'''Transcluding''' content is simply a method of reproducing material across MEpedia, so that when it is updated in one place, it will be automatically updated in all the places where it appears. This is usually accomplished by embedding [[Help:Templates|template pages]] into regular pages. When the template page is updated, all the regular pages that have embedded it will be updated automatically.

But transclusion is not just for template pages. For instance, a "Category:" page of researchers from a given country might be embedded ("transcluded") into the regular page about that country. In this case, the country page will display a full list of that country's researchers. If a new researcher is later added to the "Category:" page, the country page will automatically be updated as well.

== See also ==
* [[Help:Templates]]

[[Category:MEpedia documentation]]

MEpedia:Transclude

2020-02-22T03:37:28Z

Pyrrhus:minor c/e

Help:Templates

2020-02-22T03:23:46Z

Pyrrhus:/* Less commonly used by editors */ add Template:Clear

Our MEpedia software includes both regular pages, and '''template pages''', which are designed to be ''embedded'' ''inside'' regular pages. Embedding one page inside another page is called [[MEpedia:Transclude|transclusion]]. Note that template pages are very different from templates in the usual sense of the word.
[[File:Templates explained.jpg|alt=Two files shown, a Template:Stub (on the left) contains a cloud image and a short message. The fatty acids page (on the right) includes the stub, so it also shows the cloud image and the short message.|right|thumb|A template page called ''stub'' has been embedded within another page.]]

== What do template pages do? ==
A template page can contain a standard message, perform calculations, add extra formatting, call special programming code, (e.g. to categorize pages) and perform complex functions that change the way a page works. Template pages can be used to add the same content to multiple pages - some of that content may be hidden and some may be extremely complex.

== Template pages vs. Template tags ==
[[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg|alt=puzzle piece|thumb|77x77px|Visual Editor: A puzzle piece is often used to represent a template.]]
[[File:Curly Brackets.svg|alt={{ }} double brace (curly brackets) in dark blue|thumb|77x77px|Source Editor: Double braces are used for templates.]]
You will probably never have to edit or create template pages, but you will need to use them indirectly when you are editing regular pages. You might have already used template pages without realizing it, by embedding a "template tag" into a page. In the [[MEpedia:Visual editor|Visual Editor]], a template tag often appears as a puzzle piece ([[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg]]) or a box that you have to click on to edit. In the [[MEpedia:Source editor|Source Editor]], a template tag will appear as double braces <code><nowiki>{{ }}</nowiki></code> enclosing the name of a template page. For example, '''<code><nowiki>{{stub}}</nowiki></code>''' embeds the [[Template:stub|stub template]] into a page.

== What do template tags do? ==
Template tags can be inserted into a page to signify many different things: that a page is a [[Template:stub|stub]], that a page [[Template:Cleanup|needs a cleanup]], that a statement [[Template:Citation needed|needs a reference]], etc. The tables below list the template tags that are used at MEpedia, and briefly explain what they do.

== How to add a template tag to a page ==
To insert a Template tag in the Visual Editor, see [[MEpedia:Visual_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Visual Editor guide]].

To insert a Template tag in the Source Editor, see [[MEpedia:Source_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Source Editor guide]].

== Common templates ==

===Most commonly used by editors===
The following table lists the most important templates you may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation needed
|Indicates facts that require citations.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation needed|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Stub
|Indicates a very short article that is a "stub" waiting to be expanded.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Stub}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Cleanup
|Indicates articles that need cleanup and the reason why.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cleanup|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Reference pages (or Rp)
|Specify specific page number(s) after a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference pages|page= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Rp|page= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Reference list (or Reflist)
|Produces a list of references at the end of an article. Identical to <nowiki><references/></nowiki>, but with additional style formatting.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference list}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Reflist}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Less commonly used by editors===
The following table lists template tags advanced editors may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Message box (or Mbox)
|Displays a user-friendly information box with a custom message.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Message box|text= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Mbox|text= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary entry
|Adds a glossary entry to the [[Glossary]], in a format to support pop-up definitions on pages. Should be immediately followed by a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary entry|name=Biopsychosocial model|abbreviation=BPS|definition=a school of thought, usually based in psychology, which claims illness and disease to be the result of the intermingling of biological, psychological and social causes.|synonym1=biopsychosocial model|synonym2=BPS|synonym3=Biopsychosocial|synonym4=biopsychosocial}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary see other entry
|Adds a [[glossary]] entry that refers to another glossary entry.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary see other entry|name=BPS|othername=Biopsychosocial model}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Infobox book
|Adds an informational table to a page about a book.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Infobox book| name= | image= | caption= | author= | illustrator= | cover_artist= | country= | language= | subject= | genre= | publisher= | pub_date= | media_type= | pages= | isbn= | website= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Bookmark (or Shortcut)
|Displays a small reminder box at the target location of a redirect, when the redirect points to a specific location within a page.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Bookmark|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Shortcut|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|NeedsImage
|Mark an article as needing a photo or image adding to it. Adds it to the category [[:Category:Articles that need an image or photo]].
|<code><nowiki>
{{NeedsImage}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Disambiguation
|Mark a page as being a disambiguation page, linking to two or more articles that a word or term may refer to.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Disambiguation}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Done
|Displays a check-mark with the word "Done" in bold font.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Done}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Collapse top / Collapse bottom
|Hides a section of a page temporarily. Users can click "expand" or "show" to reveal the hidden section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Collapse top|title= }} ... {{Collapse bottom}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Main article (or Main)
|Links a section of one page to the full article concerning that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Main article|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Main|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|See also
|Links a section of one page to a article relevant to that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{See also|page_name|display_text_for_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Dead link
|Marks an external link as no longer functional.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Dead link|date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Clear
|Provides extra clear space, ''if needed'', to ensure that the previous text and its accompanying image stay together. It is often used to prevent the following text from flowing alongside the previous, unrelated image.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Clear}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Important templates used behind the scenes===
Users generally don't need to know about these templates, although they are used indirectly.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation
|Creates a CS2-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation|...}}
</nowiki></code> (see template for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|Cite (Cite web, Cite news, Cite book, Cite journal, Cite tweet)
|Creates a CS1-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cite ...}}
</nowiki></code> (see templates for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|PagesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the articles within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{PagesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|CategoriesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the sub-categories within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{CategoriesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|AllPagesHeaderTemplate
|Allows a banner to be placed at the top of content pages. Automatically added to the top of pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|AllPagesFooterTemplate
|Specifies a medical disclaimer. Automatically added to the end of all pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Bottom-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|FundraisingSiteNotice
|Specifies a fundraising dismissable site notice to be displayed at the top of the screen during the month of December.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Welcome
|Specifies an introductory message for new users. Displayed after new account creation and linked to from the welcome notice. ("notices" at the top of the screen)
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Protected
|Specifies a formatted message for users trying to edit a protected page, but can't.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|[[:Category:License templates|License templates]]
|A set of templates to be added to files when they are uploaded by [[Special:Upload]], as specified in [[MediaWiki:Licenses]]. Each type of copyright license has its own template.
|N/A
|Templates created. May need to be reviewed/updated.
|N/A
|}

== How to integrate a new template page into the Visual Editor ==
A new template page is often copied from <code>www.mediawiki.org</code> or from similar sites. Often, the new “Template:” page is copied along with other pages, such as a “/doc” subpage that contains documentation for the new template page. For more information on copying new template pages from Wikipedia, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia MediaWiki’s manual page on the subject].

If you want the new template page to be accessible from the Visual Editor, you must first define the “TemplateData” for the template page. Often, this TemplateData is found in the “/doc” subpage. If you edit the TemplateData in the main “Template:” page, and see a warning that “There is a related TemplateData block on the /doc page”, it just means that the TemplateData has already been defined in the /doc subpage. Due to a bug in our software version, this TemplateData must be moved to the main “Template:” page instead. ([[MEpedia:Known_bugs#TemplateData.2FVisualEditor|See here]]) For more information on TemplateData, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData MediaWiki’s TemplateData help page].

== See also ==
* [[MEpedia:Transclude]]
* [[MEpedia:Template translation]]

== Learn more ==
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData How to supply TemplateData for the Visual Editor]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia How to copy templates from Wikipedia]

[[Category:MEpedia documentation]]
[[Category:MEpedia help]]

Help:Templates

2020-02-22T03:20:34Z

Pyrrhus:/* How to integrate a new template page into the Visual Editor */ minor c/e

Our MEpedia software includes both regular pages, and '''template pages''', which are designed to be ''embedded'' ''inside'' regular pages. Embedding one page inside another page is called [[MEpedia:Transclude|transclusion]]. Note that template pages are very different from templates in the usual sense of the word.
[[File:Templates explained.jpg|alt=Two files shown, a Template:Stub (on the left) contains a cloud image and a short message. The fatty acids page (on the right) includes the stub, so it also shows the cloud image and the short message.|right|thumb|A template page called ''stub'' has been embedded within another page.]]

== What do template pages do? ==
A template page can contain a standard message, perform calculations, add extra formatting, call special programming code, (e.g. to categorize pages) and perform complex functions that change the way a page works. Template pages can be used to add the same content to multiple pages - some of that content may be hidden and some may be extremely complex.

== Template pages vs. Template tags ==
[[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg|alt=puzzle piece|thumb|77x77px|Visual Editor: A puzzle piece is often used to represent a template.]]
[[File:Curly Brackets.svg|alt={{ }} double brace (curly brackets) in dark blue|thumb|77x77px|Source Editor: Double braces are used for templates.]]
You will probably never have to edit or create template pages, but you will need to use them indirectly when you are editing regular pages. You might have already used template pages without realizing it, by embedding a "template tag" into a page. In the [[MEpedia:Visual editor|Visual Editor]], a template tag often appears as a puzzle piece ([[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg]]) or a box that you have to click on to edit. In the [[MEpedia:Source editor|Source Editor]], a template tag will appear as double braces <code><nowiki>{{ }}</nowiki></code> enclosing the name of a template page. For example, '''<code><nowiki>{{stub}}</nowiki></code>''' embeds the [[Template:stub|stub template]] into a page.

== What do template tags do? ==
Template tags can be inserted into a page to signify many different things: that a page is a [[Template:stub|stub]], that a page [[Template:Cleanup|needs a cleanup]], that a statement [[Template:Citation needed|needs a reference]], etc. The tables below list the template tags that are used at MEpedia, and briefly explain what they do.

== How to add a template tag to a page ==
To insert a Template tag in the Visual Editor, see [[MEpedia:Visual_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Visual Editor guide]].

To insert a Template tag in the Source Editor, see [[MEpedia:Source_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Source Editor guide]].

== Common templates ==

===Most commonly used by editors===
The following table lists the most important templates you may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation needed
|Indicates facts that require citations.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation needed|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Stub
|Indicates a very short article that is a "stub" waiting to be expanded.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Stub}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Cleanup
|Indicates articles that need cleanup and the reason why.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cleanup|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Reference pages (or Rp)
|Specify specific page number(s) after a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference pages|page= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Rp|page= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Reference list (or Reflist)
|Produces a list of references at the end of an article. Identical to <nowiki><references/></nowiki>, but with additional style formatting.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference list}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Reflist}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Less commonly used by editors===
The following table lists template tags advanced editors may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Message box (or Mbox)
|Displays a user-friendly information box with a custom message.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Message box|text= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Mbox|text= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary entry
|Adds a glossary entry to the [[Glossary]], in a format to support pop-up definitions on pages. Should be immediately followed by a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary entry|name=Biopsychosocial model|abbreviation=BPS|definition=a school of thought, usually based in psychology, which claims illness and disease to be the result of the intermingling of biological, psychological and social causes.|synonym1=biopsychosocial model|synonym2=BPS|synonym3=Biopsychosocial|synonym4=biopsychosocial}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary see other entry
|Adds a [[glossary]] entry that refers to another glossary entry.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary see other entry|name=BPS|othername=Biopsychosocial model}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Infobox book
|Adds an informational table to a page about a book.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Infobox book| name= | image= | caption= | author= | illustrator= | cover_artist= | country= | language= | subject= | genre= | publisher= | pub_date= | media_type= | pages= | isbn= | website= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Bookmark (or Shortcut)
|Displays a small reminder box at the target location of a redirect, when the redirect points to a specific location within a page.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Bookmark|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Shortcut|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|NeedsImage
|Mark an article as needing a photo or image adding to it. Adds it to the category [[:Category:Articles that need an image or photo]].
|<code><nowiki>
{{NeedsImage}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Disambiguation
|Mark a page as being a disambiguation page, linking to two or more articles that a word or term may refer to.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Disambiguation}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Done
|Displays a check-mark with the word "Done" in bold font.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Done}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Collapse top / Collapse bottom
|Hides a section of a page temporarily. Users can click "expand" or "show" to reveal the hidden section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Collapse top|title= }} ... {{Collapse bottom}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Main article (or Main)
|Links a section of one page to the full article concerning that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Main article|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Main|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|See also
|Links a section of one page to a article relevant to that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{See also|page_name|display_text_for_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Dead link
|Marks an external link as no longer functional.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Dead link|date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Important templates used behind the scenes===
Users generally don't need to know about these templates, although they are used indirectly.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation
|Creates a CS2-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation|...}}
</nowiki></code> (see template for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|Cite (Cite web, Cite news, Cite book, Cite journal, Cite tweet)
|Creates a CS1-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cite ...}}
</nowiki></code> (see templates for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|PagesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the articles within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{PagesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|CategoriesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the sub-categories within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{CategoriesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|AllPagesHeaderTemplate
|Allows a banner to be placed at the top of content pages. Automatically added to the top of pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|AllPagesFooterTemplate
|Specifies a medical disclaimer. Automatically added to the end of all pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Bottom-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|FundraisingSiteNotice
|Specifies a fundraising dismissable site notice to be displayed at the top of the screen during the month of December.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Welcome
|Specifies an introductory message for new users. Displayed after new account creation and linked to from the welcome notice. ("notices" at the top of the screen)
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Protected
|Specifies a formatted message for users trying to edit a protected page, but can't.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|[[:Category:License templates|License templates]]
|A set of templates to be added to files when they are uploaded by [[Special:Upload]], as specified in [[MediaWiki:Licenses]]. Each type of copyright license has its own template.
|N/A
|Templates created. May need to be reviewed/updated.
|N/A
|}

== How to integrate a new template page into the Visual Editor ==
A new template page is often copied from <code>www.mediawiki.org</code> or from similar sites. Often, the new “Template:” page is copied along with other pages, such as a “/doc” subpage that contains documentation for the new template page. For more information on copying new template pages from Wikipedia, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia MediaWiki’s manual page on the subject].

If you want the new template page to be accessible from the Visual Editor, you must first define the “TemplateData” for the template page. Often, this TemplateData is found in the “/doc” subpage. If you edit the TemplateData in the main “Template:” page, and see a warning that “There is a related TemplateData block on the /doc page”, it just means that the TemplateData has already been defined in the /doc subpage. Due to a bug in our software version, this TemplateData must be moved to the main “Template:” page instead. ([[MEpedia:Known_bugs#TemplateData.2FVisualEditor|See here]]) For more information on TemplateData, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData MediaWiki’s TemplateData help page].

== See also ==
* [[MEpedia:Transclude]]
* [[MEpedia:Template translation]]

== Learn more ==
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData How to supply TemplateData for the Visual Editor]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia How to copy templates from Wikipedia]

[[Category:MEpedia documentation]]
[[Category:MEpedia help]]

Help:Templates

2020-02-22T03:16:51Z

Pyrrhus:/* Template pages vs. Template tags */ minor c/e

Our MEpedia software includes both regular pages, and '''template pages''', which are designed to be ''embedded'' ''inside'' regular pages. Embedding one page inside another page is called [[MEpedia:Transclude|transclusion]]. Note that template pages are very different from templates in the usual sense of the word.
[[File:Templates explained.jpg|alt=Two files shown, a Template:Stub (on the left) contains a cloud image and a short message. The fatty acids page (on the right) includes the stub, so it also shows the cloud image and the short message.|right|thumb|A template page called ''stub'' has been embedded within another page.]]

== What do template pages do? ==
A template page can contain a standard message, perform calculations, add extra formatting, call special programming code, (e.g. to categorize pages) and perform complex functions that change the way a page works. Template pages can be used to add the same content to multiple pages - some of that content may be hidden and some may be extremely complex.

== Template pages vs. Template tags ==
[[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg|alt=puzzle piece|thumb|77x77px|Visual Editor: A puzzle piece is often used to represent a template.]]
[[File:Curly Brackets.svg|alt={{ }} double brace (curly brackets) in dark blue|thumb|77x77px|Source Editor: Double braces are used for templates.]]
You will probably never have to edit or create template pages, but you will need to use them indirectly when you are editing regular pages. You might have already used template pages without realizing it, by embedding a "template tag" into a page. In the [[MEpedia:Visual editor|Visual Editor]], a template tag often appears as a puzzle piece ([[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg]]) or a box that you have to click on to edit. In the [[MEpedia:Source editor|Source Editor]], a template tag will appear as double braces <code><nowiki>{{ }}</nowiki></code> enclosing the name of a template page. For example, '''<code><nowiki>{{stub}}</nowiki></code>''' embeds the [[Template:stub|stub template]] into a page.

== What do template tags do? ==
Template tags can be inserted into a page to signify many different things: that a page is a [[Template:stub|stub]], that a page [[Template:Cleanup|needs a cleanup]], that a statement [[Template:Citation needed|needs a reference]], etc. The tables below list the template tags that are used at MEpedia, and briefly explain what they do.

== How to add a template tag to a page ==
To insert a Template tag in the Visual Editor, see [[MEpedia:Visual_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Visual Editor guide]].

To insert a Template tag in the Source Editor, see [[MEpedia:Source_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Source Editor guide]].

