating that the symptoms are 'real' and yet changeable by alteration in thinking and behaviour as well as by a psychotropic drug.”<ref name=":17" />

=== From hysteria to functional neurological disorder ===
In collaboration with neurologist John Stone, Sharpe has studied patients with motor and sensory symptoms—such as paralysis, seizures, and blindness—that are unexplained by disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=J|last2=Carson|first2=A|last3=Sharpe|first3=M|date=2005-3|title=FUNCTIONAL SYMPTOMS IN NEUROLOGY: MANAGEMENT|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1765682/|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=76|issue=Suppl 1|pages=i13–i21|doi=10.1136/jnnp.2004.061663|issn=0022-3050|pmc=1765682|pmid=15718216}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Jon|last2=Sharpe|first2=Michael|date=2006-5|title=Functional symptoms in neurology: case studies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16684639|journal=Neurologic Clinics|volume=24|issue=2|pages=385–403|doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2006.01.008|issn=0733-8619|pmid=16684639}}</ref> According to Sharpe and Stone, these patients are common in neurological practice<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|last2=Warlow|first2=Charles|last3=Prescott|first3=Robin|last4=Lewis|first4=Steff|last5=Carson|first5=Alan|last6=Smyth|first6=Roger|last7=Stone|first7=Jon|date=2005-10-27|title=Systematic review of misdiagnosis of conversion symptoms and “hysteria”|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/331/7523/989|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=331|issue=7523|pages=989|doi=10.1136/bmj.38628.466898.55|issn=0959-8138|pmid=16223792}}</ref> and are frequently diagnosed with conversion disorder and in earlier times, hysteria.<ref name=":20" /> In a systematic review, they reported that misdiagnosis of conversion disorder and hysteria is uncommon with an average of 4% in studies since the 1970s.<ref name=":20" /> According to Sharpe and Stone this indicates that Eliot Slater's influential view that a diagnosis of hysteria is a "disguise for ignorance and a fertile source of clinical error” is a myth and not supported by evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Jon|last2=Warlow|first2=Charles|last3=Carson|first3=Alan|last4=Sharpe|first4=Michael|date=2005-12|title=Eliot Slater's myth of the non-existence of hysteria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1299341/|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=98|issue=12|pages=547–548|issn=0141-0768|pmc=1299341|pmid=16319432}}</ref> They argue that it “was not hysteria that disappeared, but rather medical interest in hysteria.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Jon|last2=Hewett|first2=Russell|last3=Carson|first3=Alan|last4=Warlow|first4=Charles|last5=Sharpe|first5=Michael|date=2008-1|title=The ‘disappearance’ of hysteria: historical mystery or illusion?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2235919/|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=101|issue=1|pages=12–18|doi=10.1258/jrsm.2007.070129|issn=0141-0768|pmc=2235919|pmid=18263908}}</ref>

Sharpe and Stone have proposed to change the name of conversion disorder into functional neurological disorder “as it is relatively acceptable to patients and is the main term used in other medical specialties to refer to this type of symptom.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Jon|last2=LaFrance|first2=W. Curt|last3=Brown|first3=Richard|last4=Spiegel|first4=David|last5=Levenson|first5=James L.|last6=Sharpe|first6=Michael|date=2011-12|title=Conversion Disorder: Current problems and potential solutions for DSM-5|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.07.005|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=71|issue=6|pages=369–376|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.07.005|issn=0022-3999}}</ref> They have published a guideline for the detection of functional neurological symptoms<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=M.|last2=Zeman|first2=A.|last3=Stone|first3=J.|date=2002-09-01|title=Functional weakness and sensory disturbance|url=https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/73/3/241|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry|language=en|volume=73|issue=3|pages=241–245|doi=10.1136/jnnp.73.3.241|issn=0022-3050|pmid=12185152}}</ref> which advises doctors to look out for inconsistencies and use Hoover's sign.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|last2=Stone|first2=Jon|date=2001-10-01|title=Hoover’s Sign|url=https://pn.bmj.com/content/1/1/50|journal=Practical Neurology|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=50–53|doi=10.1046/j.1474-7766.2001.00607.x|issn=1474-7758}}</ref> In contrast, a predominance of symptoms on the left side of the body<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=J.|last2=Sharpe|first2=M.|last3=Carson|first3=A.|last4=Lewis|first4=S. C.|last5=Thomas|first5=B.|last6=Goldbeck|first6=R.|last7=Warlow|first7=C. P.|date=2002-11|title=Are functional motor and sensory symptoms really more frequent on the left? A systematic review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12397155|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=73|issue=5|pages=578–581|doi=10.1136/jnnp.73.5.578|issn=0022-3050|pmc=1738113|pmid=12397155}}</ref> and ‘la belle indifference’<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Jon|last2=Smyth|first2=Roger|last3=Carson|first3=Alan|last4=Warlow|first4=Charles|last5=Sharpe|first5=Michael|date=2006-3|title=La belle indifférence in conversion symptoms and hysteria: systematic review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507959|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science|volume=188|pages=204–209|doi=10.1192/bjp.188.3.204|issn=0007-1250|pmid=16507959}}</ref>, or a smiling indifference to symptoms, were not seen as signs indicative of functional neurological symptoms. In a long-term follow-up, Sharpe and Stone reported that 83% of their cohort of patients with functional neurogical symptoms still had weakness or sensory symptoms or both after a median of 12 years.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=J.|last2=Sharpe|first2=M.|last3=Rothwell|first3=P. M.|last4=Warlow|first4=C. P.|date=2003-5|title=The 12 year prognosis of unilateral functional weakness and sensory disturbance|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12700300|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=74|issue=5|pages=591–596|doi=10.1136/jnnp.74.5.591|issn=0022-3050|pmc=1738446|pmid=12700300}}</ref> Only one out of the 42 patients followe, had developed a disorder which, in hindsight, explained the original symptom presentation.<ref name=":18" /> Sharpe, Stone, and colleagues also compared patients with functional weakness to controls with weakness attributable to neurological disease. They found that these had similar levels of disability, although the former were more likely to be out of work because of their symptoms.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Jon|last2=Warlow|first2=Charles|last3=Sharpe|first3=Michael|date=2010-5|title=The symptom of functional weakness: a controlled study of 107 patients|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20395262|journal=Brain: A Journal of Neurology|volume=133|issue=Pt 5|pages=1537–1551|doi=10.1093/brain/awq068|issn=1460-2156|pmid=20395262}}</ref> Patients with functional weakness were less likely to agree that stress was a possible cause of their illness.<ref name=":19" /> Similar results were found in a comparison of patients with epilepsy and non-epileptic seizures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Jon|last2=Binzer|first2=Michael|last3=Sharpe|first3=Michael|date=2004-12|title=Illness beliefs and locus of control: a comparison of patients with pseudoseizures and epilepsy|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15596160|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=57|issue=6|pages=541–547|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.03.013|issn=0022-3999|pmid=15596160}}</ref>