== Common templates ==

===Most commonly used by editors===
The following table lists the most important templates you may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation needed
|Indicates facts that require citations.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation needed|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Stub
|Indicates a very short article that is a "stub" waiting to be expanded.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Stub}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Cleanup
|Indicates articles that need cleanup and the reason why.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cleanup|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Reference pages (or Rp)
|Specify specific page number(s) after a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference pages|page= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Rp|page= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Reference list (or Reflist)
|Produces a list of references at the end of an article. Identical to <nowiki><references/></nowiki>, but with additional style formatting.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference list}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Reflist}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Less commonly used by editors===
The following table lists template tags advanced editors may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Message box (or Mbox)
|Displays a user-friendly information box with a custom message.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Message box|text= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Mbox|text= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary entry
|Adds a glossary entry to the [[Glossary]], in a format to support pop-up definitions on pages. Should be immediately followed by a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary entry|name=Biopsychosocial model|abbreviation=BPS|definition=a school of thought, usually based in psychology, which claims illness and disease to be the result of the intermingling of biological, psychological and social causes.|synonym1=biopsychosocial model|synonym2=BPS|synonym3=Biopsychosocial|synonym4=biopsychosocial}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary see other entry
|Adds a [[glossary]] entry that refers to another glossary entry.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary see other entry|name=BPS|othername=Biopsychosocial model}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Infobox book
|Adds an informational table to a page about a book.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Infobox book| name= | image= | caption= | author= | illustrator= | cover_artist= | country= | language= | subject= | genre= | publisher= | pub_date= | media_type= | pages= | isbn= | website= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Bookmark (or Shortcut)
|Displays a small reminder box at the target location of a redirect, when the redirect points to a specific location within a page.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Bookmark|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Shortcut|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|NeedsImage
|Mark an article as needing a photo or image adding to it. Adds it to the category [[:Category:Articles that need an image or photo]].
|<code><nowiki>
{{NeedsImage}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Disambiguation
|Mark a page as being a disambiguation page, linking to two or more articles that a word or term may refer to.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Disambiguation}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Done
|Displays a check-mark with the word "Done" in bold font.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Done}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Collapse top / Collapse bottom
|Hides a section of a page temporarily. Users can click "expand" or "show" to reveal the hidden section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Collapse top|title= }} ... {{Collapse bottom}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Main article (or Main)
|Links a section of one page to the full article concerning that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Main article|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Main|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|See also
|Links a section of one page to a article relevant to that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{See also|page_name|display_text_for_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Dead link
|Marks an external link as no longer functional.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Dead link|date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Important templates used behind the scenes===
Users generally don't need to know about these templates, although they are used indirectly.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation
|Creates a CS2-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation|...}}
</nowiki></code> (see template for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|Cite (Cite web, Cite news, Cite book, Cite journal, Cite tweet)
|Creates a CS1-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cite ...}}
</nowiki></code> (see templates for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|PagesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the articles within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{PagesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|CategoriesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the sub-categories within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{CategoriesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|AllPagesHeaderTemplate
|Allows a banner to be placed at the top of content pages. Automatically added to the top of pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|AllPagesFooterTemplate
|Specifies a medical disclaimer. Automatically added to the end of all pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Bottom-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|FundraisingSiteNotice
|Specifies a fundraising dismissable site notice to be displayed at the top of the screen during the month of December.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Welcome
|Specifies an introductory message for new users. Displayed after new account creation and linked to from the welcome notice. ("notices" at the top of the screen)
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Protected
|Specifies a formatted message for users trying to edit a protected page, but can't.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|[[:Category:License templates|License templates]]
|A set of templates to be added to files when they are uploaded by [[Special:Upload]], as specified in [[MediaWiki:Licenses]]. Each type of copyright license has its own template.
|N/A
|Templates created. May need to be reviewed/updated.
|N/A
|}

== How to integrate a new template page into the Visual Editor ==
A new template page is often copied from www.mediawiki.org or from similar sites. Often, the new “Template:” page is copied along with other pages, such as a “/doc” subpage that contains documentation for the new template page. For more information on copying new template pages from Wikipedia, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia MediaWiki’s manual page on the subject].

If you want the new template page to be accessible from the Visual Editor, you must first define the “TemplateData” for the template page. Often, this TemplateData is found in the “/doc” subpage. If you edit the TemplateData in the main “Template:” page, and see a warning that “There is a related TemplateData block on the /doc page”, it just means that the TemplateData has already been defined in the /doc subpage. Due to a bug in our software version, this TemplateData must be moved to the main “Template:” page instead. ([[MEpedia:Known_bugs#TemplateData.2FVisualEditor|See here]]) For more information on TemplateData, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData MediaWiki’s TemplateData help page].

== See also ==
* [[MEpedia:Transclude]]
* [[MEpedia:Template translation]]

== Learn more ==
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData How to supply TemplateData for the Visual Editor]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia How to copy templates from Wikipedia]

[[Category:MEpedia documentation]]
[[Category:MEpedia help]]

Help:Templates

2020-02-22T03:15:17Z

Pyrrhus:minor c/e

Our MEpedia software includes both regular pages, and '''template pages''', which are designed to be ''embedded'' ''inside'' regular pages. Embedding one page inside another page is called [[MEpedia:Transclude|transclusion]]. Note that template pages are very different from templates in the usual sense of the word.
[[File:Templates explained.jpg|alt=Two files shown, a Template:Stub (on the left) contains a cloud image and a short message. The fatty acids page (on the right) includes the stub, so it also shows the cloud image and the short message.|right|thumb|A template page called ''stub'' has been embedded within another page.]]

== What do template pages do? ==
A template page can contain a standard message, perform calculations, add extra formatting, call special programming code, (e.g. to categorize pages) and perform complex functions that change the way a page works. Template pages can be used to add the same content to multiple pages - some of that content may be hidden and some may be extremely complex.

== Template pages vs. Template tags ==
[[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg|alt=puzzle piece|thumb|77x77px|Visual Editor: A puzzle piece is often used to represent a template.]]
[[File:Curly Brackets.svg|alt={{ }} double brace (curly brackets) in dark blue|thumb|77x77px|Source Editor: Double braces are used for templates.]]
You will probably never have to edit or create template pages, but you will need to use them indirectly when you are editing regular pages. You might have already used template pages without realizing it, by embedding a "template tag" into a page. In the [[MEpedia:Visual editor|Visual Editor]], a template tag often appears as a puzzle piece ([[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg]]) or a box that you have to click on to edit. In the [[MEpedia:Source editor|Source Editor]], a template tag will appear as double braces (<code><nowiki>{{ }}</nowiki></code>) enclosing the name of a template page. For example, '''<code><nowiki>{{stub}}</nowiki></code>''' embeds the [[Template:stub|stub template]] into a page.

== What do template tags do? ==
Template tags can be inserted into a page to signify many different things: that a page is a [[Template:stub|stub]], that a page [[Template:Cleanup|needs a cleanup]], that a statement [[Template:Citation needed|needs a reference]], etc. The tables below list the template tags that are used at MEpedia, and briefly explain what they do.

== How to add a template tag to a page ==
To insert a Template tag in the Visual Editor, see [[MEpedia:Visual_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Visual Editor guide]].

To insert a Template tag in the Source Editor, see [[MEpedia:Source_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Source Editor guide]].

== Common templates ==

===Most commonly used by editors===
The following table lists the most important templates you may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation needed
|Indicates facts that require citations.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation needed|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Stub
|Indicates a very short article that is a "stub" waiting to be expanded.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Stub}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Cleanup
|Indicates articles that need cleanup and the reason why.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cleanup|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Reference pages (or Rp)
|Specify specific page number(s) after a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference pages|page= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Rp|page= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Reference list (or Reflist)
|Produces a list of references at the end of an article. Identical to <nowiki><references/></nowiki>, but with additional style formatting.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference list}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Reflist}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Less commonly used by editors===
The following table lists template tags advanced editors may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Message box (or Mbox)
|Displays a user-friendly information box with a custom message.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Message box|text= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Mbox|text= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary entry
|Adds a glossary entry to the [[Glossary]], in a format to support pop-up definitions on pages. Should be immediately followed by a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary entry|name=Biopsychosocial model|abbreviation=BPS|definition=a school of thought, usually based in psychology, which claims illness and disease to be the result of the intermingling of biological, psychological and social causes.|synonym1=biopsychosocial model|synonym2=BPS|synonym3=Biopsychosocial|synonym4=biopsychosocial}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary see other entry
|Adds a [[glossary]] entry that refers to another glossary entry.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary see other entry|name=BPS|othername=Biopsychosocial model}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Infobox book
|Adds an informational table to a page about a book.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Infobox book| name= | image= | caption= | author= | illustrator= | cover_artist= | country= | language= | subject= | genre= | publisher= | pub_date= | media_type= | pages= | isbn= | website= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Bookmark (or Shortcut)
|Displays a small reminder box at the target location of a redirect, when the redirect points to a specific location within a page.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Bookmark|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Shortcut|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|NeedsImage
|Mark an article as needing a photo or image adding to it. Adds it to the category [[:Category:Articles that need an image or photo]].
|<code><nowiki>
{{NeedsImage}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Disambiguation
|Mark a page as being a disambiguation page, linking to two or more articles that a word or term may refer to.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Disambiguation}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Done
|Displays a check-mark with the word "Done" in bold font.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Done}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Collapse top / Collapse bottom
|Hides a section of a page temporarily. Users can click "expand" or "show" to reveal the hidden section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Collapse top|title= }} ... {{Collapse bottom}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Main article (or Main)
|Links a section of one page to the full article concerning that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Main article|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Main|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|See also
|Links a section of one page to a article relevant to that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{See also|page_name|display_text_for_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Dead link
|Marks an external link as no longer functional.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Dead link|date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Important templates used behind the scenes===
Users generally don't need to know about these templates, although they are used indirectly.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation
|Creates a CS2-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation|...}}
</nowiki></code> (see template for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|Cite (Cite web, Cite news, Cite book, Cite journal, Cite tweet)
|Creates a CS1-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cite ...}}
</nowiki></code> (see templates for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|PagesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the articles within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{PagesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|CategoriesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the sub-categories within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{CategoriesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|AllPagesHeaderTemplate
|Allows a banner to be placed at the top of content pages. Automatically added to the top of pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|AllPagesFooterTemplate
|Specifies a medical disclaimer. Automatically added to the end of all pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Bottom-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|FundraisingSiteNotice
|Specifies a fundraising dismissable site notice to be displayed at the top of the screen during the month of December.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Welcome
|Specifies an introductory message for new users. Displayed after new account creation and linked to from the welcome notice. ("notices" at the top of the screen)
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Protected
|Specifies a formatted message for users trying to edit a protected page, but can't.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|[[:Category:License templates|License templates]]
|A set of templates to be added to files when they are uploaded by [[Special:Upload]], as specified in [[MediaWiki:Licenses]]. Each type of copyright license has its own template.
|N/A
|Templates created. May need to be reviewed/updated.
|N/A
|}

== How to integrate a new template page into the Visual Editor ==
A new template page is often copied from www.mediawiki.org or from similar sites. Often, the new “Template:” page is copied along with other pages, such as a “/doc” subpage that contains documentation for the new template page. For more information on copying new template pages from Wikipedia, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia MediaWiki’s manual page on the subject].

If you want the new template page to be accessible from the Visual Editor, you must first define the “TemplateData” for the template page. Often, this TemplateData is found in the “/doc” subpage. If you edit the TemplateData in the main “Template:” page, and see a warning that “There is a related TemplateData block on the /doc page”, it just means that the TemplateData has already been defined in the /doc subpage. Due to a bug in our software version, this TemplateData must be moved to the main “Template:” page instead. ([[MEpedia:Known_bugs#TemplateData.2FVisualEditor|See here]]) For more information on TemplateData, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData MediaWiki’s TemplateData help page].

== See also ==
* [[MEpedia:Transclude]]
* [[MEpedia:Template translation]]

== Learn more ==
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData How to supply TemplateData for the Visual Editor]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia How to copy templates from Wikipedia]

[[Category:MEpedia documentation]]
[[Category:MEpedia help]]

Help:Templates

2020-02-22T03:07:30Z

Pyrrhus:/* Template pages vs. Template tags */ minor c/e

Our MEpedia software includes both regular pages, and '''template pages''', which are designed to be ''embedded'' ''inside'' regular pages. Embedding another page is called [[MEpedia:Transclude|transclusion]]. Template pages are very different from templates in the usual sense of the word.
[[File:Templates explained.jpg|alt=Two files shown, a Template:Stub (on the left) contains a cloud image and a short message. The fatty acids page (on the right) includes the stub, so it also shows the cloud image and the short message.|right|thumb|A template called ''stub'' has been included within another page.]]

== What do template pages do? ==
A template page can contain a standard message, calculations, add extra formatting, call special programming code, (e.g. to categorize pages) and perform complex functions that change the way a page works. Template pages can add the same content to multiple pages - some of that content may be hidden and some may be extremely complex.

== Template pages vs. Template tags ==
[[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg|alt=puzzle piece|thumb|77x77px|Visual Editor: A puzzle piece is often used to represent a template.]]
[[File:Curly Brackets.svg|alt={{ }} double brace (curly brackets) in dark blue|thumb|77x77px|Source Editor: Double braces are used for templates.]]
You will probably never have to edit or create template pages, but you will need to use them indirectly when you are editing pages. You might have already used template pages without realizing it, by embedding a "template tag" into a page. In the [[MEpedia:Visual editor|Visual Editor]], a template tag often appears as a puzzle piece ([[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg]]) or a box that you have to click on to edit. In the [[MEpedia:Source editor|Source Editor]], a template tag will appear as double braces (<code><nowiki>{{ }}</nowiki></code>) enclosing the name of a template page. For example, '''<code><nowiki>{{stub}}</nowiki></code>''' embeds the [[Template:stub|stub template]] into a page.

== What do template tags do? ==
Template tags can be inserted into a page to signify many different things: that a page is a [[Template:stub|stub]], that a page [[Template:Cleanup|needs a cleanup]], that a statement [[Template:Citation needed|needs a reference]], etc. In addition to acting as notes, template tags can also be used for [[MEpedia:Transclude|transclusion]].

== How to add a template tag to a page ==
To insert a Template tag in the Visual Editor, see [[MEpedia:Visual_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Visual Editor guide]].

To insert a Template tag in the Source Editor, see [[MEpedia:Source_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Source Editor guide]].

== Common templates ==

===Most commonly used by editors===
The following table lists the most important templates you may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation needed
|Indicates facts that require citations.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation needed|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Stub
|Indicates a very short article that is a "stub" waiting to be expanded.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Stub}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Cleanup
|Indicates articles that need cleanup and the reason why.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cleanup|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Reference pages (or Rp)
|Specify specific page number(s) after a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference pages|page= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Rp|page= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Reference list (or Reflist)
|Produces a list of references at the end of an article. Identical to <nowiki><references/></nowiki>, but with additional style formatting.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference list}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Reflist}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Less commonly used by editors===
The following table lists template tags advanced editors may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Message box (or Mbox)
|Displays a user-friendly information box with a custom message.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Message box|text= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Mbox|text= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary entry
|Adds a glossary entry to the [[Glossary]], in a format to support pop-up definitions on pages. Should be immediately followed by a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary entry|name=Biopsychosocial model|abbreviation=BPS|definition=a school of thought, usually based in psychology, which claims illness and disease to be the result of the intermingling of biological, psychological and social causes.|synonym1=biopsychosocial model|synonym2=BPS|synonym3=Biopsychosocial|synonym4=biopsychosocial}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary see other entry
|Adds a [[glossary]] entry that refers to another glossary entry.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary see other entry|name=BPS|othername=Biopsychosocial model}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Infobox book
|Adds an informational table to a page about a book.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Infobox book| name= | image= | caption= | author= | illustrator= | cover_artist= | country= | language= | subject= | genre= | publisher= | pub_date= | media_type= | pages= | isbn= | website= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Bookmark (or Shortcut)
|Displays a small reminder box at the target location of a redirect, when the redirect points to a specific location within a page.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Bookmark|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Shortcut|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|NeedsImage
|Mark an article as needing a photo or image adding to it. Adds it to the category [[:Category:Articles that need an image or photo]].
|<code><nowiki>
{{NeedsImage}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Disambiguation
|Mark a page as being a disambiguation page, linking to two or more articles that a word or term may refer to.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Disambiguation}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Done
|Displays a check-mark with the word "Done" in bold font.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Done}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Collapse top / Collapse bottom
|Hides a section of a page temporarily. Users can click "expand" or "show" to reveal the hidden section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Collapse top|title= }} ... {{Collapse bottom}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Main article (or Main)
|Links a section of one page to the full article concerning that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Main article|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Main|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|See also
|Links a section of one page to a article relevant to that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{See also|page_name|display_text_for_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Dead link
|Marks an external link as no longer functional.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Dead link|date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Important templates used behind the scenes===
Users generally don't need to know about these templates, although they are used indirectly.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation
|Creates a CS2-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation|...}}
</nowiki></code> (see template for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|Cite (Cite web, Cite news, Cite book, Cite journal, Cite tweet)
|Creates a CS1-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cite ...}}
</nowiki></code> (see templates for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|PagesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the articles within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{PagesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|CategoriesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the sub-categories within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{CategoriesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|AllPagesHeaderTemplate
|Allows a banner to be placed at the top of content pages. Automatically added to the top of pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|AllPagesFooterTemplate
|Specifies a medical disclaimer. Automatically added to the end of all pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Bottom-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|FundraisingSiteNotice
|Specifies a fundraising dismissable site notice to be displayed at the top of the screen during the month of December.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Welcome
|Specifies an introductory message for new users. Displayed after new account creation and linked to from the welcome notice. ("notices" at the top of the screen)
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Protected
|Specifies a formatted message for users trying to edit a protected page, but can't.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|[[:Category:License templates|License templates]]
|A set of templates to be added to files when they are uploaded by [[Special:Upload]], as specified in [[MediaWiki:Licenses]]. Each type of copyright license has its own template.
|N/A
|Templates created. May need to be reviewed/updated.
|N/A
|}

== How to integrate a new template page into the Visual Editor ==
A new template page is often copied from www.mediawiki.org or from similar sites. Often, the new “Template:” page is copied along with other pages, such as a “/doc” subpage that contains documentation for the new template page. For more information on copying new template pages from Wikipedia, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia MediaWiki’s manual page on the subject].

If you want the new template page to be accessible from the Visual Editor, you must first define the “TemplateData” for the template page. Often, this TemplateData is found in the “/doc” subpage. If you edit the TemplateData in the main “Template:” page, and see a warning that “There is a related TemplateData block on the /doc page”, it just means that the TemplateData has already been defined in the /doc subpage. Due to a bug in our software version, this TemplateData must be moved to the main “Template:” page instead. ([[MEpedia:Known_bugs#TemplateData.2FVisualEditor|See here]]) For more information on TemplateData, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData MediaWiki’s TemplateData help page].

== See also ==
* [[MEpedia:Transclude]]
* [[MEpedia:Template translation]]

== Learn more ==
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData How to supply TemplateData for the Visual Editor]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia How to copy templates from Wikipedia]

[[Category:MEpedia documentation]]
[[Category:MEpedia help]]

Help:Templates

2020-02-22T03:00:37Z

Pyrrhus:specify puzzle piece used in Visual Editor

Our MEpedia software includes both regular pages, and '''template pages''', which are designed to be ''embedded'' ''inside'' regular pages. Embedding another page is called [[MEpedia:Transclude|transclusion]]. Template pages are very different from templates in the usual sense of the word.
[[File:Templates explained.jpg|alt=Two files shown, a Template:Stub (on the left) contains a cloud image and a short message. The fatty acids page (on the right) includes the stub, so it also shows the cloud image and the short message.|right|thumb|A template called ''stub'' has been included within another page.]]

== What do template pages do? ==
A template page can contain a standard message, calculations, add extra formatting, call special programming code, (e.g. to categorize pages) and perform complex functions that change the way a page works. Template pages can add the same content to multiple pages - some of that content may be hidden and some may be extremely complex.

== Template pages vs. Template tags ==
[[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg|alt=puzzle piece|thumb|77x77px|Visual Editor: A puzzle piece is used to represent a template.]]
[[File:Curly Brackets.svg|alt={{ }} double brace (curly brackets) in dark blue|thumb|77x77px|Source Editor: Double braces are used for templates.]]
You will probably never have to edit or create template pages, but you will need to use them indirectly when you are editing pages. You might have already used template pages without realizing it. In the [[MEpedia:Visual editor|Visual Editor]], template tags often appear as puzzle pieces ([[File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg]]) or boxes that you have to click on to edit. In the [[MEpedia:Source editor|Source Editor]], you may have seen double braces <code><nowiki>{{ }}</nowiki></code> ('''template tags''') enclosing the name of a template page. For example, '''<code><nowiki>{{stub}}</nowiki></code>''' adds the [[Template:stub|stub template]] to a page.

== What do template tags do? ==
Template tags can be inserted into a page to signify many different things: that a page is a [[Template:stub|stub]], that a page [[Template:Cleanup|needs a cleanup]], that a statement [[Template:Citation needed|needs a reference]], etc. In addition to acting as notes, template tags can also be used for [[MEpedia:Transclude|transclusion]].

== How to add a template tag to a page ==
To insert a Template tag in the Visual Editor, see [[MEpedia:Visual_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Visual Editor guide]].

To insert a Template tag in the Source Editor, see [[MEpedia:Source_editor#How_to_use_template_tags|MEpedia's Source Editor guide]].

== Common templates ==

===Most commonly used by editors===
The following table lists the most important templates you may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation needed
|Indicates facts that require citations.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation needed|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Stub
|Indicates a very short article that is a "stub" waiting to be expanded.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Stub}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Cleanup
|Indicates articles that need cleanup and the reason why.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cleanup|reason= |date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working
|-
|Reference pages (or Rp)
|Specify specific page number(s) after a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference pages|page= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Rp|page= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Reference list (or Reflist)
|Produces a list of references at the end of an article. Identical to <nowiki><references/></nowiki>, but with additional style formatting.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Reference list}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Reflist}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Less commonly used by editors===
The following table lists template tags advanced editors may need to use.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Message box (or Mbox)
|Displays a user-friendly information box with a custom message.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Message box|text= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Mbox|text= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary entry
|Adds a glossary entry to the [[Glossary]], in a format to support pop-up definitions on pages. Should be immediately followed by a citation.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary entry|name=Biopsychosocial model|abbreviation=BPS|definition=a school of thought, usually based in psychology, which claims illness and disease to be the result of the intermingling of biological, psychological and social causes.|synonym1=biopsychosocial model|synonym2=BPS|synonym3=Biopsychosocial|synonym4=biopsychosocial}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Glossary see other entry
|Adds a [[glossary]] entry that refers to another glossary entry.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Glossary see other entry|name=BPS|othername=Biopsychosocial model}}
</nowiki></code>
|Template created for MEpedia.
|Working.
|-
|Infobox book
|Adds an informational table to a page about a book.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Infobox book| name= | image= | caption= | author= | illustrator= | cover_artist= | country= | language= | subject= | genre= | publisher= | pub_date= | media_type= | pages= | isbn= | website= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Bookmark (or Shortcut)
|Displays a small reminder box at the target location of a redirect, when the redirect points to a specific location within a page.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Bookmark|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Shortcut|redirect_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|NeedsImage
|Mark an article as needing a photo or image adding to it. Adds it to the category [[:Category:Articles that need an image or photo]].
|<code><nowiki>
{{NeedsImage}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Disambiguation
|Mark a page as being a disambiguation page, linking to two or more articles that a word or term may refer to.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Disambiguation}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Done
|Displays a check-mark with the word "Done" in bold font.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Done}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Collapse top / Collapse bottom
|Hides a section of a page temporarily. Users can click "expand" or "show" to reveal the hidden section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Collapse top|title= }} ... {{Collapse bottom}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Main article (or Main)
|Links a section of one page to the full article concerning that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Main article|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>
{{Main|page_name= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|See also
|Links a section of one page to a article relevant to that section.
|<code><nowiki>
{{See also|page_name|display_text_for_page}}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|Dead link
|Marks an external link as no longer functional.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Dead link|date= }}
</nowiki></code>
|Installed.
|Working.
|-
|}

===Important templates used behind the scenes===
Users generally don't need to know about these templates, although they are used indirectly.
{| class="wikitable"
!Template name
!Description / Function
!Advanced (source) editor code
!Current status
!Visual editor (TemplateData) status
|-
|Citation
|Creates a CS2-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Citation|...}}
</nowiki></code> (see template for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|Cite (Cite web, Cite news, Cite book, Cite journal, Cite tweet)
|Creates a CS1-style citation, with inline superscript and corresponding footnote.
|<code><nowiki>
{{Cite ...}}
</nowiki></code> (see templates for full syntax)
|Installed, but needs regular updating to keep up with Citoid changes.
|Fully integrated into Visual Editor, with both automatic entry and manual entry with TemplateData.
|-
|PagesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the articles within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{PagesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|CategoriesInCategory
|Automatically displays all of the sub-categories within the specified category
|<code><nowiki>
{{CategoriesInCategory|category-name}}
</nowiki></code>
|This template tag was custom-written for MEpedia, and depends upon the DynamicPageList/Intersection extension.
|No TemplateData needed.
|-
|AllPagesHeaderTemplate
|Allows a banner to be placed at the top of content pages. Automatically added to the top of pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|AllPagesFooterTemplate
|Specifies a medical disclaimer. Automatically added to the end of all pages by the PageNotice extension, via interface messages named "MediaWiki:Bottom-notice-ns-*".
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia. Interface messages defined for each namespace.
|N/A
|-
|FundraisingSiteNotice
|Specifies a fundraising dismissable site notice to be displayed at the top of the screen during the month of December.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Welcome
|Specifies an introductory message for new users. Displayed after new account creation and linked to from the welcome notice. ("notices" at the top of the screen)
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|Protected
|Specifies a formatted message for users trying to edit a protected page, but can't.
|N/A
|Template created for MEpedia.
|N/A
|-
|[[:Category:License templates|License templates]]
|A set of templates to be added to files when they are uploaded by [[Special:Upload]], as specified in [[MediaWiki:Licenses]]. Each type of copyright license has its own template.
|N/A
|Templates created. May need to be reviewed/updated.
|N/A
|}

== How to integrate a new template page into the Visual Editor ==
A new template page is often copied from www.mediawiki.org or from similar sites. Often, the new “Template:” page is copied along with other pages, such as a “/doc” subpage that contains documentation for the new template page. For more information on copying new template pages from Wikipedia, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia MediaWiki’s manual page on the subject].

If you want the new template page to be accessible from the Visual Editor, you must first define the “TemplateData” for the template page. Often, this TemplateData is found in the “/doc” subpage. If you edit the TemplateData in the main “Template:” page, and see a warning that “There is a related TemplateData block on the /doc page”, it just means that the TemplateData has already been defined in the /doc subpage. Due to a bug in our software version, this TemplateData must be moved to the main “Template:” page instead. ([[MEpedia:Known_bugs#TemplateData.2FVisualEditor|See here]]) For more information on TemplateData, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData MediaWiki’s TemplateData help page].

== See also ==
* [[MEpedia:Transclude]]
* [[MEpedia:Template translation]]

== Learn more ==
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateData How to supply TemplateData for the Visual Editor]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Using_content_from_Wikipedia How to copy templates from Wikipedia]

[[Category:MEpedia documentation]]
[[Category:MEpedia help]]

File:VisualEditorTemplateIcon.svg

2020-02-22T02:55:53Z

Pyrrhus:==== Title: (or description) ==== Visual Editor icon for a template ==== Author: (or citation) ==== VisualEditor team ==== Source: (e.g. internet address) ==== https://git.wikimedia.org/summary/mediawiki%2Fextensions%2FVisualEditor.git ==== Other infor...

== Summary ==
==== Title: (or description) ====
Visual Editor icon for a template
==== Author: (or citation) ====
VisualEditor team
==== Source: (e.g. internet address) ====
https://git.wikimedia.org/summary/mediawiki%2Fextensions%2FVisualEditor.git
==== Other information: ====
This file is licensed under the Expat License, sometimes known as the MIT License:
Copyright © 2011–2013 VisualEditor team

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

The Software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the Software or the use or other dealings in the Software.

[[Category:Icons]]
== Licensing ==
{{Other_license}}

MediaWiki:Recentchanges-summary

2020-02-22T02:40:43Z

Pyrrhus:add icon

The recent changes page lists all the changes to MEpedia that have been made recently. Each page that has changed is listed on a separate line. On each line:
* A bold "'''{{int:newpageletter}}'''" at the beginning of the line indicates that a page is new. You can click on the page name to review the new page.
* For changes to existing pages, you can click on the word "'''{{int:diff}}'''" or the word "'''{{int:nchanges|}}'''" to see what has changed in the page.
* If you see an arrow ([[File:Right arrow.png]]) at the very beginning of the line, it means that multiple edits have been made to that page. Simply click the arrow if you want to see all the edits. For each edit, you can click on the word "'''{{int:last}}'''" to see what has changed in the edit.
* To see the [[MEpedia:Page history|entire editing history]] of a page, you can simply click on the word "'''{{int:hist}}'''" or the word "'''{{int:enhancedrc-history}}'''".
''Note:'' If the changed page is currently on your [[Help:Watchlist|watchlist]], (including [[MEpedia:Discussion and collaboration|discussion]] pages) the page name will show up in '''bold'''.

MediaWiki:Watchlist-summary

2020-02-22T02:39:06Z

Pyrrhus:minor c/e

Each line on the "Watchlist" page shows a recently changed page:
* If you have not yet reviewed the changes to that page, the page name will show up in '''bold'''.
* A bold "'''{{int:newpageletter}}'''" at the beginning of the line indicates that a page is new. You can click on the page name to review the new page.
* For existing pages, you can click on the word "'''{{int:diff}}'''" or the word "'''{{int:nchanges|}}'''" to see what has changed in that page.
* If you see an arrow ([[File:Right arrow.png]]) at the very beginning of the line, it means that multiple edits have recently been made to that page. Simply click the arrow if you want to see all the recent edits. For each edit, you can click on the word "'''{{int:last}}'''" to see what has changed in that edit.
* To see the [[MEpedia:Page history|entire editing history]] of a page, you can simply click on the word "'''{{int:hist}}'''" or the word "'''{{int:enhancedrc-history}}'''".
''Note'': Changes that are over two years old will not be listed on the watchlist page.

MediaWiki:Watchlist-summary

2020-02-22T02:37:36Z

Pyrrhus:add icon

Each line on the "Watchlist" page shows a recently changed page:
* If you have not yet reviewed the changes to that page, the page name will show up in '''bold'''.
* A bold "'''{{int:newpageletter}}'''" at the beginning of the line indicates that a page is new. You can click on the page name to review the new page.
* For existing pages, you can click on the word "'''{{int:diff}}'''" or the word "'''{{int:nchanges|}}'''" to see what has changed in that page.
* If you see a triangle/arrow ([[File:Right arrow.png]]) at the very beginning of the line, it means that multiple edits have recently been made to that page. Simply click the triangle/arrow if you want to see all the recent edits. For each edit, you can click on the word "'''{{int:last}}'''" to see what has changed in that edit.
* To see the [[MEpedia:Page history|entire editing history]] of a page, you can simply click on the word "'''{{int:hist}}'''" or the word "'''{{int:enhancedrc-history}}'''".
''Note'': Changes that are over two years old will not be listed on the watchlist page.

Template:Clear

2020-02-22T02:12:17Z

Pyrrhus:TemplateData

<div style="clear:{{{1|both}}};"></div><noinclude>
{{documentation}}
== Description ==
This template provides extra clear space, ''if needed'', to ensure that the previous text and its accompanying image stay together. It is often used to prevent the following text from flowing next to the previous, unrelated image.

== Usage ==
* {{tlx|clear}} — adds <code><div style="clear:both;"></div></code>
* {{tlx|clear|left}} — adds <code><div style="clear:left;"></div></code>
* {{tlx|clear|right}} — adds <code><div style="clear:right;"></div></code>

== TemplateData ==
<templatedata>
{
"description": "This template provides extra clear space, if needed, to ensure that the previous text and its accompanying image stay together. It is often used to prevent the following text from flowing next to the previous, unrelated image. You do NOT need to enter any information below.",
"params": {
"1": {
"label": "(optional) Side",
"description": "If you wish, you can specify 'right' or 'left' depending upon whether the previous image is on the right or left side of the page. You normally DON'T need to specify this.",
"type": "line",
"suggested": true,
"autovalue": "both"
}
},
"format": "inline"
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>

Template:Clear

2020-02-22T02:05:44Z

Pyrrhus:documentation and TemplateData

<div style="clear:{{{1|both}}};"></div><noinclude>
{{documentation}}
== Description ==
This template provides extra clear space, ''if needed'', to ensure that the previous text and its accompanying image stay together. It is often used to prevent the following text from flowing next to the previous, unrelated image.

== Usage ==
* {{tlx|clear}} — adds <code><div style="clear:both;"></div></code>
* {{tlx|clear|left}} — adds <code><div style="clear:left;"></div></code>
* {{tlx|clear|right}} — adds <code><div style="clear:right;"></div></code>

<templatedata>{
"description": "This template provides extra clear space, ''if needed'', to ensure that the previous text and its accompanying image stay together. It is often used to prevent the following text from flowing next to the previous, unrelated image. You do not need to enter any information below.",
"params": {
"1": {
"label": "(optional) Side",
"description": "If you wish, you can specify 'right' or 'left' depending upon whether the previous image is on the right or left side of the page. You normally don't need to specify this.",
"type": "line",
"default": "both",
"suggested": true
}
},
"format": "inline"
}</templatedata>
</noinclude>

Glossary

2020-02-21T23:28:18Z

Pyrrhus:/* I */ c/e

__NOGLOSSARY__
{{AZ|no numbers}}
This page is a '''glossary''' of key ME/CFS-related terms. (For help editing this page, see [[Help:Glossary]].)