=== Somatic symptom disorder ===
In collaboration with Richard Mayou, Sharpe wrote a critique of the somatization disorder diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-4).<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|last2=Mayou|first2=Richard|date=2004-6|title=Somatoform disorders: a help or hindrance to good patient care?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15172937|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science|volume=184|pages=465–467|doi=10.1192/bjp.184.6.465|issn=0007-1250|pmid=15172937}}</ref> They argued it should be abolished<ref name=":21" /> as it is considered unactable by patients and the psychogenic theory behind it is poorly supported by evidence. As an alternative, they proposed that disorders defined solely by somatic symptoms could more appropriately be classified as functional somatic symptoms and syndromes.<ref name=":21" /> Sharpe subsequently became a member of the Somatic Symptom Disorder Work Group for the DSM–5.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dimsdale|first=Joel E.|last2=Creed|first2=Francis|last3=Escobar|first3=Javier|last4=Sharpe|first4=Michael|last5=Wulsin|first5=Lawson|last6=Barsky|first6=Arthur|last7=Lee|first7=Sing|last8=Irwin|first8=Michael R.|last9=Levenson|first9=James|date=2013-9|title=Somatic symptom disorder: an important change in DSM|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23972410|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=75|issue=3|pages=223–228|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.06.033|issn=1879-1360|pmid=23972410}}</ref> This resulted in a new category of somatic symptom disorder (SSD), which broadens the former definition of somatization disorder and deemphasizes the centrality of medically unexplained symptoms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|date=2013-11|title=Somatic symptoms: beyond 'medically unexplained'|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24187064|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science|volume=203|issue=5|pages=320–321|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.112.122523|issn=1472-1465|pmid=24187064}}</ref> Others have criticized the diagnosis of SSD for being too loose and overdiagnosing psychiatric illness in those medically ill.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frances|first=Allen|last2=Chapman|first2=Suzy|date=2013-5|title=DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder mislabels medical illness as mental disorder|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23653063|journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry|volume=47|issue=5|pages=483–484|doi=10.1177/0004867413484525|issn=1440-1614|pmid=23653063}}</ref>

=== Bodily symptoms ===
Sharpe has argued that bodily symptoms should be considered in their own right, not just as manifestations of either bodily pathology or psychopathology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|last2=Mayou|first2=Richard|last3=Walker|first3=Jane|date=2006-4|title=Bodily symptoms: new approaches to classification|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16581358|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=60|issue=4|pages=353–356|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.01.020|issn=0022-3999|pmid=16581358}}</ref> According to Sharpe, there is only a weak relationship between severity of symptoms and severity of pathology<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|date=2006-02-01|title=Bodily symptoms: a new approach|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1476179306701963|journal=Psychiatry|series=Psychological medicine 1|volume=5|issue=2|pages=39–42|doi=10.1383/psyt.2006.5.2.39|issn=1476-1793}}</ref>, and some symptoms such as fatigue are poorly understood in a purely biomedical model.<ref name=":22" /> He has argued that the lack of accepted bodily disease can result in stigma and a morally uncertain position and that this explains the opposition of CFS patients to a psychosocial explanation of their complaints<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greco|first=Monica|last2=Sharpe|first2=Michael|date=2019-06-01|title=Chronic fatigue syndrome and an illness-focused approach to care: controversy, morality and paradox|url=https://mh.bmj.com/content/45/2/183|journal=Medical Humanities|language=en|volume=45|issue=2|pages=183–187|doi=10.1136/medhum-2018-011598|issn=1468-215X|pmid=31213482}}</ref>, a hypothesis that is contested by others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greco|first=Monica|last2=Sharpe|first2=Michael|date=2019-06-01|title=Chronic fatigue syndrome and an illness-focused approach to care: controversy, morality and paradox|url=https://mh.bmj.com/content/45/2/183|journal=Medical Humanities|language=en|volume=45|issue=2|pages=183–187|doi=10.1136/medhum-2018-011598|issn=1468-215X|pmid=31213482}}</ref> Sharpe and colleagues have argued that diagnosis should not be the sole basis of clinical practice and that a focus on prognosis and predictors of outcomes may be more useful.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Croft|first=Peter|last2=Altman|first2=Douglas G.|last3=Deeks|first3=Jonathan J.|last4=Dunn|first4=Kate M.|last5=Hay|first5=Alastair D.|last6=Hemingway|first6=Harry|last7=LeResche|first7=Linda|last8=Peat|first8=George|last9=Perel|first9=Pablo|date=2015-01-30|title=The science of clinical practice: disease diagnosis or patient prognosis? Evidence about "what is likely to happen" should shape clinical practice|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25637245|journal=BMC medicine|volume=13|pages=20|doi=10.1186/s12916-014-0265-4|issn=1741-7015|pmc=4311412|pmid=25637245}}</ref>