==A==
{{Glossary entry|name=accuracy|definition=The "closeness of an observation to the true clinical state".<ref name="Sackett" /> With respect to diagnostic tests, "accuracy" means how specific and sensitive the test is.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Accuracy|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexjansen.com/nesug/nesug10/hl/hl07.pdf|title=Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, Associated Confidence Interval and ROC Analysis with Practical SAS® Implementations|last=Zhu|first=|authorlink=|last2=Zeng|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=Lex Jansen|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=12 November 2019|last3=Wang}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=Action for ME|definition=Action for ME is a British non-profit organization that was set up in 1987 as The M.E. Action Campaign. Its founders were [[Martin Lev]], Sue Findlay and Clare Francis. In September 1993 it changed its name and logo to Action for ME and Chronic Fatigue. It then changed its name in 1993 to Action for ME.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-11-05|title=Action for ME|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Action_for_ME&oldid=747975928|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>|abbreviation=AfME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Action for M.E.|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=adverse reaction|definition=Any unintended or unwanted response to the treatment under investigation in a clinical trial.<ref name="hraglossary">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hra.nhs.uk/approvals-amendments/glossary/|title=Glossary|website=Health Research Authority|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Adverse reactions|synonym2=Adverse reaction|synonym3=adverse reactions|synonym4=side effect|synonym5=side effects|synonym6=Side effect|synonym7=Side effects|synonym8=Side Effect|synonym9=Side Effects|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AfME|othername=Action for ME}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|definition=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is a United States government agency under the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]]. Their mission is "to produce evidence to make health care safer, higher quality, more accessible, equitable, and affordable.<ref>https://www.ahrq.gov/cpi/about/profile/index.html</ref> A representative of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality sat on the (now disbanded) [[CFSAC]] committee as an ''Ex Officio'' Member.|abbreviation=AHRQ|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Agency for healthcare research and quality|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AHRQ|othername=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality}}

{{Glossary entry|name=All-Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|definition=A British group of backbench members of parliament, from all political parties and from Houses of Commons and Lords, who meet to discuss [[ME]].|abbreviation=APPG|learn-more-url=|synonym1=All Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym2=All-Party Parliamentary Group|synonym3=All Party Parliamentary Group|synonym4=All-Party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym5=All Party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym6=All-party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym7=All-party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym8=All-party Parliamentary Group|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=American Psychiatric Association|definition=The main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world.<ref>https://www.psychiatry.org/</ref> Not to be confused with the American Psychological Association (also APA).|abbreviation=APA|learn-more-url=|synonym1=American Psychiatric Assoc|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=antibody|definition=Antibodies or immunoglobulin refers to any of a large number of specific proteins produced by [[B cell]]s that act against an antigen in an immune response.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Antibody|synonym2=Antibodies|synonym3=antibodies|synonym4=Immunoglobulin|synonym5=immunoglobulin|synonym6=Immunoglobulins|synonym7=immunoglobulins|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ANZMES|othername=Associated New Zealand ME Society}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=APA|othername=American Psychiatric Association}}

{{Glossary entry|name=apoptosis|definition=a type of cell death in which a cell, in response to a threat, initiates a series of molecular steps that lead to its orderly death. This is one method the body uses to get rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. This form of cell suicide is also called programmed cell death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/apoptosis|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|website=cancer.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Apoptosis|synonym2=apoptotic|synonym3=Apoptotic|synonym4=programmed cell death|synonym5=Programmed cell death|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=APPG|othername=All-Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis}}

{{Glossary entry|name=assay|definition=1. (verb) analysis (as of an ore or drug) to determine the presence, absence, or quantity of one or more components.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assay|title=assay|website=The Merriam-Webster.com|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> 2. (noun) In biochemistry, any laboratory protocol used to test a sample for one or more qualities.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Assay|synonym2=Assays|synonym3=assays|synonym4=Assaying|synonym5=assaying|synonym6=Assayed|synonym7=assayed|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Associated New Zealand ME Society|definition=A New Zealand group for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients and their caregivers.|abbreviation=ANZMES|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Associated New Zealand M.E. Society|synonym2=Associated New Zealand M.E. society|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Association of Young People with ME|definition=AYME was a UK national charity supporting children and young people affected by [[ME/CFS]] with members under 25. Its lead medical advisor was Doctor [[Esther Crawley]]. In April 2017 the charity merged with [[Action for ME]], forming its Children's Services department run by Mary-Jane Willows.<ref>https://m.facebook.com/actionforme/photos/a.76870643208.71362.72990583208/10155087150888209/?type=3 Action for ME is pleased to announce the launch of our new Children's Services Team</ref>|abbreviation=AYME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Association of Young People with M.E.|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AYME|othername=Association of Young People with ME}}

==B==
{{Glossary entry|name=B cell|definition=B [[lymphocyte]], or a type of white blood cell, which is involved in the immune response by secreting antibodies to ward off infections. In mammals, they are mostly matured in the [[bone marrow]].|synonym1=B cells|synonym2=B-cell|synonym3=B lymphocyte|synonym4=B lymphocytes|synonym5=B-cells|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/B+lymphocyte|title=B lymphocyte|website=TheFreeDictionary.com|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=bias|definition=Bias in research is "a systematic deviation of an observation from the true clinical state".<ref name="Sackett">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TjRrAAAAMAAJ&PA=30&q=bias|title=Clinical epidemiology : a basic science for clinical medicine|last=Sackett|first=David|last2=Haynes|first2=R. Brian|last3=Tugwell|first3=Peter|date=1985|publisher=Little, Brown|others=|year=|isbn=0316765953|editor-link=|edition=1st|location=Boston|pages=30|chapter=|oclc=11703862|quote=|editor-last2=|editor-link2=}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Bias|synonym2=Biased|synonym3=biased|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=biopsychosocial model|definition=A school of thought, usually based in psychology, which claims illness and disease to be the result of the intermingling of biological, psychological and social causes.|abbreviation=BPS|synonym1=BPS model|synonym2=BPS Model|synonym3=Biopsychosocial model|synonym4=biopsychosocial|synonym5=Biopsychosocial|synonym6=Biopsychosocial Model|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model}}

{{Glossary entry|name=BMJ|definition=The BMJ (previously the British Medical Journal) is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=British Medical Journal|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=bodily distress disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=BPS|othername=biopsychosocial model}}

{{Glossary entry|name=bradycardia|definition=A slowness of the heartbeat, so that the pulse rate is less than 60 per minute in an adult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bradycardia|title=Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition|website=thefreedictionary|access-date=2019-04-18|date=2003|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Bradycardia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==C==
{{Glossary entry|name=Canadian Consensus Criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria used to diagnose ME/CFS, developed by a group of practicing ME/CFS clinicians in 2003. The CCC is often considered to be the most complex criteria, but possibly the most accurate, with the lowest number of patients meeting the criteria. Led to the development of the International Consensus Criteria (ICC) in 2011.|abbreviation=CCC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Canadian consensus criteria|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf|title=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols|last=Carruthers|first=Bruce|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2003|website=Invest in ME|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=cardiopulmonary exercise test|othername=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cartilage|definition=firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cartilage|synonym2=cartilages|synonym3=Cartilages|synonym4=cartilaginous|synonym5=Cartilaginous|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/cartilage|title=cartilage|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=lexico.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CBT|othername=cognitive behavioral therapy}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CCC|othername=Canadian consensus criteria}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CDC|othername=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cell membrane|definition=A very thin membrane, composed of lipids and protein, that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cell-membrane|title=Cell membrane definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cell membrane|synonym2=Cell membranes|synonym3=cell membranes|synonym4=Plasma membrane|synonym5=plasma membrane|synonym6=Plasma membranes|synonym7=plasma membranes|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|definition=The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a U.S. government agency dedicated to epidemiology and public health. It operates under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.|abbreviation=CDC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Centers for Disease Control|synonym2=Center for Disease Control|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=central nervous system|definition=One of the two parts of the human nervous system, the other part being the [[peripheral nervous system]]. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that travel from the central nervous system into the various organs and tissues of the body.|abbreviation=CNS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Central nervous system|synonym2=Central Nervous System|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cerebellum|definition=A part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, beneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. Its name reflects the fact that it looks like a smaller version of the cerebrum. Its main known functions are the coordination of unconscious muscle movements and the maintenance of body positional equilibrium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cerebellum|title=Definition of cerebellum|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cerebellum|synonym2=cerebellar|synonym3=Cerebellar|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFIDS|othername=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS|othername=chronic fatigue syndrome}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFSAC|othername=Chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS/ME|othername=ME/CFS}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS/ME Research Collaborative|othername=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative}}

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic disease|abbreviation=|definition=a disease or condition that usually lasts for 3 months or longer and may get worse over time|synonym1=Chronic disease|synonym2=Chronic Disease|synonym3=chronic diseases|synonym4=Chronic diseases|synonym5=Chronic Diseases}}<ref>https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/chronic-disease</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic fatigue|definition=Persistent and abnormal fatigue is a symptom, not an illness. It may be caused by depression, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome or many other illnesses. The term "chronic fatigue" should never be confused with the disease [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].<ref name="CanadianConsensusCriteria">{{Cite journal|last=Carruthers|first=Bruce M.|author-link=Bruce Carruthers|last2=van de Sande|first2=Marjorie I.|author-link2=Marjorie van de Sande|last3=De Meirleir|first3=Kenny L.|author-link3=Kenny De Meirleir|last4=Klimas|first4=Nancy G.|author-link4=Nancy Klimas|last5=Broderick|first5=Gordon|author-link5=Gordon Broderick|last6=Mitchell|first6=Terry|author-link6=Terry Mitchell|last7=Staines|first7=Donald|author-link7=Donald Staines|last8=Powles|first8=A. C. Peter|author-link8=A C Peter Powles|last9=Speight|first9=Nigel|author-link9=Nigel Speight|last10=Vallings|first10=Rosamund|author-link10=Rosamund Vallings|last11=Bateman|first11=Lucinda|author-link11=Lucinda Bateman|last12=Baumgarten-Austrheim|first12=Barbara|author-link12=Barbara Baumgarten-Austrheim|last13=Bell|first13=David|author-link13=David Bell|last14=Carlo-Stella|first14=Nicoletta|author-link14=Nicoletta Carlo-Stella|last15=Chia|first15=John|author-link15=John Chia|last16=Darragh|first16=Austin|author-link16=Austin Darragh|last17=Jo|first17=Daehyun|author-link17=Daehyun Jo|last18=Lewis|first18=Donald|author-link18=Donald Lewis|last19=Light|first19=Alan|author-link19=Alan Light|last20=Marshall-Gradisnik|first20=Sonya|author-link20=Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik|last21=Mena|first21=Ismael|author-link21=Ismael Mena|last22=Mikovits|first22=Judy|author-link22=Judy Mikovits|last23=Miwa|first23=Kunihisa|author-link23=Kunihisa Miwa|last24=Murovska|first24=Modra|author-link24=Modra Murovska|last25=Pall|first25=Martin|author-link25=Martin Pall|last26=Stevens|first26=Staci|author-link26=Staci Stevens|date=2011-08-22|title=Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=270|issue=4|pages=327–338|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|issn=0954-6820|pmc=3427890|pmid=21777306|via=}}</ref>|abbreviation=CF|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|definition=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome is another term for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, but one which emphasizes the immunological aspects of the disease. Popular in the 1990's, this term has apparently fallen into disuse.|abbreviation=CFIDS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|synonym2=Chronic Fatigue & Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|synonym3=Chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome|synonym4=Chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic fatigue syndrome|definition=A controversial term, invented by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, that generally refers to a collection of symptoms as “fatigue”. There have been multiple attempts to come up with a set of diagnostic criteria to define this term, but few of those diagnostic criteria are currently in use. Previous attempts to define this term include the [[Fukuda criteria]] and the [[Oxford criteria]]. Some view the term as a useful diagnostic category for people with long-term fatigue of unexplained origin. Others view the term as a derogatory term borne out of animus towards patients. Some view the term as a synonym of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]], while others view myalgic encephalomyelitis as a distinct disease.|abbreviation=CFS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue syndrome|synonym2=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|synonym3=C.F.S.|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Advisory Committee|definition=(sometimes pronounced SIF-SACK) A US government advisory council that met twice per year, covering current topics related to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Meetings usually lasted for two days and the results were presented to the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS). After 15 years, on September 5, 2018, CFSAC's charter was not renewed by the Department of HHS, effectively dissolving the committee without notice or warning.|abbreviation=CFSAC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee|synonym2=chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meaction.net/2018/09/07/hhs-secretary-kills-cfsac/|title=HHS Secretary Kills CFSAC!|date=2018-09-07|website=#MEAction|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=clivus|abbreviation=|definition=the smooth sloping surface on the upper posterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone supporting the pons and the basilar artery|synonym1=clivi|synonym2=Clivus|synonym3=Clivi}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/clivus</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CMRC|othername=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CMV|othername=cytomegalovirus}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CNS|othername=central nervous system}}

{{Glossary entry|name=coenzyme Q10|definition=Coenzyme Q10 (also known as ubiquinone) is found in the [[mitochondria]] and, as a component of the electron transport chain, plays an important role in [[citric acid cycle|aerobic respiration]]. The chemically-reduced form of CoQ10 is called ubiquinol.|abbreviation=CoQ10|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Coenzyme Q10|synonym2=co-enzyme Q10|synonym3=Co-enzyme Q10|synonym4=COQ10|synonym5=ubiquinone|synonym6=ubiquinol|synonym7=Ubiquinone|synonym8=Ubiquinol|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cofactor|abbreviation=|definition=A substance that acts with another substance to bring about certain effects.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cofactor</ref> In biochemistry, a cofactor is a molecule that is necessary for a given biochemical reaction, but is not an enzyme or substrate of the reaction.|synonym1=cofactors|synonym2=Cofactor|synonym3=Cofactors}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cognition|definition=Thought processes, including attention, reasoning, and memory.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cognition|synonym2=Cognitive|synonym3=cognitive|synonym4=Cognitions|synonym5=cognitions|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cognitive behavioral therapy|definition=A type of psychotherapy geared toward modifying alleged unhealthy thinking, behaviors or [[illness belief]]s. One of the treatment arms used in the controversial [[PACE trial]].|abbreviation=CBT|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy|synonym2=Cognitive behavioral therapy|synonym3=Cognitive behavioural therapy|synonym4=Cognitive Behavioural Therapy|synonym5=cognitive behavioural therapy|synonym6=cognitive-behavioral therapy|synonym7=Cognitive-behavioral therapy|synonym8=cognitive-behavioural therapy|synonym9=Cognitive-behavioural therapy|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=conversion disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CoQ10|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CPET|othername=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=crash|othername=post-exertional malaise}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cytomegalovirus|definition=A common [[herpesvirus]] found in humans. Like other herpesviruses, it is a life-long infection that remains in a latent state inside the human body, until it is 'reactivated' by appropriate conditions. CMV infects between 60% to 70% of adults in industrialized countries and close to 100% in emerging countries. Much is unknown about this virus, although it has been found in salivary glands and myeloid blood cells such as [[monocyte]]s. It has also been linked to the development of certain cancers. Congenital CMV is a leading infectious cause of deafness, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability. A common treatment for CMV is [[valganciclovir]], commonly known as Valcyte.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/</ref>|abbreviation=CMV|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cytomegalovirus|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==D==

{{Glossary entry|name=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|definition=A psychiatric reference book published by the American Psychiatric Association, often referred to as "the psychiatrist's Bible". Although the most recent version (DSM-5) purports to be the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders, the editors of both previous versions of the manual have heavily criticized the current version due to the climate of secrecy that shrouded the development of the latest version. 69% of the people who worked on DSM-5 reported having ties to the pharmaceutical industry.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3302834/</ref> Dr. Allen Frances, who headed the development of the previous version, warned of dangerous unintended consequences such as new false 'epidemics'.<ref>https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/warning-sign-road-dsm-v-beware-its-unintended-consequences?verify=0A</ref> The British Psychological Society criticized DSM-5 diagnoses as "clearly based largely on social norms, with 'symptoms' that all rely on subjective judgements" and expressed a major concern that "clients and the general public are negatively affected by the continued and continuous medicalisation of their natural and normal responses to their experiences". A petition signed by over 13,000 mental health professionals stated that the lowered diagnostic thresholds in DSM-5, combined with entirely subjective criteria based on western social norms, would "lead to inappropriate medical treatment of vulnerable populations".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120411074618/http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/dsm5/</ref> The director of the US National Institute of Mental Health, Dr. Thomas R. Insel, pointed out that the diagnoses in DSM-5 had no scientific validity whatsoever.<ref>https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/directors/thomas-insel/blog/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml</ref>|abbreviation=DSM|learn-more-url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-dsm5-ignores-biology-mental-illness/|synonym1=DSM-4|synonym2=DSM4|synonym3=DSM-5|synonym4=DSM5|synonym5=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual|synonym6=DSM-IV|synonym7=DSM-III|synonym8=DSM-III-R|synonym9=DSM-V|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=DSM-5|othername=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders}}

==E==
{{Glossary entry|name=endogenous|definition=Growing or originating from within an organism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/endogenous|title=Endogenous {{!}} Definition of Endogenous by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Endogenous|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Energy Envelope Theory|definition=A self-management tool developed and tested by Dr. [[Leonard Jason]] to reduce symptom severity and the frequency of relapses for people with [[ME/CFS]]. According to this theory, ME/CFS patients should not expend more energy than they perceive they have, as this results in [[post-exertional malaise]] and higher disability. Instead patients are advised to stay within their energy envelope, meaning the physical limits the disease has imposed upon them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Jason|first=Leonard A.|last2=Brown|first2=Molly|last3=Brown|first3=Abigail|last4=Evans|first4=Meredyth|last5=Flores|first5=Samantha|last6=Grant-Holler|first6=Elisa|last7=Sunnquist|first7=Madison|date=2013-01-14|title=Energy Conservation/Envelope Theory Interventions to Help Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3596172/|journal=Fatigue (Abingdon, Eng. Print)|volume=1|issue=1-2|pages=27–42|doi=10.1080/21641846.2012.733602|issn=2164-1846|pmc=3596172|pmid=23504301}}</ref> As the energy envelope theory also cautions about the dangers of under-exertion, its principles are almost identical to ‘[[pacing]]’, an activity management strategy for ME patients devised by [[Ellen Goudsmit]] in the UK.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goudsmit|first=Ellen M.|last2=Nijs|first2=Jo|last3=Jason|first3=Leonard A.|last4=Wallman|first4=Karen E.|date=2012|title=Pacing as a strategy to improve energy management in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a consensus document|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22181560|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation|volume=34|issue=13|pages=1140–1147|doi=10.3109/09638288.2011.635746|issn=1464-5165|pmid=22181560}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Energy envelope theory|synonym2=energy envelope theory|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=enterovirus|definition=A genus of RNA viruses which typically enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems and sometimes spread to the central nervous system or other parts of the body, causing neurological, cardiac, and other damage. Since the first reports of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), enteroviruses have been suspected as a cause of ME. Enteroviruses have also been implicated as the cause of Type I diabetes, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Enteroviruses include poliovirus, [[coxsackievirus]]es, and many others. New enteroviruses and new strains of existing enteroviruses are continuously being discovered.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://viralzone.expasy.org/97?outline=all_by_species|synonym1=Enterovirus|synonym2=enteroviruses|synonym3=Enteroviruses|synonym4=enteroviral|synonym5=Enteroviral|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=enzyme|definition=a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|language=en|date=2019}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Enzyme|synonym2=enzymes|synonym3=Enzymes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=epigenome|definition=all of the chemical compounds that are not part of the DNA sequence, but are on or attached to DNA as a way to regulate gene activity|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Epigenome|synonym2=epigenomes|synonym3=Epigenomes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/howgeneswork/epigenome</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=eukaryote|definition=any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus, unlike bacteria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/eukaryote|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|website=britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Eukaryotes include yeast, fungus, plants, and animals.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Eukaryote|synonym2=eukaryotes|synonym3=Eukaryotes|synonym4=eukaryotic|synonym5=Eukaryotic|synonym6=eucaryote|synonym7=Eucaryote|synonym8=eucaryotes|synonym9=Eucaryotes|synonym10=eucaryotic}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=exosome|othername=extracellular vesicle}}

{{Glossary entry|name=extracellular vesicle|definition=An extracellular vesicle (sometimes abbreviated EV) is a piece of a cell that has broken off and formed a separate membrane-bound vesicle. A membrane-bound vesicle is like a bubble, or like a mini-cell, in that it has a membrane surrounding some liquid. An extracellular vesicle may also contain some parts of the cell from which the extracellular vesicle arose. There are currently two types of extracellular vesicles: "exosomes" and "microvesicles". An "exosome" is an extracellular vesicle that began inside the cell as an intracellular vesicle known as an "endosome". A "microvesicle" is an extracellular vesicle that begins at the cell surface, and pinches off the cell's own membrane to form a separate vesicle.<ref>https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physiol.00045.2018</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physiol.00045.2018|synonym1=Extracellular Vesicle|synonym2=extracellular vesicles|synonym3=Extracellular Vesicles|synonym4=microvesicle|synonym5=microvesicles|synonym6=exosome|synonym7=Exosome|synonym8=exosomes|synonym9=exosomal|synonym10=Exosomal}}

==F==
{{Glossary entry|name=foramen magnum|definition=the large opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to merge with the lower brain<ref>{{Cite book|title=Collins Dictionary|language=en|date=2019}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Foramen magnum|synonym2=Foramen Magnum|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Fukuda criteria|definition=The most commonly used diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome, created by the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC).<ref name="Fukuda1994">{{Cite journal|last=Fukuda|first=K.|author-link=Keiji Fukuda|last2=Straus|first2=S. E.|author-link2=Stephen Straus|last3=Hickie|first3=I.|author-link3=Ian Hickie|last4=Sharpe|first4=M. C.|author-link4=Michael Sharpe|last5=Dobbins|first5=J. G.|author-link5=James Dobbins|last6=Komaroff|first6=A.|author-link6=Anthony Komaroff|date=1994-12-15|title=The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Sharpe2/publication/247808895_The_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_A_Comprehensive_Approach_to_Its_Definition_and_Study/links/0c96053201643bfc4b000000/The-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-A-Comprehensive-Approach-to-Its-Definition-and-Study.pdf|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=121|issue=12|pages=953–959|issn=0003-4819|pmid=7978722|via=|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009|publisher=[[American College of Physicians]]}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Fukuda diagnostic criteria|synonym2=Fukuda Criteria|synonym3=Fukuda Diagnostic Criteria|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==G==
{{Glossary entry|name=genome|definition=an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Genome|synonym2=genomes|synonym3=Genomes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/hgp/genome</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=GET|othername=Graded exercise therapy}}

{{Glossary entry|name=glutamate|abbreviation=Glu|definition=Glutamate is one of the amino acids used by the body to make proteins. It is a salt or ester of glutamic acid, and the terms glutamate and glutamic acid are often used interchangeably. It also functions as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.|synonym1=Glutamate|synonym2=glutamic acid|synonym3=Glutamic acid|synonym4=Glutamic Acid}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glutamate</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=glutamic acid|othername=glutamate}}

{{Glossary entry|name=graded exercise therapy|definition=A gradual increase in exercise or activity, according to a pre-defined plan. Focuses on overcoming the patient's alleged unhelpful illness beliefs that exertion can exacerbate symptoms, rather than on reversing physical deconditioning. Considered controversial, and possibly harmful, in the treatment or management of ME. One of the treatment arms of the controversial PACE trial.<ref name="pace2011a">{{Cite journal | last1 = White | first1 = PD | authorlink1 = Peter White| last2 = Goldsmith | first2 = KA | authorlink2 = Kimberley Goldsmith | last3 = Johnson | first3 = AL |authorlink3 = Anthony Johnson | last4 = Potts |first4 = L | authorlink4 = Laura Potts | last5 = Walwyn | first5 = R |authorlink5 = Rebecca Walwyn | last6 = DeCesare | first6 = JC | authorlink6 = Julia DeCesare | last7 = Baber | first7 = HL | authorlink7 = Hannah Baber | last8 = Burgess | first8 = M |authorlink8 = Mary Burgess| last9 = Clark | first9 = LV | authorlink9 = Lucy Clark| last10 = Cox | first10 = DL | authorlink10 = Diane Cox| last11 = Bavinton |first11 = J | authorlink11 = Jessica Bavinton| last12 = Angus | first12 = BJ | authorlink12 = Brian Angus | last13 = Murphy | first13 = G | authorlink13 = Gabrielle Murphy | last14 = Murphy | first14 = M | authorlink14 = Maurice Murphy | last15 = O'Dowd | first15 = H | authorlink15 = Hazel O'Dowd| last16 = Wilks | first16 = D | authorlink16 = David Wilks| last17 = McCrone | first17 = P | authorlink17 = Paul McCrone | last18 = Chalder | first18 = T | authorlink18 = Trudie Chalder | last19 = Sharpe | first19 = M | authorlink19 = Michael Sharpe | last20 = The PACE Trial Management Group | authorlink20 = PACE Trial Management Group| title = Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial| journal = [[The Lancet]] | volume = 377 | issue = 9768 | page = 823–836| date = 5 March 2011 | pmid = 21334061| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60096-2 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60096-2/}}</ref>|abbreviation=GET|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Graded Exercise Therapy|synonym2=Graded exercise therapy|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=gray matter hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

==H==
{{Glossary entry|name=heart rate monitor|definition=A device that measures your heart rate (pulse rate). Heart rate monitors may come as a chest strap, wrist strap, smartwatch, or even as a mobile phone app. Heart rate monitors are often used by ME/CFS patients to pace their exertion, in order to avoid post-exertional malaise (PEM). For more information, see [[pacing with a heart rate monitor]].|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Heart rate monitor|synonym2=Heart Rate Monitor|synonym3=heart rate monitors|synonym4=Heart rate monitors|synonym5=Heart Rate Monitors|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=heart rate variability|definition=A measurement of the variability of the heart rate over time. When the heart rate is consistent, there will be a low heart rate variability. When the heart rate is constantly changing, there will be a high heart rate variability. Heart rate variability is often used by ME/CFS patients to monitor their autonomic nervous system, as high heart rate variability is associated with the sympathetic nervous system and low heart rate variability is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.|abbreviation=HRV|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Heart rate variability|synonym2=Heart Rate Variability|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=HLA complex|othername=human leukocyte antigen complex}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=HRV|othername=heart rate variability}}

{{Glossary entry|name=human leukocyte antigen complex|definition=A set of genes responsible for a given person's immune response to potential threats. Specifically, HLA genes encode proteins which help the immune system to distinguish the body's own proteins from proteins which are made by foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses. The HLA complex can vary greatly from person to person, generating unique immune and allergic responses.|abbreviation=HLA|learn-more-url=https://mecfsresearchreview.me/2018/06/28/dr-ron-daviss-big-immune-study-is-looking-at-hla-genes-heres-why/|synonym1=Human leukocyte antigen complex|synonym2=Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex|synonym3=human leucocyte antigen complex|synonym4=Human leucocyte antigen complex|synonym5=Human Leucocyte Antigen Complex|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary entry|name=hypoglycemia|abbreviation=|definition=abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood|synonym1=Hypoglycemia|synonym2=hypoglycemic|synonym3=Hypoglycemic|synonym4=hypoglycemics|synonym5=Hypoglycemics|synonym6=hypoglycaemia|synonym7=Hypoglycaemia|synonym8=hypoglycaemic|synonym9=Hypoglycaemic}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypoglycemia</ref>

==I==
{{Glossary entry|name=iatrogenesis|definition=Accidental harm caused by a doctor, by medical treatment, or by diagnostic procedures.<ref name="MerriamWebster">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/iatrogenic#medicalDictionary</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Iatrogenesis|synonym2=Iatrogenic|synonym3=iatrogenic|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ICC|othername=International Consensus Criteria}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ICD|othername=International Classification of Diseases}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=immunoglobulin|othername=antibody}}

{{Glossary entry|name=immunomodulator|definition=a substance that affects the functioning of the immune system|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=immunomodulatory|synonym2=Immunomodulator|synonym3=Immunomodulatory|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immunomodulator</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Institute of Medicine|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Institute of Medicine report|definition=A report that was commissioned by the U.S. government and was published by the Institute of Medicine on February 10, 2015. The report was titled "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness" and proposed the term Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease (SEID). Among its key findings were that "This disease is characterized by profound fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, sleep abnormalities, autonomic manifestations, pain, and other symptoms that are made worse by exertion of any sort." The report further stated "Between 836,000 and 2.5 million Americans suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome."|abbreviation=IOM report|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Institute of Medicine Report|synonym2=IOM Report|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=International Classification of Diseases|definition=A system of medical diagnostic codes, created by the World Health Organization (WHO), to classify diseases and other health related conditions for the purpose of international diagnostic consistency. By having common diagnostic codes around the world, health researchers are better able to quantify and track disease burdens. The most current version is called ICD-11.|abbreviation=ICD|learn-more-url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/|synonym1=international classification of diseases|synonym2=International classification of diseases|synonym3=International Classification of Disease|synonym4=international classification of disease|synonym5=International classification of disease|synonym6=ICD-10|synonym7=ICD-10-CM|synonym8=ICD-11|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=International Consensus Criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria, based on the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]], that argued for the abandonment of the term "chronic fatigue syndrome" and encouraged the sole use of the term "myalgic encephalomyelitis".|abbreviation=ICC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=International consensus criteria|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=invisible illness|definition=A chronic condition or illness, such as ME/CFS, which may not be apparent to others. Sufferers may look healthy, yet be in poor health. Symptoms of the illness may not be visible and can be misunderstood or go unnoticed by others. Also, patients may wind up secluded or homebound due to the illness and become "invisible".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=invisible disease|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=IOM|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

==J==

==K==

==L==

==M==
{{Glossary entry|name=magnetic levitation device|definition=A device which uses ferrofluid (a liquid which can become magnetized) in a glass capillary tube surrounded by magnets. This creates a density gradient and cells move to their respective densities within the tube. According to [[Ron Davis]], white blood cells in CFS patients may be less dense than those of healthy controls, indicating the possible use of the device as an inexpensive diagnostic test.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2018/05/16/diagnostic-technology-development/|synonym1=Magnetic levitation device|synonym2=Magnetic Levitation Device|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mass spectrometer|definition=A device which converts molecules to ions, or charged particles. It then uses magnetic and electric fields to sort the ions according to their mass (similar to weight) and charge, in order to identify the molecules or measure their characteristics.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mass spectrometer|synonym2=Mass Spectrometer|synonym3=mass spec|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mastocytosis|definition=A type of [[mast cell]] disease in which chronic symptoms are related to overproduction or over-accumulation of mast cells. Not to be confused with [[Mast cell activation syndrome|Mast Cell Activation Syndrome]] (MCAS), where there are normal numbers of mast cells, but abnormal activity.<ref>https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6987/mastocytosis</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mastocytosis|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ME|othername=myalgic encephalomyelitis}}

{{Glossary entry|name=ME/CFS|definition=An acronym that combines [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] with [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]. Sometimes they are combined because people have trouble distinguishing one from the other. Sometimes they are combined because people see them as synonyms of each other.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=CFS/ME|synonym2=ME / CFS|synonym3=CFS / ME|synonym4=M.E./CFS|synonym5=ME/C.F.S.|synonym6=M.E./C.F.S.|synonym7=CFS/M.E.|synonym8=C.F.S./ME|synonym9=C.F.S./M.E.|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ME/CFS Severely Ill, Big Data Study|othername=Severely Ill Patient Study}}

{{Glossary entry|name=medically unexplained physical symptoms|definition=Technically, this term means that no cause or explanation for the patient's symptoms has yet been found. However, patients diagnosed with "MUPS" are generally lumped into a psychosomatic, or psychologically-caused category by those in the medical profession, without any scientific basis for doing so.|abbreviation=MUPS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=MUS|synonym2=medically unexplained symptoms|synonym3=Medically unexplained physical symptoms|synonym4=Medically unexplained symptoms|synonym5=Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms|synonym6=Medically Unexplained Symptoms|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=medically unexplained symptoms|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary entry|name=membrane|definition=The word "membrane" can have different meanings in different fields of biology. In cell biology, a membrane is a layer of molecules that surround its contents. Examples of cell-biology membranes include the "[[Glossary#cell membrane|cell membrane]]" that surrounds a cell, the "mitochondrial membranes" that form the outer layers of [[Glossary#mitochondria|mitochondria]], and the "viral envelope" that surrounds enveloped viruses. In anatomy or tissue biology, a membrane is a barrier formed by a layer of cells. Examples of anatomical membranes include the pleural membranes that surrounds the lungs, the pericardium which surrounds the heart, and some of the layers within the blood-brain barrier.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Membrane|synonym2=membranes|synonym3=Membranes|synonym4=membranous|synonym5=Membranous|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolic trap hypothesis|definition=An hypothesis which proposes that the normal metabolic functioning of the cell has become "trapped" in an abnormal state, which may lead to body-wide symptoms.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=metabolic trap|synonym2=Metabolic trap|synonym3=Metabolic Trap|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolite|definition=A chemical compound produced by, or involved in, metabolism. The term is often used to refer to the degradation products of drugs in the body.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Metabolite|synonym2=metabolites|synonym3=Metabolites|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolomics|definition=The analysis of the chemical metabolism within cells, tissues or organisms. The term is often used to refer to the full set of metabolites found in a cell in a given environment.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Metabolomics|synonym2=metabolomic|synonym3=Metabolomic|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=microbiome|definition=The full collection of microscopic organisms (especially bacteria and fungi) which are present in a particular environment, particularly inside the human body.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Microbiome|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=microglia|definition=A type of immune cell, called a [[macrophage]], that lives in the brain. For historical reasons, macrophages have different names based on the part of the body that they normally live in. Macrophages that normally live in the blood are called [[monocyte]]s. Macrophages that normally live in the skin are called Langerhans cells. Macrophages that normally live in the liver are called Kupffer cells. And macrophages that normally live in the central nervous system are called microglia. Microglia were originally classified as [[glial cell]]s, under the assumption that the cells had a merely structural function, before it was realized that the cells were in fact immune cells. As the "sentinel cells" of the central nervous system, microglia survey their environment for abnormalities such as infection or tissue damage, and then initiate an immune response to fight the infection or repair the tissue damage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aguzzi|first=Adriano|last2=Barres|first2=Ben A.|last3=Bennett|first3=Mariko L.|date=2013-01-11|title=Microglia: Scapegoat, Saboteur, or Something Else?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4431634/|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=339|issue=6116|pages=156–161|doi=10.1126/science.1227901|issn=0036-8075|pmc=4431634|pmid=23307732}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Microglia|synonym2=micro-glia|synonym3=Micro-glia|synonym4=microglial|synonym5=Microglial|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=microvesicle|othername=extracellular vesicle}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Millions Missing|definition=A global campaign, first led by #MEAction in May 2016, which aims to gain awareness, community, education, research, funding and treatment equality for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. The campaign uses the hashtag #MillionsMissing on Twitter.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Millions missing|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mitochondria|definition=Important parts of the biological cell, with each mitochondrion encased within a mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondria are best known for their role in energy production, earning them the nickname "the powerhouse of the cell". Mitochondria also participate in the detection of threats and the response to these threats. One of the responses to threats orchestrated by mitochondria is apoptosis, a cell suicide program used by cells when the threat can not be eliminated.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mitochondria|synonym2=mitochondrion|synonym3=Mitochondrion|synonym4=mitochondrial|synonym5=Mitochondrial|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=mitochondrion|othername=mitochondria}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mouse model|definition=The use of special strains of mice to study a human disease or condition, and how to prevent and treat it<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mouse-model|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|website=cancer.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mouse Models|synonym2=Mouse model|synonym3=Mouse models|synonym4=mouse models|synonym5=Mouse Model|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=MUPS|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=MUS|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgia|definition=Muscle pain.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite journal|title=myalgia|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myalgia|journal=The Free Dictionary}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgic encephalomyelitis|definition=A disease often marked by neurological symptoms, but fatigue is sometimes a symptom as well. Some diagnostic criteria distinguish it from [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], while other diagnostic criteria consider it to be a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome.<ref name="ICP2011primer">{{Citation| last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers| last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande| last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir| last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas| last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick| last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell| last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines| last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles| last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight| last10 = Vallings | first10= R | authorlink10= Rosamund Vallings| last11 = Bateman | first11= L | authorlink11= Lucinda Bateman| last12 = Bell | first12= DS | authorlink12= David Bell| last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13= N | authorlink13= Nicoletta Carlo-Stella| last14 = Chia | first14= J | authorlink14= John Chia| last15 = Darragh | first15= A | authorlink15= Austin Darragh| last16 = Gerken |first16= A | authorlink16= Anne Gerken| last17 = Jo | first17= D | authorlink17= Daehyun Jo| last18 = Lewis | first18= DP | authorlink18= Donald Lewis| last19 = Light | first19= AR | authorlink19= Alan Light| last20 = Light | first20= KC | authorlink20= Kathleen Light| last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21= S | authorlink21= Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik| last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22= J | authorlink22= John McLaren-Howard| last23 = Mena | first23= I | authorlink23= Ismael Mena| last24 = Miwa | first24= K | authorlink24= Kunihisa Miwa| last25 = Murovska | first25= M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska| last26 = Stevens | first26= SR | authorlink26= Staci Stevens| title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf}}</ref> A defining characteristic of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), which is a notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others. An estimated 25% of those suffering from ME are housebound or bedbound. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies ME as a neurological disease.<ref name="icd10-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/|title=International Classification of Diseases|edition=10th|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2016|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|}}</ref>|abbreviation=ME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym2=Myalgic encephalomyelitis|synonym3=Myalgic encephalopathy|synonym4=Myalgic Encephalopathy|synonym5=myalgic encephalopathy|synonym6=M.E.|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgic encephalopathy|definition=An alternate term that is sometimes used for myalgic encephalomyelitis, by people who believe the evidence for inflammation in ME is insufficient. This terminology reflects the belief that the "-itis" suffix implies inflammation.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgic encephalopathy|synonym2=Myalgic Encephalopathy|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==N==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=NAM|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