=== Fatigue after cancer or a stroke ===
Sharpe has studied fatigue in patients who had cancer or a stroke. His research indicates that approximately a third of patients have persistent fatigue following cancer<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Storey|first=D. J.|last2=Waters|first2=R. A.|last3=Hibberd|first3=C. J.|last4=Rush|first4=R. W.|last5=Cargill|first5=A. T.|last6=Wall|first6=L. R.|last7=Fallon|first7=M. T.|last8=Strong|first8=V. A.|last9=Walker|first9=J.|date=2007-11|title=Clinically relevant fatigue in cancer outpatients: the Edinburgh Cancer Centre symptom study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17804467|journal=Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology|volume=18|issue=11|pages=1861–1869|doi=10.1093/annonc/mdm349|issn=1569-8041|pmid=17804467}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Storey+et+al.+2010.+Clinically+relevant+fatigue+in+recurrence-free+prostate+cancer+survivors&oq=Storey+et+al.+2010.+Clinically+relevant+fatigue+in+recurrence-free+prostate+cancer+survivors&aqs=chrome..69i57.631j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|title=Storey et al. 2010. Clinically relevant fatigue in recurrence-free prostate cancer survivors - Google Search|website=www.google.com|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref> or a stroke<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Duncan|first=Fiona|last2=Greig|first2=Carolyn|last3=Lewis|first3=Susan|last4=Dennis|first4=Martin|last5=MacLullich|first5=Alasdair|last6=Sharpe|first6=Michael|last7=Mead|first7=Gillian|date=2014-11|title=Clinically significant fatigue after stroke: a longitudinal cohort study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25439339|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=77|issue=5|pages=368–373|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.06.013|issn=1879-1360|pmid=25439339}}</ref>. Sharpe also conducted SMaRT oncology 1, a large randomized trial that studied the management of depression in cancer patients.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Strong|first=Vanessa|last2=Waters|first2=Rachel|last3=Hibberd|first3=Carina|last4=Murray|first4=Gordon|last5=Wall|first5=Lucy|last6=Walker|first6=Jane|last7=McHugh|first7=Gillian|last8=Walker|first8=Andrew|last9=Sharpe|first9=Michael|date=2008-07-05|title=Management of depression for people with cancer (SMaRT oncology 1): a randomised trial|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18603157|journal=Lancet (London, England)|volume=372|issue=9632|pages=40–48|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60991-5|issn=1474-547X|pmid=18603157}}</ref> The results were reported in The Lancet in 2008 and indicated the intervention was effective in reducing self-reported symptoms of depression, fatigue, and anxiety.<ref name=":23" />

== Controversy ==

=== Wessely school ===
Michael Sharpe has been referred to as a "member" of the [[Wessely school]]<ref name=":28">Hooper et al. (2003). [http://www.mcs-international.org/downloads/009_mental_health_movement.pdf A consideration of the role of pressor SImon Wessely and other members of the "Wessely School" in the perception of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) in the UK.] Background Briefing for the House of Commons Select Health Committee. </ref><ref name=":12" />, a group of British psychiatrists led by [[Simon Wessely]] that has been criticized for their dismissal of [[biomedical research]] into ME/CFS, promotion of the [[biopsychosocial model]], and close ties with the [[UK]] welfare benefit system and the health insurance industry.<ref name=":28" />

==== Paid work for insurance companies ====
Sharpe has done voluntary and paid consultancy work for legal and insurance companies<ref name=":27" /> and for the UK's [[Department for Work and Pensions]][''reference needed''], a conflict of interest disclosed in the publication of the [[PACE trial]] but not disclosed to participants in the trial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/johnthejack/status/982716111434272768|title=You mean like the #PACEtrial TSC was when you made a false and misleading statement to them saying you didn't have a financial COI when you did?pic.twitter.com/Rz9og81yO4|last=Peters|first=John|date=2018-04-07|website=@johnthejack|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/johnthejack/status/983295771826180097|title=The TSC statement is available here https://www.dropbox.com/s/fed34yniqqrvr8s/TSC%20COI%20letters%202.pdf?dl=0 … The TMG statement is included in this file https://www.dropbox.com/s/ejj5wnmj15f8hxa/COI%202.zip?dl=0 … Review of book from 2001 (ie confirming publication before 2004) https://www.bmj.com/content/322/7291/934.1 … Work for Unum documented here https://web.archive.org/web/20040823133526/http://www.unum.co.uk/downloads/CMOReport.PDF …|last=Peters|first=John|date=2018-04-09|website=@johnthejack|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>

In 2002 Sharpe wrote a controversial article in the UNUMProvident report on functional syndromes<ref name=":29">[http://web.archive.org/web/20060830232514/http:/www.unumprovident.co.uk/Home/AccessiblePDF/CMOReport2002.htm?UPCC=True#3 Trends in Health and Disability 2002]. UNUM Provident. </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2015/11/17/trial-by-error-continued-pace-teams-work-for-insurance-companies-not-related-to-pace-really/|title=Trial by Error, Continued: PACE Team’s Work for Insurance Companies Is “Not Related” to PACE. Really?|website=www.virology.ws|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>, which in his view includes ME/CFS. He criticized the “ME lobby” for objecting to rehabilitative treatments and emphasizing the validity and chronicity of the illness.<ref name=":29" /> According to Sharpe “a strong belief and preoccupation that one has a 'medical disease' and a helpless and passive attitude to coping is associated with persistent disability...”<ref name=":29" /> In the article, he also claimed that the current system of state benefits, insurance payments, and litigation forms a potentially major obstacle to recovery. Sharpe argued that “benefits and medical services need to be more rehabilitation orientated.”<ref name=":29" />

==== Malingering and illness deception conference ====
Michael Sharpe presented at a 2001 Malingering and Illness Deception conference<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thesciencebit.net/2019/03/21/if-you-spend-20-years-gaslighting-your-patients-perhaps-you-should-think-twice-before-accusing-them-of-trolling-you/|title=If you spend 20 years gaslighting your patients, perhaps you should think twice before accusing *them* of trolling *you*|date=2019-03-21|work=The Science Bit|access-date=2019-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> funded by the UK's [[Department for Work and Pensions]] on the topic of distinguishing malingering from psychiatric disorders, a topic that later became a chapter of a book published in 2003 by the same name.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/malingering-and-illness-deception-9780198515548?cc=be&lang=en&|title=Malingering and Illness Deception|date=2003-10-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198515548|editor-last=Halligan|editor-first=Peter|location=Oxford, New York|editor-last2=Bass|editor-first2=Christopher|editor-last3=Oakley|editor-first3=David}}</ref> Sharpe's chapter gives an example of the case of a woman with [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] in whom malingering was suspected due to day to day fluctuations in illness severity.<ref>Sharpe, Michael (2003). "Distinguishing malingering from psychiatric disorders". In Halligan, Peter; Bass, Christopher Maurice; Oakley, David A. [http://www.rageuniversity.org/PRISONESCAPE/MALINGERING%20TECHNIQUES/Malingering_and_Illness_Deception.pdf ''Malingering and Illness Deception''] (PDF). Oxford University Press. pp. 156–170. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special%3ABookSources/9780198515548|9780198515548]].</ref> Other contributors to the book include [[Simon Wessely]], [[Peter White]], [[Mansel Aylward]], all of whom became members of the [[PACE Trial Steering Committee]] a few years later.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Peter D.|last2=Sharpe|first2=Michael C.|last3=Chalder|first3=Trudie|last4=DeCesare|first4=Julia C.|last5=Walwyn|first5=Rebecca|last6=PACE trial group|date=2007-03-08|title=Protocol for the PACE trial: a randomised controlled trial of adaptive pacing, cognitive behaviour therapy, and graded exercise, as supplements to standardised specialist medical care versus standardised specialist medical care alone for patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis or encephalopathy|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17397525|journal=BMC neurology|volume=7|pages=6|doi=10.1186/1471-2377-7-6|issn=1471-2377|pmc=2147058|pmid=17397525}}</ref>

==== The belief in ME ====
According to Sharpe, “the insistence that 'ME' is an exclusively physical disease, untreatable except by rest, and with a poor prognosis, may in the long run have been unhelpful for sufferers.”<ref name=":6" /> He has also argued that extensive laboratory investigation “may be psychologically harmful to the patient by reinforcing their beliefs or concerns about serious physical disease.”<ref name=":6" /> Sharpe has criticized doctors for “colluding with the patient's belief that their symptoms are explained by an untreatable disease (such as myalgic encephalopathy…).”<ref>Sharpe M. (2010). [https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199204854.001.1/med-9780199204854 Oxford Textbook of medicine. Fith Edition.] Chapter 26.5.3. Medically unexplained symptoms in patients attending medical clinics. </ref> In a book co-written with Simon Wessely and Matthew Hotopf, Sharpe warned that campaigning for more awareness of ME in adolescents might have increased the incidence of young people with such presentations.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41028978|title=Chronic fatigue and its syndromes|last=Wessely, Simon.|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Hotopf, Matthew., Sharpe, Michael.|isbn=0192630466|location=Oxford|oclc=41028978}}</ref>

=== Denigration of critics ===
Michael Sharpe has repeatedly criticized scientists and patients who highlighted flaws in his research or used Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to demand the release of unpublished data from his research, including the successful request for unpublished data from the [[PACE trial]].<ref name=":30" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.s4me.info/threads/michael-sharpe-skewered-by-johnthejack-on-twitter.3464/|title=Michael Sharpe skewered by @JohntheJack on Twitter|website=Science for ME|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://demonitor.kro-ncrv.nl/uitzendingen/chronisch-vermoeid|title=Chronisch vermoeid|website=demonitor.kro-ncrv.nl|language=nl|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>