{{Glossary entry|name=nanoneedle|definition=A device with microscopic dimensions which measures electrical impedance across a blood cell. According to [[Ron Davis]], the nanoneedle measured increased electrical impedance in the blood cells of 10 ME/CFS patients when stressed with salt, but not in healthy controls. Accordingly, this device has been proposed as a potential diagnostic test to distinguish ME/CFS patients from healthy controls.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2018/05/16/diagnostic-technology-development/|synonym1=Nanoneedle|synonym2=nanoneedles|synonym3=Nanoneedles|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=NASA 10-minute lean test|definition=A variation of a test used by NASA researchers to test for [[orthostatic intolerance]]. A simple test which is recommended by the Bateman Horne Center for ME and Fibromyalgia patients.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=http://batemanhornecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NASA-LeanTest-Instructions-April-2018.pdf|synonym1=NASA ten-minute lean test|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=National Academy of Medicine|definition=An American non-profit, non-governmental organization which provides expert advice to governmental agencies on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine and health. Formerly known as the Institute of Medicine (IOM).|abbreviation=NAM|learn-more-url=|synonym1=National academy of medicine|synonym2=Institute of Medicine|synonym3=Institute of medicine|synonym4=IOM|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=National Institutes of Health|definition=A set of biomedical research institutes operated by the U.S. government, under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.|abbreviation=NIH|learn-more-url=|synonym1=National institutes of health|synonym2=National Institute of Health|synonym3=National Institutes Health|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=naturopath|definition=a practitioner who uses a system of treatment of disease that avoids drugs and surgery and emphasizes the use of natural agents (such as air, water, and herbs) and physical means (such as tissue manipulation and electrotherapy)|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=naturopathy|synonym2=naturopathic|synonym3=Naturopath|synonym4=Naturopathy|synonym5=Naturopathic|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/naturopathy</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=NICE guidelines|definition=Clinical guidelines used in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/|title=NICE {{!}} The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|website=NICE|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=NICE Guidelines|synonym2=NICE guideline|synonym3=NICE Guideline|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=NIH|othername=National Institutes of Health}}

==O==
{{Glossary entry|name=orthostatic intolerance|definition=The development of symptoms when standing upright, where symptoms are relieved upon reclining. Patients with orthostatic intolerance have trouble remaining upright for more than a few seconds or a few minutes, depending upon severity. In severe orthostatic intolerance, patients may not be able to sit upright in bed. Orthostatic intolerance is often a sign of [[dysautonomia]]. There are different types of orthostatic intolerance, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).|abbreviation=OI|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Orthostatic intolerance|synonym2=Orthostatic Intolerance|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Oxford criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. These criteria focus on "fatigue" as the defining symptom.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Oxford Criteria|synonym2=Oxford diagnostic criteria|synonym3=Oxford Diagnostic Criteria|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Oxford University|definition=a prestigious university located in Oxford, England renowned for its teaching and research in health and medicine<ref>http://www.ox.ac.uk/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Oxford U.|synonym2=Oxford Uni|synonym3=University of Oxford|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==P==
{{Glossary entry|name=PACE trial|definition=A controversial study which claimed that [[CBT]] and [[GET]] were effective in treating "CFS/ME", despite the fact that its own data did not support this conclusion. Its results and methodology were widely disputed by patients, scientists, and the peer-reviewed scientific literature.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=PACE|synonym2=PACE Trial|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=pacing|definition=The practice of staying within one's "energy envelope" by interspersing periods of activity with periods of rest. ME/CFS patients use pacing to avoid or reduce post-exertional malaise (PEM). Some patients use a heart rate monitor to help with pacing.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Pacing|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=PEM|othername=post-exertional malaise}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=PENE|othername=post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=perivascular space|othername=Virchow-Robin space}}

{{Glossary entry|name=pharyngitis|definition=An irritation or swelling of the top part of the throat, at the back of the mouth, usually caused by an infection such as Streptococcus. The hallmark symptom is a sore throat without cough.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharyngitis#medicalDictionary</ref><ref>https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/5</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Pharyngitis|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=phase three|definition=Last phase of clinical trials before a drug can be approved for public use. Whereas Phase one assesses basic safety, and Phase two assesses basic efficacy, Phase three uses many trial participants to fully assess both safety and efficacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/|title=Home - ClinicalTrials.gov|website=clinicaltrials.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Phase 3|synonym2=Phase III|synonym3=Phase three|synonym4=phase 3|synonym5=phase III|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=plasma|definition=The liquid part of blood, lymph, or milk after removing any suspended material.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plasma</ref> Most of the time, "plasma" simply refers to blood, after all the blood cells have been removed. If you also remove the clotting factors, then the plasma is referred to as "[[Glossary#serum|serum]]".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Plasma|synonym2=blood plasma|synonym3=Blood plasma|synonym4=Blood Plasma|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=plasma membrane|othername=cell membrane}}

{{Glossary entry|name=platelet|definition=(also known as a thrombocyte) A colorless disk-like blood cell that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and to damaged linings of blood vessels.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/platelet</ref> Simply put, platelets clump together to form blood clots. (A blood clot is also called a thrombus.) People with low levels of platelets may have trouble with blood clotting, and may bleed easily from minor wounds.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=thrombocyte|synonym2=Thrombocyte|synonym3=thrombocytes|synonym4=Thrombocytes|synonym5=Platelet|synonym6=platelets|synonym7=Platelets|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=post-exertional malaise|definition=A notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small physical or cognitive exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others.|abbreviation=PEM|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Post-exertional malaise|synonym2=Post-exertional Malaise|synonym3=Post exertional malaise|synonym4=post exertional malaise|synonym5=Post Exertional Malaise|synonym6=Postexertional malaise|synonym7=postexertional malaise|synonym8=Postexertional Malaise|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|definition=An alternative term for post-exertional malaise (PEM), used by people who find that the word 'malaise' fails to capture the serious nature of the condition. Used in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report.|abbreviation=PENE|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym2=Post-exertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym3=Postexertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym4=postexertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym5=Postexertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym6=Post exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym7=post exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym8=Post Exertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/19012/chapter/1|title=Read "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness" at NAP.edu|language=en}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|definition=A form of orthostatic intolerance where the cardinal symptom is excessive tachycardia due to changing position (e.g. from lying down to sitting up).|abbreviation=POTS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|synonym2=Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=POTS|othername=postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome}}

{{Glossary entry|name=presyncope|definition=The sensation that one is about to faint and lose consciousness. It usually is described as a severe lightheaded feeling, often associated with unsteadiness or falling. The sensation arises because the cerebral cortex is temporarily not receiving adequate oxygen, usually because of diminished blood flow.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459383/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Presyncope|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=psychosomatic|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary entry|name=PwME|definition=Acronym for a "Person with ME" (myalgic encephalomyelitis).|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=PWME|synonym2=PwME's|synonym3=PwMEs|synonym4=pwme|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==Q==

==R==
{{Glossary entry|name=Ramsay definition|definition=A clinical definition of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) developed by [[Melvin Ramsay]] after 30 years of treating and researching ME patients. Since this definition was in place before the U.S. Centers for Disease Control invented the term "chronic fatigue syndrome", the Ramsay definition is sometimes considered the last clinical definition that may be unbiased by the ensuing diagnostic confusion.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Ramsay Definition|synonym2=Ramsay criteria|synonym3=Ramsay Criteria|synonym4=Ramsay diagnostic criteria|synonym5=Ramsay Diagnostic Criteria|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=randomized controlled trial|definition=A trial in which participants are randomly assigned to two groups, with one group receiving the treatment being studied and a control or comparison group receiving a sham treatment, placebo, or comparison treatment.|abbreviation=RCT|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Randomized controlled trial|synonym2=Randomized Controlled Trial|synonym3=Randomized controlled trials|synonym4=randomized controlled trials|synonym5=Randomized Controlled Trials|synonym6=Randomised controlled trial|synonym7=randomised controlled trial|synonym8=Randomised Controlled Trial|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himmelfarb.gwu.edu/tutorials/studydesign101/rcts.cfm|title=Randomized Controlled Trial - Study Design 101|website=himmelfarb.gwu.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=RCT|othername=randomized controlled trial}}

==S==
{{Glossary entry|name=Seahorse analyzer|definition=An instrument which measures oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate in live cells, in real time, producing information regarding important cellular functions such as mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Seahorse Analyzer|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SEID|othername=systemic exertion intolerance disease}}

{{Glossary entry|name=serum|abbreviation=|definition=The clear yellowish fluid that remains from blood [[Glossary#plasma|plasma]] after clotting factors have been removed by clot formation. ([[Glossary#plasma|Blood plasma]] is simply blood that has had its blood cells removed.)|synonym1=Serum|synonym2=blood serum|synonym3=Blood serum|synonym4=Blood Serum|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=|learn-more-url=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blood%20serum</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Severely Ill Big Data Study|othername=Severely Ill Patient Study}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Severely Ill Patient Study|definition=A study funded by the [[Open Medicine Foundation]] and led by [[Ron Davis]] and [[Wenzhong Xiao]]. It includes over 1000 tests per patient, including the patients' genome, gene expression, metabolomics, microbiome, and others. Formerly known as the ME/CFS Severely Ill Big Data Study.|abbreviation=SIPS|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2019/11/27/severely-ill-patient-study-study/|synonym1=ME/CFS Severely Ill, Big Data Study|synonym2=ME/CFS Severely Ill Big Data Study|synonym3=ME/CFS severely ill, big data study|synonym4=ME/CFS severely ill big data study|synonym5=Severely Ill Big Data Study|synonym6=Severely Ill, Big Data Study|synonym7=Severely ill big data study|synonym8=Severely ill patient study|synonym9=Severely ill Patient Study|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SF-36|othername=Short Form 36-Item Health Survey}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Short Form 36-Item Health Survey|definition=A 36-item patient-reported questionnaire, used to determine patient health status and quality of life.|abbreviation=SF-36|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Short Form 36 Health Survey|synonym2=Short-form 36 Health Survey|synonym3=Short Form 36 Item Health Survey|synonym4=Short-form 36-Item Health Survey|synonym5=SF36|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=side effect|othername=adverse reaction}}

{{Glossary entry|name=single nucleotide polymorphism|definition=A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, pronounced "snip") is a potential genetic mutation that occurs in a single spot in the human genome; a difference in a single DNA building block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/snp|title=What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?|last=Genetics Home Reference|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref><ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/SNP</ref> SNPs are often represented by an "rs" number, such as "rs53576".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs53576|title=rs53576 - SNPedia|website=www.snpedia.com|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>|abbreviation=SNP|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Single nucleotide polymorphism|synonym2=Single Nucleotide Polymorphism|synonym3=Single nucleotide polymorphisms|synonym4=single nucleotide polymorphisms|synonym5=Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms|synonym6=Single nucleotide variant|synonym7=single nucleotide variant|synonym8=Single Nucleotide Variant|synonym9=SNV|synonym10=single nucleotide variants}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SNP|othername=single nucleotide polymorphism}}

{{Glossary entry|name=somatic|definition=An adjective relating to the physical body or physical symptoms. It is often contrasted with the adjective "psychological", which refers to the human mind or mental symptoms. In biology, "somatic cells" refer to all the cells of the body, except those which form an egg or sperm.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Somatic|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=somatic symptom disorder|definition=A psychiatric term to describe an alleged condition whereby a person's thoughts somehow cause physical symptoms. The actual existence of such a condition is highly controversial, due to a lack of scientific evidence. It is related to other psychiatric terms, such as "psychosomatic", "neurasthenia", and "hysteria". Older terms include "somatization", "somatoform disorder", and "conversion disorder". Such terms refer to a scientifically-unsupported theory that claims that a wide range of physical symptoms can be created by the human mind, a theory which has been criticized as "mind over matter" parapsychology, a pseudoscience. Although "Somatic Symptom Disorder" is the term used by [[Glossary#Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM-5]], the term "Bodily Distress Disorder" has been proposed for [[ICD-11]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032513/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress/201301/bad-news-dsm-5-refuses-correct-somatic-symptom-disorder|synonym1=conversion disorder|synonym2=Conversion Disorder|synonym3=somatization|synonym4=Somatization|synonym5=somatoform|synonym6=Somatoform|synonym7=Somatic Symptom Disorder|synonym8=psychosomatic|synonym9=Psychosomatic|synonym10=Bodily Distress Disorder}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress/201301/bad-news-dsm-5-refuses-correct-somatic-symptom-disorder|title=Bad News: DSM 5 Refuses to Correct Somatic Symptom Disorder|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=somatization|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=somatoform disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary entry|name=spoon theory|definition=An analogy which equates the amount of ability that someone with chronic illness has to complete daily tasks to a limited number of spoons. People with chronic illnesses who must ration their energy throughout the day are sometimes referred to as "spoonies".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://butyoudontlooksick.com/articles/written-by-christine/the-spoon-theory/|synonym1=Spoon Theory|synonym2=Spoon theory|synonym3=spoonie|synonym4=Spoonie|synonym5=spoonies|synonym6=Spoonies|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://butyoudontlooksick.com/articles/written-by-christine/the-spoon-theory/|title=The Spoon Theory written by Christine Miserandino|date=2013-04-25|website=But You Dont Look Sick? support for those with invisible illness or chronic illness|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=spoonie|othername=spoon theory}}

{{Glossary entry|name=stress fracture|definition=A tiny crack in a bone caused by repetitive forces such as running or by normal use of a bone that's weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/symptoms-causes/syc-20354057|title=Stress fractures - Symptoms and causes|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Stress fracture|synonym2=Stress Fracture|synonym3=Stress fractures|synonym4=stress fractures|synonym5=Stress Fractures|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=subcortical hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary entry|name=subluxation|abbreviation=|definition=partial dislocation (as of one of the bones in a joint)|synonym1=subluxations|synonym2=Subluxation|synonym3=Subluxations}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subluxation</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=syncope|definition=A medical term for fainting. A loss of consciousness resulting from insufficient blood flow to the brain.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/syncope</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Syncope|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=systemic exertion intolerance disease|definition=A term for ME/CFS that aims to avoid the stigma associated with the term "chronic fatigue syndrome", while emphasizing the defining characteristic of post-exertional malaise (PEM). SEID was defined as part of the diagnostic criteria put together by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report of 10 February 2015.<ref name="IOM2015">{{citation| last1 = Institute of Medicine| author-link = National Academy of Medicine| last2 = Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome| title = Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness | date = Feb 10, 2015| url = https://www.nap.edu/read/19012/ | doi = 10.17226/19012| publisher = The National Academies Press| location = Washington, DC}}</ref>|abbreviation=SEID|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Systemic exertion intolerance disease|synonym2=Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==T==
{{Glossary entry|name=T cell|definition=A type of white blood cell which is mostly produced or matured in the thymus gland (hence T-cell) and is involved in the adaptive immune response on a cellular level. Also known as a T lymphocyte.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toMhBUZ2dtE&feature=youtu.be|synonym1=T Cell|synonym2=T cells|synonym3=T Cells|synonym4=T lymphocyte|synonym5=T Lymphocyte|synonym6=T lymphocytes|synonym7=T Lymphocytes|synonym8=T-cell|synonym9=T-cells|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=T2 hyperintensity|definition=An unusual bright spot on a T2-weighted [[MRI]] of the brain. Also known as an Unidentified Bright Object (UBO). T2 hyperintensities are often found in the periventricular region, where they may be referred to as "white matter hyperintensities" or "leukoaraiosis". They may also be found in the [[basal ganglia]] or [[brainstem]], where they are sometimes referred to as "gray matter hyperintensities", or "subcortical hyperintensities". T2 hyperintensities can represent different things: lesions, dilated [[Glossary#Virchow-Robin space|Virchow-Robin spaces]], or demyelination. They are commonly found in elderly individuals and in neurological disorders.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538206|synonym1=T2 hyperintensities|synonym2=subcortical hyperintensity|synonym3=subcortical hyperintensities|synonym4=Unidentified Bright Object|synonym5=leukoaraiosis|synonym6=white matter hyperintensity|synonym7=White Matter Hyperintensity|synonym8=white matter hyperintensities|synonym9=White Matter Hyperintensities|synonym10=WMH}}

{{Glossary entry|name=tachycardia|definition=An unusually rapid heart beat. Can be caused by exercise or illness. A symptom of [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] (POTS).<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tachycardia</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia/tachycardia--fast-heart-rate|synonym1=Tachycardia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=tilt table test|definition=A diagnostic test to determine [[orthostatic intolerance]] or other forms of [[dysautonomia]]. The patient is strapped to a table and the table is tilted while the patient is monitored.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Tilt table test|synonym2=Tilt Table Test|synonym3=tilt-table test|synonym4=Tilt-table test|synonym5=Tilt-table Test|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|definition=A diagnostic test which involves testing an ME/CFS patient exercising on an exercise machine, while monitoring their respiration, especially oxygen consumption. This test is repeated the following day in order to confirm the patient's inability to replicate the first-day performance. This test is thought to be the most objective way to detect [[post-exertional malaise]].|abbreviation=CPET|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym2=Two-day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym3=2-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym4=2-day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym5=two day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym6=Two day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym7=Two Day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym8=cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym9=Cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym10=Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test}}

==U==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=ubiquinol|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ubiquinone|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary entry|name=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative|definition=A UK group of researchers and [[ME/CFS]] patient groups led by Professor [[Stephen Holgate]].<ref>[http://www.meassociation.org.uk/2013/10/uk-mecfs-research-collaborative-executive-board-minutes-of-meeting-held-on-7-october-2013/ "UK ME/CFS Research Collaborative executive board | summary of meeting held on 7 October 2013"]</ref> Its launch in 2013 was covered by the [[Science Media Centre]].<ref>[http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-unravelling-the-controversy/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – unraveling the controversy]</ref> Since 2014, the collaborative sponsors the [[CFS/ME Research Collaborative Conference]].|abbreviation=CMRC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=CFS/ME Research Collaborative|synonym2=U.K. CFS/ME Research Collaborative|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Unidentified Bright Object|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

==V==
{{Glossary entry|name=vesicle|definition=In cell biology, a vesicle is any "bubble" of liquid surrounded by a layer of molecules forming an enclosing membrane.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Vesicle|synonym2=vesicles|synonym3=Vesicles|synonym4=vesicular|synonym5=Vesicular|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Virchow-Robin space|definition=A space inside the blood-brain barrier that surrounds blood vessels. They are also known as perivascular spaces. Immune cells from the blood often enter the Virchow-Robin space, but are unable to enter the brain. In cases of [[neuroinflammation]], immune cells may accumulate in the Virchow-Robin space, unable to enter the brain. This accumulation of immune cells (called perivascular cuffing) may lead to an enlarged Virchow-Robin space. Enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces may be visible in an [[MRI]] image of the brain.<ref>https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.274065722</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perivascular_space|synonym1=Virchow-Robin spaces|synonym2=Virchow Robin space|synonym3=Virchow Robin spaces|synonym4=Virchow-Robin Space|synonym5=Virchow Robin Space|synonym6=perivascular space|synonym7=perivascular spaces|synonym8=Perivascular space|synonym9=Perivascular spaces|synonym10=Virchow-robin space}}

{{Glossary entry|name=virome|abbreviation=|definition=The human virome is the collection of all viruses that are found in or on humans|synonym1=Virome|synonym2=|synonym3=Human Virome|synonym4=human virome}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/human-virome|title=virome|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=VO2max|abbreviation=|definition=the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during a specified period of usually intense exercise|synonym1=VO2Max|synonym2=VO2 Max|synonym3=vO2 max|synonym4=VO2 max|synonym5=vO2 Max|synonym6=vO2max|synonym7=maximal oxygen consumption|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/VO2%20max|title=VO2max|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref>

==W==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=white matter hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=WHO|othername=World Health Organization}}

{{Glossary entry|name=World Health Organization|definition="A specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations." The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is maintained by WHO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/|title=Home|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|website=www.who.int |language=en|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=WHO|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization|synonym1=World health organization|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==X==

==Y==

==Z==

== See also ==
* [[List of abbreviations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists]]

Glossary

2020-02-21T23:25:48Z

Pyrrhus:/* I */ c/e

__NOGLOSSARY__
{{AZ|no numbers}}
This page is a '''glossary''' of key ME/CFS-related terms. (For help editing this page, see [[Help:Glossary]].)

==A==
{{Glossary entry|name=accuracy|definition=The "closeness of an observation to the true clinical state".<ref name="Sackett" /> With respect to diagnostic tests, "accuracy" means how specific and sensitive the test is.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Accuracy|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexjansen.com/nesug/nesug10/hl/hl07.pdf|title=Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, Associated Confidence Interval and ROC Analysis with Practical SAS® Implementations|last=Zhu|first=|authorlink=|last2=Zeng|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=Lex Jansen|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=12 November 2019|last3=Wang}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=Action for ME|definition=Action for ME is a British non-profit organization that was set up in 1987 as The M.E. Action Campaign. Its founders were [[Martin Lev]], Sue Findlay and Clare Francis. In September 1993 it changed its name and logo to Action for ME and Chronic Fatigue. It then changed its name in 1993 to Action for ME.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-11-05|title=Action for ME|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Action_for_ME&oldid=747975928|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>|abbreviation=AfME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Action for M.E.|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=adverse reaction|definition=Any unintended or unwanted response to the treatment under investigation in a clinical trial.<ref name="hraglossary">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hra.nhs.uk/approvals-amendments/glossary/|title=Glossary|website=Health Research Authority|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Adverse reactions|synonym2=Adverse reaction|synonym3=adverse reactions|synonym4=side effect|synonym5=side effects|synonym6=Side effect|synonym7=Side effects|synonym8=Side Effect|synonym9=Side Effects|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AfME|othername=Action for ME}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|definition=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is a United States government agency under the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]]. Their mission is "to produce evidence to make health care safer, higher quality, more accessible, equitable, and affordable.<ref>https://www.ahrq.gov/cpi/about/profile/index.html</ref> A representative of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality sat on the (now disbanded) [[CFSAC]] committee as an ''Ex Officio'' Member.|abbreviation=AHRQ|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Agency for healthcare research and quality|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AHRQ|othername=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality}}

{{Glossary entry|name=All-Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|definition=A British group of backbench members of parliament, from all political parties and from Houses of Commons and Lords, who meet to discuss [[ME]].|abbreviation=APPG|learn-more-url=|synonym1=All Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym2=All-Party Parliamentary Group|synonym3=All Party Parliamentary Group|synonym4=All-Party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym5=All Party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym6=All-party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym7=All-party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym8=All-party Parliamentary Group|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=American Psychiatric Association|definition=The main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world.<ref>https://www.psychiatry.org/</ref> Not to be confused with the American Psychological Association (also APA).|abbreviation=APA|learn-more-url=|synonym1=American Psychiatric Assoc|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=antibody|definition=Antibodies or immunoglobulin refers to any of a large number of specific proteins produced by [[B cell]]s that act against an antigen in an immune response.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Antibody|synonym2=Antibodies|synonym3=antibodies|synonym4=Immunoglobulin|synonym5=immunoglobulin|synonym6=Immunoglobulins|synonym7=immunoglobulins|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ANZMES|othername=Associated New Zealand ME Society}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=APA|othername=American Psychiatric Association}}

{{Glossary entry|name=apoptosis|definition=a type of cell death in which a cell, in response to a threat, initiates a series of molecular steps that lead to its orderly death. This is one method the body uses to get rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. This form of cell suicide is also called programmed cell death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/apoptosis|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|website=cancer.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Apoptosis|synonym2=apoptotic|synonym3=Apoptotic|synonym4=programmed cell death|synonym5=Programmed cell death|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=APPG|othername=All-Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis}}

{{Glossary entry|name=assay|definition=1. (verb) analysis (as of an ore or drug) to determine the presence, absence, or quantity of one or more components.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assay|title=assay|website=The Merriam-Webster.com|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> 2. (noun) In biochemistry, any laboratory protocol used to test a sample for one or more qualities.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Assay|synonym2=Assays|synonym3=assays|synonym4=Assaying|synonym5=assaying|synonym6=Assayed|synonym7=assayed|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Associated New Zealand ME Society|definition=A New Zealand group for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients and their caregivers.|abbreviation=ANZMES|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Associated New Zealand M.E. Society|synonym2=Associated New Zealand M.E. society|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Association of Young People with ME|definition=AYME was a UK national charity supporting children and young people affected by [[ME/CFS]] with members under 25. Its lead medical advisor was Doctor [[Esther Crawley]]. In April 2017 the charity merged with [[Action for ME]], forming its Children's Services department run by Mary-Jane Willows.<ref>https://m.facebook.com/actionforme/photos/a.76870643208.71362.72990583208/10155087150888209/?type=3 Action for ME is pleased to announce the launch of our new Children's Services Team</ref>|abbreviation=AYME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Association of Young People with M.E.|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AYME|othername=Association of Young People with ME}}

==B==
{{Glossary entry|name=B cell|definition=B [[lymphocyte]], or a type of white blood cell, which is involved in the immune response by secreting antibodies to ward off infections. In mammals, they are mostly matured in the [[bone marrow]].|synonym1=B cells|synonym2=B-cell|synonym3=B lymphocyte|synonym4=B lymphocytes|synonym5=B-cells|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/B+lymphocyte|title=B lymphocyte|website=TheFreeDictionary.com|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=bias|definition=Bias in research is "a systematic deviation of an observation from the true clinical state".<ref name="Sackett">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TjRrAAAAMAAJ&PA=30&q=bias|title=Clinical epidemiology : a basic science for clinical medicine|last=Sackett|first=David|last2=Haynes|first2=R. Brian|last3=Tugwell|first3=Peter|date=1985|publisher=Little, Brown|others=|year=|isbn=0316765953|editor-link=|edition=1st|location=Boston|pages=30|chapter=|oclc=11703862|quote=|editor-last2=|editor-link2=}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Bias|synonym2=Biased|synonym3=biased|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=biopsychosocial model|definition=A school of thought, usually based in psychology, which claims illness and disease to be the result of the intermingling of biological, psychological and social causes.|abbreviation=BPS|synonym1=BPS model|synonym2=BPS Model|synonym3=Biopsychosocial model|synonym4=biopsychosocial|synonym5=Biopsychosocial|synonym6=Biopsychosocial Model|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model}}

{{Glossary entry|name=BMJ|definition=The BMJ (previously the British Medical Journal) is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=British Medical Journal|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=bodily distress disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=BPS|othername=biopsychosocial model}}

{{Glossary entry|name=bradycardia|definition=A slowness of the heartbeat, so that the pulse rate is less than 60 per minute in an adult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bradycardia|title=Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition|website=thefreedictionary|access-date=2019-04-18|date=2003|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Bradycardia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==C==
{{Glossary entry|name=Canadian Consensus Criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria used to diagnose ME/CFS, developed by a group of practicing ME/CFS clinicians in 2003. The CCC is often considered to be the most complex criteria, but possibly the most accurate, with the lowest number of patients meeting the criteria. Led to the development of the International Consensus Criteria (ICC) in 2011.|abbreviation=CCC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Canadian consensus criteria|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf|title=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols|last=Carruthers|first=Bruce|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2003|website=Invest in ME|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=cardiopulmonary exercise test|othername=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cartilage|definition=firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cartilage|synonym2=cartilages|synonym3=Cartilages|synonym4=cartilaginous|synonym5=Cartilaginous|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/cartilage|title=cartilage|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=lexico.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CBT|othername=cognitive behavioral therapy}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CCC|othername=Canadian consensus criteria}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CDC|othername=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cell membrane|definition=A very thin membrane, composed of lipids and protein, that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cell-membrane|title=Cell membrane definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cell membrane|synonym2=Cell membranes|synonym3=cell membranes|synonym4=Plasma membrane|synonym5=plasma membrane|synonym6=Plasma membranes|synonym7=plasma membranes|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|definition=The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a U.S. government agency dedicated to epidemiology and public health. It operates under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.|abbreviation=CDC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Centers for Disease Control|synonym2=Center for Disease Control|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=central nervous system|definition=One of the two parts of the human nervous system, the other part being the [[peripheral nervous system]]. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that travel from the central nervous system into the various organs and tissues of the body.|abbreviation=CNS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Central nervous system|synonym2=Central Nervous System|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cerebellum|definition=A part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, beneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. Its name reflects the fact that it looks like a smaller version of the cerebrum. Its main known functions are the coordination of unconscious muscle movements and the maintenance of body positional equilibrium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cerebellum|title=Definition of cerebellum|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cerebellum|synonym2=cerebellar|synonym3=Cerebellar|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFIDS|othername=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS|othername=chronic fatigue syndrome}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFSAC|othername=Chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS/ME|othername=ME/CFS}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS/ME Research Collaborative|othername=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative}}

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic disease|abbreviation=|definition=a disease or condition that usually lasts for 3 months or longer and may get worse over time|synonym1=Chronic disease|synonym2=Chronic Disease|synonym3=chronic diseases|synonym4=Chronic diseases|synonym5=Chronic Diseases}}<ref>https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/chronic-disease</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic fatigue|definition=Persistent and abnormal fatigue is a symptom, not an illness. It may be caused by depression, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome or many other illnesses. The term "chronic fatigue" should never be confused with the disease [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].<ref name="CanadianConsensusCriteria">{{Cite journal|last=Carruthers|first=Bruce M.|author-link=Bruce Carruthers|last2=van de Sande|first2=Marjorie I.|author-link2=Marjorie van de Sande|last3=De Meirleir|first3=Kenny L.|author-link3=Kenny De Meirleir|last4=Klimas|first4=Nancy G.|author-link4=Nancy Klimas|last5=Broderick|first5=Gordon|author-link5=Gordon Broderick|last6=Mitchell|first6=Terry|author-link6=Terry Mitchell|last7=Staines|first7=Donald|author-link7=Donald Staines|last8=Powles|first8=A. C. Peter|author-link8=A C Peter Powles|last9=Speight|first9=Nigel|author-link9=Nigel Speight|last10=Vallings|first10=Rosamund|author-link10=Rosamund Vallings|last11=Bateman|first11=Lucinda|author-link11=Lucinda Bateman|last12=Baumgarten-Austrheim|first12=Barbara|author-link12=Barbara Baumgarten-Austrheim|last13=Bell|first13=David|author-link13=David Bell|last14=Carlo-Stella|first14=Nicoletta|author-link14=Nicoletta Carlo-Stella|last15=Chia|first15=John|author-link15=John Chia|last16=Darragh|first16=Austin|author-link16=Austin Darragh|last17=Jo|first17=Daehyun|author-link17=Daehyun Jo|last18=Lewis|first18=Donald|author-link18=Donald Lewis|last19=Light|first19=Alan|author-link19=Alan Light|last20=Marshall-Gradisnik|first20=Sonya|author-link20=Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik|last21=Mena|first21=Ismael|author-link21=Ismael Mena|last22=Mikovits|first22=Judy|author-link22=Judy Mikovits|last23=Miwa|first23=Kunihisa|author-link23=Kunihisa Miwa|last24=Murovska|first24=Modra|author-link24=Modra Murovska|last25=Pall|first25=Martin|author-link25=Martin Pall|last26=Stevens|first26=Staci|author-link26=Staci Stevens|date=2011-08-22|title=Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=270|issue=4|pages=327–338|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|issn=0954-6820|pmc=3427890|pmid=21777306|via=}}</ref>|abbreviation=CF|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|definition=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome is another term for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, but one which emphasizes the immunological aspects of the disease. Popular in the 1990's, this term has apparently fallen into disuse.|abbreviation=CFIDS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|synonym2=Chronic Fatigue & Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|synonym3=Chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome|synonym4=Chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic fatigue syndrome|definition=A controversial term, invented by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, that generally refers to a collection of symptoms as “fatigue”. There have been multiple attempts to come up with a set of diagnostic criteria to define this term, but few of those diagnostic criteria are currently in use. Previous attempts to define this term include the [[Fukuda criteria]] and the [[Oxford criteria]]. Some view the term as a useful diagnostic category for people with long-term fatigue of unexplained origin. Others view the term as a derogatory term borne out of animus towards patients. Some view the term as a synonym of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]], while others view myalgic encephalomyelitis as a distinct disease.|abbreviation=CFS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue syndrome|synonym2=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|synonym3=C.F.S.|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Advisory Committee|definition=(sometimes pronounced SIF-SACK) A US government advisory council that met twice per year, covering current topics related to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Meetings usually lasted for two days and the results were presented to the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS). After 15 years, on September 5, 2018, CFSAC's charter was not renewed by the Department of HHS, effectively dissolving the committee without notice or warning.|abbreviation=CFSAC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee|synonym2=chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meaction.net/2018/09/07/hhs-secretary-kills-cfsac/|title=HHS Secretary Kills CFSAC!|date=2018-09-07|website=#MEAction|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=clivus|abbreviation=|definition=the smooth sloping surface on the upper posterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone supporting the pons and the basilar artery|synonym1=clivi|synonym2=Clivus|synonym3=Clivi}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/clivus</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CMRC|othername=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CMV|othername=cytomegalovirus}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CNS|othername=central nervous system}}

{{Glossary entry|name=coenzyme Q10|definition=Coenzyme Q10 (also known as ubiquinone) is found in the [[mitochondria]] and, as a component of the electron transport chain, plays an important role in [[citric acid cycle|aerobic respiration]]. The chemically-reduced form of CoQ10 is called ubiquinol.|abbreviation=CoQ10|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Coenzyme Q10|synonym2=co-enzyme Q10|synonym3=Co-enzyme Q10|synonym4=COQ10|synonym5=ubiquinone|synonym6=ubiquinol|synonym7=Ubiquinone|synonym8=Ubiquinol|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cofactor|abbreviation=|definition=A substance that acts with another substance to bring about certain effects.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cofactor</ref> In biochemistry, a cofactor is a molecule that is necessary for a given biochemical reaction, but is not an enzyme or substrate of the reaction.|synonym1=cofactors|synonym2=Cofactor|synonym3=Cofactors}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cognition|definition=Thought processes, including attention, reasoning, and memory.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cognition|synonym2=Cognitive|synonym3=cognitive|synonym4=Cognitions|synonym5=cognitions|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cognitive behavioral therapy|definition=A type of psychotherapy geared toward modifying alleged unhealthy thinking, behaviors or [[illness belief]]s. One of the treatment arms used in the controversial [[PACE trial]].|abbreviation=CBT|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy|synonym2=Cognitive behavioral therapy|synonym3=Cognitive behavioural therapy|synonym4=Cognitive Behavioural Therapy|synonym5=cognitive behavioural therapy|synonym6=cognitive-behavioral therapy|synonym7=Cognitive-behavioral therapy|synonym8=cognitive-behavioural therapy|synonym9=Cognitive-behavioural therapy|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=conversion disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CoQ10|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CPET|othername=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=crash|othername=post-exertional malaise}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cytomegalovirus|definition=A common [[herpesvirus]] found in humans. Like other herpesviruses, it is a life-long infection that remains in a latent state inside the human body, until it is 'reactivated' by appropriate conditions. CMV infects between 60% to 70% of adults in industrialized countries and close to 100% in emerging countries. Much is unknown about this virus, although it has been found in salivary glands and myeloid blood cells such as [[monocyte]]s. It has also been linked to the development of certain cancers. Congenital CMV is a leading infectious cause of deafness, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability. A common treatment for CMV is [[valganciclovir]], commonly known as Valcyte.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/</ref>|abbreviation=CMV|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cytomegalovirus|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==D==