====“Patients would surely be too ill to produce so many complaints” ====
In 2018, a tweet by Sharpe claimed that some Freedom of Information Act requests and scientific criticism could not have been made from patients since they would have been too ill to do so. He claimed that “many of the activists trying to have scientific papers they don’t like retracted are not patients. Patients would surely be too ill to produce so many complaints and FOI requests to journals, funders, and universities.”<ref name=":30" /> Sharpe's tweet led to over 100 Australians from the [[ME/CFS]] community requesting an apology, pointing out that [[Alem Matthees]] had been [[Severe and very severe ME|bedridden]] for 2 years since winning the FOIA tribunal that led to the release of the PACE trial data, a decision that Sharpe had opposed. Sharpe deleted the tweet as a result of the open letter, which had been signed by [[Alem Matthees|Alem Matthees's]] family.<ref name=":30" />

==== Comparing critics to clime change deniers ====
Sharpe has described those who opposed his research as a co-ordinated campaign of persons who are against science, similar to climate change deniers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2018/06/25/trial-by-error-professor-sharpes-intemperate-remarks-for-whom-is-he-speaking/|title=Trial By Error: Professor Sharpe’s Intemperate Remarks–For Whom Is He Speaking?|website=www.virology.ws|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref> In a lecture abstract Sharpe said that the use of “co-ordinated pressure group action against science was prominently seen in the field of climate change research but is now emerging in other areas. Chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME for short) is one of these.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713230625/https://www.stx.ox.ac.uk/current-members/events/2773|title=St Cross Special Ethics Seminar with Michael Sharpe {{!}} St Cross College|date=2019-07-13|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref> Sharpe has argued that even “the well-intentioned campaigning for better recognition of CFS inadvertently reinforces the social and cultural conditions that made that recognition more difficult in the first place."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|last2=Greco|first2=Monica|date=2019-6|title=Chronic fatigue syndrome and an illness-focused approach to care: controversy, morality and paradox|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31213482|journal=Medical Humanities|volume=45|issue=2|pages=183–187|doi=10.1136/medhum-2018-011598|issn=1473-4265|pmc=6699605|pmid=31213482}}</ref>

==== Unbecoming of an MP and retraction requests ====
In 2018 member of parliament (MP) Carol Monaghan raised the issue of the PACE trial in British parliament. Afterward, she received an email from Michael Sharpe saying her actions were "unbecoming of an MP."<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-06-21/debates/A49A6117-B23B-4E35-A83B-49FEF0D6074F/METreatmentAndResearch|title=ME: Treatment and Research - Hansard|website=hansard.parliament.uk|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref> Monaghan responded in parliament by stating: “if listening to my constituents, investigating their concerns and taking action as a result is ‘unbecoming’, I stand guilty.”<ref name=":32" />

When in 2019 the Health Research Authority’s report on the PACE trial indicated no regulatory concerns<ref>[https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/science-technology/Correspondence/190129-Sir-Jonathan-Montgomery-Health-Research-Authority-to-Chair-re-PACE-trial.pdf Re: The PACE trial and the Committee’s inquiry on Research Integrity.] (2019) Health research authority. </ref>, Sharpe sent e-mails to at least two US publications requesting a retraction or major correction of articles critical of the PACE-trial. Sharpe’s e-mails accused the writers of the articles of suggesting that PACE was “fraudulent.”<ref name=":31" />

In 2018 journalist Amy Maxmen wrote an article for Nature about ME/CFS which included recent criticism on the efficacy of psychosocial interventions.<ref>Maxmen A. (2018). [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-08965-0 A reboot for chronic fatigue syndrome research]. Nature. </ref> Sharpe and colleagues responded with a letter in which they argued that “there is no place for stigmatizing any avenue of research or therapy that might help us to improve the lives of people with this long-term debilitating illness.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|last2=Chalder|first2=Trudie|last3=Stone|first3=Jon|date=02 01, 2018|title=Don't reject evidence from CFS therapies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29388963|journal=Nature|volume=554|issue=7690|pages=31|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-01285-x|issn=1476-4687|pmid=29388963}}</ref>

Regarding the revision of the Cochrane review on graded exercise therapy, Sharpe has claimed that the Cochrane editor “wilted badly… under direct pressure from activists”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jul/28/me-perils-internet-activism-michael-sharpe-myalgic-encephalomyelitis-chronic-fatigue-pace-trial|title=ME and the perils of internet activism|last=Anthony|first=Andrew|date=2019-07-28|work=The Observer|access-date=2019-09-11|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712}}</ref>, despite email correspondence indicating this to be untrue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2019/03/12/trial-by-error-cochranes-report-on-courtneys-complaint/|title=Trial By Error: Cochrane’s Report on Courtney’s Complaint|website=www.virology.ws|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref> The Cochrane editor in question, David Tovey, had explicitly stated that “this [sic] not about patient pressure.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-chronicfatigue-dispute-idUSKCN1MR2PI|title=Exclusive: Science journal to withdraw chronic fatigue review amid...|date=2018-10-17|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-09-11|language=en}}</ref>

=== Retirement from CFS research ===
In March 2019 Reuters journalist Kate Kelland published an interview with Professor Michael Sharpe in which he claimed to have given up research in ME/CFS due to abuse and harassment from ME activists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/science-socialmedia/|title=Sick and tired: Online activists are silencing us, scientists say|website=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>

==Books==

*Mayou R, Bass C, Sharpe M. [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/treatment-of-functional-somatic-symptoms-9780192624994?q=michael%20sharpe&lang=en&cc=gb# Treatment of Functional Somatic Symptoms]. Oxford University Press, 1995. (Editor)
*Wessely S, Sharpe M, Hotopf M. [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/chronic-fatigue-and-its-syndromes-9780192630469?cc=gb&lang=en& Chronic Fatigue and its Syndromes]. Oxford University Press, 1999.
*Mayou R, Sharpe M, Carson A. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fc76/ec5f0eefd454ca65699359ee4c70d5ad285c.pdf ABC of Psychological Medicine (ABC Series)]. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003. (Editor)
*Sharpe M. [http://www.rageuniversity.org/PRISONESCAPE/MALINGERING%20TECHNIQUES/Malingering_and_Illness_Deception.pdf Distinguishing malingering from psychiatric disorders]<ref name=":3" /> Oxford University Press, 2003. (Book chapter).
*Campling M, Sharpe M. [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/living-with-a-long-term-illness-the-facts-9780198528821?cc=gb&lang=en& Living with a Long-term Illness: The Facts.] Oxford University Press, 2006.
*Campling M, Sharpe M. [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-9780199233168?cc=gb&lang=en& Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (The Facts)]. Oxford University Press, 2008.

*

== Oxford criteria ==
Prof. Michael Sharpe is author of the [[Oxford criteria]] for chronic fatigue syndrome, which is controversial for not excluding patients with symptoms that could be caused by [[:Category:Mental disorders|psychiatric disorders]], and for excluding patients with a [[:Category:Neurological disorders|neurological disorder]] - despite the fact that myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome/post-viral syndrome are all regarded as neurological disorders. The [[Oxford criteria]] have been used in a number of influential British studies, including the [[PACE trial]]<ref name="pace2011a" /> and [[Alicia Deale|Deale]], Chalder and Wessely (1995), the [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT) study given the highest evidence rating in the [[York Review]] of evidence used to justify the recommendation of CBT in the UK's [[NICE guidelines]] used by the [[National Health Service|NHS]].

== Fukuda criteria for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ==
Prof. Sharpe is co-author of the heavily used [[Fukuda criteria]] for chronic fatigue syndrome, which was adopted by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Fukuda|first=K.|author-link=Keiji Fukuda|last2=Straus|first2=S. E.|author-link2=Stephen Straus|last3=Hickie|first3=I.|author-link3=Ian Hickie|last4=Sharpe|first4=M. C.|author-link4=Michael Sharpe|last5=Dobbins|first5=J. G.|author-link5=James Dobbins|last6=Komaroff|first6=A.|author-link6=Anthony Komaroff|date=1994-12-15|title=The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Sharpe2/publication/247808895_The_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_A_Comprehensive_Approach_to_Its_Definition_and_Study/links/0c96053201643bfc4b000000/The-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-A-Comprehensive-Approach-to-Its-Definition-and-Study.pdf|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=121|issue=12|pages=953–959|issn=0003-4819|pmid=7978722|via=|publisher=American College of Physicians}}</ref>

==Controversies ==
===Freedom of information act requests ===
Michael Sharpe has repeatedly criticised both scientists and patients who have highlighted flaws in his research, or used [[Freedom of Information Act]] requests to request the release of unpublished data from his scientific research, including the successful request for the unpublished data from the controversial [[PACE trial]].

===Denigration of ME patients ===
In 2018, a tweet by Sharpe claimed that some Freedom of Information Act requests and scientific criticism could not have been made from patients since they would have been too ill to do so. Sharpe's tweet led to over 100 Australians from the [[ME/CFS]] community requesting an apology and pointing out that [[Alem Matthees]] had been [[Severe and very severe ME|bedridden]] for 2 years since winning the PACE FOIA tribunal which led to the release of the PACE trial data, which Sharpe had opposed. Sharpe deleted the tweet as a result of the open letter, which had been signed by many of [[Alem Matthees|Alem Matthees's]] family.<ref name="tullerAlemTweet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2018/11/08/trial-by-error-an-australian-exchange-with-professor-sharpe/|title=Trial By Error: An Australian Exchange with Professor Sharpe|website=[[Virology blog]]|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-03|date=Nov 8, 2018|last=Tuller|first=David|authorlink=David Tuller|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

=== Smearing critics ===
Prof. Sharpe has repeatedly made ad hominem attacks on critics, including in a 2017 ethics lecture Prof. Sharpe described those who opposed his research, presumably including the [[Open letter to the Lancet|scientists calling for the PACE trial to be retracted]] from [[The Lancet]], as a "co-ordinated campaign" who were "against science", and compared them with climate change deniers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stx.ox.ac.uk/current-members/events/2773|title=St Cross Special Ethics Seminar with Michael Sharpe|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2017-05-19|website=[[University of Oxford]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-05|quote=The use of such co-ordinated pressure group action against science was prominently seen in the field of climate change research but is now emerging in other areas.}}</ref><ref name="tullerAlemTweet" />

=== Denial of illness or disability benefits ===
Prof. Sharpe has undertaken work for the UK's [[Department for Work and Pensions]], a conflict of interest disclosed in the publication of the [[PACE trial]] but not disclosed to participants in the trial. He has also been paid by a number of health insurance companies seeking to deny or minimize disability insurance claims or ill health retirement pensions, including [[Unum]] and has repeated claimed that ME/CFS patients are motivated to stay ill in order to continue receiving disability benefits.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Sharpe|date=1998|title=Doctors' diagnoses and patients' perceptions: Lessons from chronic fatigue syndrome|url=|journal=General Hospital Psychiatry|volume=20|issue=6|pages=335-338|doi=10.1016/S0163-8343(98)00055-3|via=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://fumblings.com/weblog/msharpe.html|title=Michael Sharpe|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=Feb 4, 2019|quote=“Those who cannot be fitted into a scheme of objective bodily illness yet refuse to be placed into and accept the stigma of mental illness remain the undeserving sick of our society and our health service” - [[Michael Sharpe]]}}</ref>

=== Malingering and Illness Deception meeting ===
Michael Sharpe presented at a ''Malingering and Illness Deception'' meeting funded by the UK's [[Department for Work and Pensions]] on the topic of distinguishing malingering from psychiatric disorders, a topic that later became a chapter of a book published in 2003 by the same name.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://www.rageuniversity.org/PRISONESCAPE/MALINGERING%20TECHNIQUES/Malingering_and_Illness_Deception.pdf|title=Malingering and Illness Deception|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780198515548|editor-last=Halligan|editor-first=Peter|editor-link=Peter Halligan|location=|pages=156-170|language=en|chapter=Distinguishing malingering from psychiatric disorders|quote=|editor-last2=Bass|editor-first2=Christopher Maurice|editor-link2=Christopher Bass|editor-last3=Oakley|editor-first3=David A.|editor-link3=David Oakley}}</ref> Sharpe's chapter gives an example of the case of a woman with [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]], which is classified as a not a psychiatric disorder. Other contributors to the book include [[Simon Wessely]], [[Peter White]], [[Mansel Aylward]], all of whom became members of the [[PACE Trial Steering Committee]] a few years later.<ref name="pace2007protocol" /><ref name=":3" />

===Retirement from ME/CFS Research ===
In March 2019 [[Kate Kelland]] published in interview with Professor Michael Sharpe in which he claimed to have given up research in [[ME/CFS]] due to abuse and harassment from ME activists, however, the article was published less than a week after the publication of Sharpe et al's response to the PACE trial re-analysis by Wilshire et al. The same article was criticized for repeating the claim that Sir Simon Wessely has previously given up research into ME/CFS, despite his continued research publications indicating otherwise.

=== PACE trial ===
Prof. Sharpe was one of the three principle investigators in the controversial [[PACE trial]], and a member of the [[PACE Trial Steering Committee]] and [[PACE Trial Management Group]].<ref name="pace2007protocol" /> The PACE trial was criticized for using the Oxford criteria developed by Sharpe et al, and Sharpe has been accused of "investigator bias" in relation to the PACE.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lubet|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Lubet|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=Aug 2017|title=Investigator bias and the PACE trial|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359105317697324|journal=Journal of Health Psychology|language=en|volume=22|issue=9|pages=1123–1127|doi=10.1177/1359105317697324|issn=1359-1053|quote=|via=}}</ref>

===Wessely school ===
Michael Sharpe is often referred to as a "member" of the [[Wessely school]], a group led by British psychiatrist [[Simon Wessely]] who have been criticized for their dismissal of [[biomedical research]] into ME/CFS, promotion of the [[biopsychosocial model]], and close ties with the [[UK]] welfare benefit system and the health insurance industry. Some of the Wessely school have been knowing to make [[Stigma|unpleasant comments]] about patients.

==Media coverage and interviews==

*2011, [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/comparison-of-treatments-for-chronic-fatigue/2993296#transcript Comparison of treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome - the PACE trial -ABC.Net.AU Radio (with transcript)]
*2013, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYRjB_t8dYs Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 2 - Lancet TV on YouTube (about the] [[PACE trial]])
*2015, [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/oct/28/chronic-fatigue-patients-criticise-oxford-university-study-exercise-cbt-cfs Chronic fatigue patients criticise study that says exercise can help - Guardian 28 Oct 2015]

==Online presence==

*[https://twitter.com/profmsharpe Twitter]

==List of publications==

*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Sharpe+M%5BAuthor%5D PubMed]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Sharpe2 Researchgate]
*[http://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/team/michael-sharpe University of Oxford - Michael Sharpe]

=== Notable studies ===
*1994, The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group<ref name=":0" /> [http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/708271/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-comprehensive-approach-its-definition-study?volume=121&issue=12&page=953 (Abstract)] - known as the [[Fukuda criteria]]

*1997, Chronic fatigue syndrome. A practical guide to assessment and management<ref name="Sharpe, 1997" /> [http://www.simonwessely.com/Downloads/Publications/CFS/85.pdf (Full Text)]

*1998, Doctors' diagnoses and patients' perceptions. Lessons from chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name=":1" /> [http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-11945-001 (Abstract)]

*2002, The report of the Chief Medical Officer's CFS/ME working group: what does it say and will it help?<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|date=Sep 2002|title=The report of the Chief Medical Officer’s CFS/ME working group: what does it say and will it help?|url=http://www.clinmed.rcpjournal.org/content/2/5/427.long|journal=Clinical Medicine JRCPL|volume=2|issue=5|pages=427-429|via=|quote=|author-link=Michael Sharpe|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=}}</ref> [http://www.clinmed.rcpjournal.org/content/2/5/427.long (Full Text)]

==== '''[[PACE trial]] publications:''' ====
* 2007, Protocol for the PACE Trial: A randomised controlled trial of adaptive pacing, cognitive behaviour therapy, and graded exercise as supplements to standardised specialist medical care versus standardised specialist medical care alone for patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis or encephalopathy<ref name="pace2007protocol" />
:'''Main trial outcome'''
* 2011, [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60096-2/ Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial]<ref name="pace2011a" />
:'''Other PACE trial publications'''
* 2012, [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040808 Adaptive Pacing, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Graded Exercise, and Specialist Medical Care for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis]<ref name="pace2012CE" />

* 2013, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/recovery-from-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-after-treatments-given-in-the-pace-trial/6E3A5B37D427239D146C5EB276A11E06 Recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome after treatments given in the PACE trial]<ref name="pace2013a" />

* 2013, [http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/14/1/386 A randomised trial of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): statistical analysis plan]<ref name="pace2013sap" />

*2013, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-bulletin/article/planning-implementation-and-publication-of-a-complex-intervention-trial-for-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-the-pace-trial/539F6F7132848EE05207A4E271813C9A/core-reader The planning, implementation and publication of a complex intervention trial for chronic fatigue syndrome: the PACE trial]<ref name="PACEplanning2013">{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Sharpe|last2=Chalder|first2=Trudie|author-link2=Trudie Chalder|last3=White|first3=Peter D.|author-link3=Peter White|author-link4=|author-link5=|author-link6=|date=Feb 2015|title=The planning, implementation and publication of a complex intervention trial for chronic fatigue syndrome: the PACE trial|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-bulletin/article/planning-implementation-and-publication-of-a-complex-intervention-trial-for-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-the-pace-trial/539F6F7132848EE05207A4E271813C9A/core-reader|journal=BJPsych Bulletin|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=24–27|doi=10.1192/pb.bp.113.045005|issn=2056-4694|quote=|via=}}</ref>

* 2014, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399914001883 Adverse events and deterioration reported by participants in the PACE trial of therapies for chronic fatigue syndrome]<ref name="pace2014AE" />

* 2015, [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(14)00069-8/fulltext Rehabilitative therapies for chronic fatigue syndrome: a secondary mediation analysis of the PACE trial]<ref name="pace2015SMA" />

* 2015, [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(15)00317-X/ Rehabilitative treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome: long-term follow-up from the PACE trial]<ref name="pace2015FU" />

* 2015, [http://paperity.org/p/74741700/longitudinal-mediation-in-the-pace-randomised-clinical-trial-of-rehabilitative-treatments| Longitudinal mediation in the PACE randomised clinical trial of rehabilitative treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome: modelling and design considerations]<ref name="pace2015lm" />
 
*2017, Long-term economic evaluation of cognitive-behavioural group treatment versus enhanced usual care for functional somatic syndromes<ref name="Schröder, 2017" /> [http://www.jpsychores.com/article/S0022-3999(17)30018-1/abstract (Abstract)]
*2019, Chronic fatigue syndrome and an illness-focused approach to care: controversy, morality and paradox<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Sharpe|last2=Greco|first2=Monica|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|author-link6=|date=Jun 2019|title=Chronic fatigue syndrome and an illness-focused approach to care: controversy, morality and paradox|url=http://mh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medhum-2018-011598|journal=Medical Humanities|language=en|volume=45|issue=2|pages=183–187|doi=10.1136/medhum-2018-011598|issn=1468-215X|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://mh.bmj.com/content/45/2/183.long (Full text)]
:'''Other publications'''
*2006, Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A National Guideline<ref name="Occhealth2006">{{Cite web|url =https://www.nhshealthatwork.co.uk/images/library/files/Clinical%20excellence/CFS_full_guideline.pdf|date= October 2006|title =Occupational Aspects of the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A National Guideline|last=NHS Plus Guideline Development Group|author-link =National Health Service}}</ref> [https://www.nhshealthatwork.co.uk/images/library/files/Clinical%20excellence/CFS_full_guideline.pdf (Full text)] ''External Assessors: Professor Michael Sharpe and Professor Peter White.''

=== Letters ===
:'''PACE trial authors' responses'''
* 2011, [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60651-X/fulltext The PACE trial in chronic fatigue syndrome – Authors' reply]<ref name="pace20110517corr" />

* 2015, [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(15)00114-5/fulltext (response) Author's reply - Methods and outcome reporting in the PACE trial]<ref name="pace2015corrlanpsy0114-5" />

* 2016, [http://thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(16)00018-3/fulltext (correspondence) Authors' reply - Patient reaction to the PACE trial]<ref name="pace2016corrlanpsy00018-3" />

*2017, Response to: "Do more people recover from chronic fatigue syndrome with cognitive behaviour therapy or graded exercise therapy than with other treatments?"<ref name="Sharpe,2017" /> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2017.1288629 (Abstract)]

*2019, The PACE trial of treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome: a response to WILSHIRE et al<ref name="Sharpe2019response">{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Sharpe|last2=Goldsmith|first2=Kim|author-link2=Kimberley Goldsmith|last3=Chalder|first3=Trudie|author-link3=Trudie Chalder|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=Mar 12, 2019|title=The PACE trial of treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome: a response to WILSHIRE et al|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0288-x|journal=BMC Psychology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=15|doi=10.1186/s40359-019-0288-x|issn=2050-7283|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0288-x (Full text)]

==See also==
* [[Esther Crawley]]
* [[Ethical issues]]
* [[Intimidation and bullying of PACE trial critics|Intimidation and bullying of PACE critics]]
* [[Oxford criteria]]
* [[PACE trial]]

*[[Peter White]]
*[[Simon Wessely]]
*[[Trudie Chalder]]

==Learn more==

*2005, [http://fumblings.com/weblog/archives/2005/11/a_response_to_m.html A Response to Michael Sharpe]
*2001, [http://margaretwilliams.me/2001/quotable-quotes-from-mike-sharpe.pdf Quotable quotes by Michael Sharpe] - [[Margaret Williams]]

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</references>

[[Category:Researchers]]
[[Category:UK researchers]]
[[Category:Psychological paradigm proponents]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:PACE trial proponents]]