{{Glossary entry|name=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|definition=A psychiatric reference book published by the American Psychiatric Association, often referred to as "the psychiatrist's Bible". Although the most recent version (DSM-5) purports to be the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders, the editors of both previous versions of the manual have heavily criticized the current version due to the climate of secrecy that shrouded the development of the latest version. 69% of the people who worked on DSM-5 reported having ties to the pharmaceutical industry.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3302834/</ref> Dr. Allen Frances, who headed the development of the previous version, warned of dangerous unintended consequences such as new false 'epidemics'.<ref>https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/warning-sign-road-dsm-v-beware-its-unintended-consequences?verify=0A</ref> The British Psychological Society criticized DSM-5 diagnoses as "clearly based largely on social norms, with 'symptoms' that all rely on subjective judgements" and expressed a major concern that "clients and the general public are negatively affected by the continued and continuous medicalisation of their natural and normal responses to their experiences". A petition signed by over 13,000 mental health professionals stated that the lowered diagnostic thresholds in DSM-5, combined with entirely subjective criteria based on western social norms, would "lead to inappropriate medical treatment of vulnerable populations".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120411074618/http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/dsm5/</ref> The director of the US National Institute of Mental Health, Dr. Thomas R. Insel, pointed out that the diagnoses in DSM-5 had no scientific validity whatsoever.<ref>https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/directors/thomas-insel/blog/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml</ref>|abbreviation=DSM|learn-more-url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-dsm5-ignores-biology-mental-illness/|synonym1=DSM-4|synonym2=DSM4|synonym3=DSM-5|synonym4=DSM5|synonym5=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual|synonym6=DSM-IV|synonym7=DSM-III|synonym8=DSM-III-R|synonym9=DSM-V|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=DSM-5|othername=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders}}

==E==
{{Glossary entry|name=endogenous|definition=Growing or originating from within an organism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/endogenous|title=Endogenous {{!}} Definition of Endogenous by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Endogenous|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Energy Envelope Theory|definition=A self-management tool developed and tested by Dr. [[Leonard Jason]] to reduce symptom severity and the frequency of relapses for people with [[ME/CFS]]. According to this theory, ME/CFS patients should not expend more energy than they perceive they have, as this results in [[post-exertional malaise]] and higher disability. Instead patients are advised to stay within their energy envelope, meaning the physical limits the disease has imposed upon them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Jason|first=Leonard A.|last2=Brown|first2=Molly|last3=Brown|first3=Abigail|last4=Evans|first4=Meredyth|last5=Flores|first5=Samantha|last6=Grant-Holler|first6=Elisa|last7=Sunnquist|first7=Madison|date=2013-01-14|title=Energy Conservation/Envelope Theory Interventions to Help Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3596172/|journal=Fatigue (Abingdon, Eng. Print)|volume=1|issue=1-2|pages=27–42|doi=10.1080/21641846.2012.733602|issn=2164-1846|pmc=3596172|pmid=23504301}}</ref> As the energy envelope theory also cautions about the dangers of under-exertion, its principles are almost identical to ‘[[pacing]]’, an activity management strategy for ME patients devised by [[Ellen Goudsmit]] in the UK.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goudsmit|first=Ellen M.|last2=Nijs|first2=Jo|last3=Jason|first3=Leonard A.|last4=Wallman|first4=Karen E.|date=2012|title=Pacing as a strategy to improve energy management in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a consensus document|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22181560|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation|volume=34|issue=13|pages=1140–1147|doi=10.3109/09638288.2011.635746|issn=1464-5165|pmid=22181560}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Energy envelope theory|synonym2=energy envelope theory|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=enterovirus|definition=A genus of RNA viruses which typically enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems and sometimes spread to the central nervous system or other parts of the body, causing neurological, cardiac, and other damage. Since the first reports of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), enteroviruses have been suspected as a cause of ME. Enteroviruses have also been implicated as the cause of Type I diabetes, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Enteroviruses include poliovirus, [[coxsackievirus]]es, and many others. New enteroviruses and new strains of existing enteroviruses are continuously being discovered.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://viralzone.expasy.org/97?outline=all_by_species|synonym1=Enterovirus|synonym2=enteroviruses|synonym3=Enteroviruses|synonym4=enteroviral|synonym5=Enteroviral|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=enzyme|definition=a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|language=en|date=2019}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Enzyme|synonym2=enzymes|synonym3=Enzymes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=epigenome|definition=all of the chemical compounds that are not part of the DNA sequence, but are on or attached to DNA as a way to regulate gene activity|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Epigenome|synonym2=epigenomes|synonym3=Epigenomes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/howgeneswork/epigenome</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=eukaryote|definition=any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus, unlike bacteria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/eukaryote|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|website=britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Eukaryotes include yeast, fungus, plants, and animals.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Eukaryote|synonym2=eukaryotes|synonym3=Eukaryotes|synonym4=eukaryotic|synonym5=Eukaryotic|synonym6=eucaryote|synonym7=Eucaryote|synonym8=eucaryotes|synonym9=Eucaryotes|synonym10=eucaryotic}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=exosome|othername=extracellular vesicle}}

{{Glossary entry|name=extracellular vesicle|definition=An extracellular vesicle (sometimes abbreviated EV) is a piece of a cell that has broken off and formed a separate membrane-bound vesicle. A membrane-bound vesicle is like a bubble, or like a mini-cell, in that it has a membrane surrounding some liquid. An extracellular vesicle may also contain some parts of the cell from which the extracellular vesicle arose. There are currently two types of extracellular vesicles: "exosomes" and "microvesicles". An "exosome" is an extracellular vesicle that began inside the cell as an intracellular vesicle known as an "endosome". A "microvesicle" is an extracellular vesicle that begins at the cell surface, and pinches off the cell's own membrane to form a separate vesicle.<ref>https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physiol.00045.2018</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physiol.00045.2018|synonym1=Extracellular Vesicle|synonym2=extracellular vesicles|synonym3=Extracellular Vesicles|synonym4=microvesicle|synonym5=microvesicles|synonym6=exosome|synonym7=Exosome|synonym8=exosomes|synonym9=exosomal|synonym10=Exosomal}}

==F==
{{Glossary entry|name=foramen magnum|definition=the large opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to merge with the lower brain<ref>{{Cite book|title=Collins Dictionary|language=en|date=2019}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Foramen magnum|synonym2=Foramen Magnum|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Fukuda criteria|definition=The most commonly used diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome, created by the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC).<ref name="Fukuda1994">{{Cite journal|last=Fukuda|first=K.|author-link=Keiji Fukuda|last2=Straus|first2=S. E.|author-link2=Stephen Straus|last3=Hickie|first3=I.|author-link3=Ian Hickie|last4=Sharpe|first4=M. C.|author-link4=Michael Sharpe|last5=Dobbins|first5=J. G.|author-link5=James Dobbins|last6=Komaroff|first6=A.|author-link6=Anthony Komaroff|date=1994-12-15|title=The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Sharpe2/publication/247808895_The_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_A_Comprehensive_Approach_to_Its_Definition_and_Study/links/0c96053201643bfc4b000000/The-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-A-Comprehensive-Approach-to-Its-Definition-and-Study.pdf|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=121|issue=12|pages=953–959|issn=0003-4819|pmid=7978722|via=|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009|publisher=[[American College of Physicians]]}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Fukuda diagnostic criteria|synonym2=Fukuda Criteria|synonym3=Fukuda Diagnostic Criteria|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==G==
{{Glossary entry|name=genome|definition=an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Genome|synonym2=genomes|synonym3=Genomes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/hgp/genome</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=GET|othername=Graded exercise therapy}}

{{Glossary entry|name=glutamate|abbreviation=Glu|definition=Glutamate is one of the amino acids used by the body to make proteins. It is a salt or ester of glutamic acid, and the terms glutamate and glutamic acid are often used interchangeably. It also functions as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.|synonym1=Glutamate|synonym2=glutamic acid|synonym3=Glutamic acid|synonym4=Glutamic Acid}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glutamate</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=glutamic acid|othername=glutamate}}

{{Glossary entry|name=graded exercise therapy|definition=A gradual increase in exercise or activity, according to a pre-defined plan. Focuses on overcoming the patient's alleged unhelpful illness beliefs that exertion can exacerbate symptoms, rather than on reversing physical deconditioning. Considered controversial, and possibly harmful, in the treatment or management of ME. One of the treatment arms of the controversial PACE trial.<ref name="pace2011a">{{Cite journal | last1 = White | first1 = PD | authorlink1 = Peter White| last2 = Goldsmith | first2 = KA | authorlink2 = Kimberley Goldsmith | last3 = Johnson | first3 = AL |authorlink3 = Anthony Johnson | last4 = Potts |first4 = L | authorlink4 = Laura Potts | last5 = Walwyn | first5 = R |authorlink5 = Rebecca Walwyn | last6 = DeCesare | first6 = JC | authorlink6 = Julia DeCesare | last7 = Baber | first7 = HL | authorlink7 = Hannah Baber | last8 = Burgess | first8 = M |authorlink8 = Mary Burgess| last9 = Clark | first9 = LV | authorlink9 = Lucy Clark| last10 = Cox | first10 = DL | authorlink10 = Diane Cox| last11 = Bavinton |first11 = J | authorlink11 = Jessica Bavinton| last12 = Angus | first12 = BJ | authorlink12 = Brian Angus | last13 = Murphy | first13 = G | authorlink13 = Gabrielle Murphy | last14 = Murphy | first14 = M | authorlink14 = Maurice Murphy | last15 = O'Dowd | first15 = H | authorlink15 = Hazel O'Dowd| last16 = Wilks | first16 = D | authorlink16 = David Wilks| last17 = McCrone | first17 = P | authorlink17 = Paul McCrone | last18 = Chalder | first18 = T | authorlink18 = Trudie Chalder | last19 = Sharpe | first19 = M | authorlink19 = Michael Sharpe | last20 = The PACE Trial Management Group | authorlink20 = PACE Trial Management Group| title = Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial| journal = [[The Lancet]] | volume = 377 | issue = 9768 | page = 823–836| date = 5 March 2011 | pmid = 21334061| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60096-2 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60096-2/}}</ref>|abbreviation=GET|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Graded Exercise Therapy|synonym2=Graded exercise therapy|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=gray matter hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

==H==
{{Glossary entry|name=heart rate monitor|definition=A device that measures your heart rate (pulse rate). Heart rate monitors may come as a chest strap, wrist strap, smartwatch, or even as a mobile phone app. Heart rate monitors are often used by ME/CFS patients to pace their exertion, in order to avoid post-exertional malaise (PEM). For more information, see [[pacing with a heart rate monitor]].|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Heart rate monitor|synonym2=Heart Rate Monitor|synonym3=heart rate monitors|synonym4=Heart rate monitors|synonym5=Heart Rate Monitors|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=heart rate variability|definition=A measurement of the variability of the heart rate over time. When the heart rate is consistent, there will be a low heart rate variability. When the heart rate is constantly changing, there will be a high heart rate variability. Heart rate variability is often used by ME/CFS patients to monitor their autonomic nervous system, as high heart rate variability is associated with the sympathetic nervous system and low heart rate variability is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.|abbreviation=HRV|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Heart rate variability|synonym2=Heart Rate Variability|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=HLA complex|othername=human leukocyte antigen complex}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=HRV|othername=heart rate variability}}

{{Glossary entry|name=human leukocyte antigen complex|definition=A set of genes responsible for a given person's immune response to potential threats. Specifically, HLA genes encode proteins which help the immune system to distinguish the body's own proteins from proteins which are made by foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses. The HLA complex can vary greatly from person to person, generating unique immune and allergic responses.|abbreviation=HLA|learn-more-url=https://mecfsresearchreview.me/2018/06/28/dr-ron-daviss-big-immune-study-is-looking-at-hla-genes-heres-why/|synonym1=Human leukocyte antigen complex|synonym2=Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex|synonym3=human leucocyte antigen complex|synonym4=Human leucocyte antigen complex|synonym5=Human Leucocyte Antigen Complex|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary entry|name=hypoglycemia|abbreviation=|definition=abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood|synonym1=Hypoglycemia|synonym2=hypoglycemic|synonym3=Hypoglycemic|synonym4=hypoglycemics|synonym5=Hypoglycemics|synonym6=hypoglycaemia|synonym7=Hypoglycaemia|synonym8=hypoglycaemic|synonym9=Hypoglycaemic}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypoglycemia</ref>

==I==
{{Glossary entry|name=iatrogenesis|definition=Accidental harm caused by a doctor, by medical treatment, or by diagnostic procedures.<ref name="MerriamWebster">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/iatrogenic#medicalDictionary</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Iatrogenesis|synonym2=Iatrogenic|synonym3=iatrogenic|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ICC|othername=International Consensus Criteria}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ICD|othername=International Classification of Diseases}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=immunoglobulin|othername=antibody}}

{{Glossary entry|name=immunomodulator|definition=a substance that affects the functioning of the immune system|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=immunomodulatory|synonym2=Immunomodulator|synonym3=Immunomodulatory|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immunomodulator</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Institute of Medicine|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Institute of Medicine report|definition=A report that was commissioned by the U.S. government and was published by the Institute of Medicine on February 10, 2015. The report was titled "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness" and proposed the term Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease (SEID). Among its key findings were that "This disease is characterized by profound fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, sleep abnormalities, autonomic manifestations, pain, and other symptoms that are made worse by exertion of any sort." The report further stated "Between 836,000 and 2.5 million Americans suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome."|abbreviation=IOM report|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Institute of Medicine Report|synonym2=IOM Report|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=International Classification of Diseases|definition=A system of medical diagnostic codes, created by the World Health Organization (WHO), to classify diseases and other health related conditions for the purpose of international consistency. By having common diagnostic codes around the world, health researchers are better able to quantify and track disease burdens. The most current version is called ICD-11. ICD codes are primarily used for diagnosis, and do not imply anything about the mechanism of disease.|abbreviation=ICD|learn-more-url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/|synonym1=international classification of diseases|synonym2=International classification of diseases|synonym3=International Classification of Disease|synonym4=international classification of disease|synonym5=International classification of disease|synonym6=ICD-10|synonym7=ICD-10-CM|synonym8=ICD-11|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=International Consensus Criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria, based on the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]], that argued for the abandonment of the term "chronic fatigue syndrome" and encouraged the sole use of the term "myalgic encephalomyelitis".|abbreviation=ICC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=International consensus criteria|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=invisible illness|definition=A chronic condition or illness, such as ME/CFS, which may not be apparent to others. Sufferers may look healthy, yet be in poor health. Symptoms of the illness may not be visible and can be misunderstood or go unnoticed by others. Also, patients may wind up secluded or homebound due to the illness and become "invisible".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=invisible disease|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=IOM|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

==J==

==K==

==L==

==M==
{{Glossary entry|name=magnetic levitation device|definition=A device which uses ferrofluid (a liquid which can become magnetized) in a glass capillary tube surrounded by magnets. This creates a density gradient and cells move to their respective densities within the tube. According to [[Ron Davis]], white blood cells in CFS patients may be less dense than those of healthy controls, indicating the possible use of the device as an inexpensive diagnostic test.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2018/05/16/diagnostic-technology-development/|synonym1=Magnetic levitation device|synonym2=Magnetic Levitation Device|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mass spectrometer|definition=A device which converts molecules to ions, or charged particles. It then uses magnetic and electric fields to sort the ions according to their mass (similar to weight) and charge, in order to identify the molecules or measure their characteristics.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mass spectrometer|synonym2=Mass Spectrometer|synonym3=mass spec|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mastocytosis|definition=A type of [[mast cell]] disease in which chronic symptoms are related to overproduction or over-accumulation of mast cells. Not to be confused with [[Mast cell activation syndrome|Mast Cell Activation Syndrome]] (MCAS), where there are normal numbers of mast cells, but abnormal activity.<ref>https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6987/mastocytosis</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mastocytosis|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ME|othername=myalgic encephalomyelitis}}

{{Glossary entry|name=ME/CFS|definition=An acronym that combines [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] with [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]. Sometimes they are combined because people have trouble distinguishing one from the other. Sometimes they are combined because people see them as synonyms of each other.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=CFS/ME|synonym2=ME / CFS|synonym3=CFS / ME|synonym4=M.E./CFS|synonym5=ME/C.F.S.|synonym6=M.E./C.F.S.|synonym7=CFS/M.E.|synonym8=C.F.S./ME|synonym9=C.F.S./M.E.|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ME/CFS Severely Ill, Big Data Study|othername=Severely Ill Patient Study}}

{{Glossary entry|name=medically unexplained physical symptoms|definition=Technically, this term means that no cause or explanation for the patient's symptoms has yet been found. However, patients diagnosed with "MUPS" are generally lumped into a psychosomatic, or psychologically-caused category by those in the medical profession, without any scientific basis for doing so.|abbreviation=MUPS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=MUS|synonym2=medically unexplained symptoms|synonym3=Medically unexplained physical symptoms|synonym4=Medically unexplained symptoms|synonym5=Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms|synonym6=Medically Unexplained Symptoms|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=medically unexplained symptoms|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary entry|name=membrane|definition=The word "membrane" can have different meanings in different fields of biology. In cell biology, a membrane is a layer of molecules that surround its contents. Examples of cell-biology membranes include the "[[Glossary#cell membrane|cell membrane]]" that surrounds a cell, the "mitochondrial membranes" that form the outer layers of [[Glossary#mitochondria|mitochondria]], and the "viral envelope" that surrounds enveloped viruses. In anatomy or tissue biology, a membrane is a barrier formed by a layer of cells. Examples of anatomical membranes include the pleural membranes that surrounds the lungs, the pericardium which surrounds the heart, and some of the layers within the blood-brain barrier.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Membrane|synonym2=membranes|synonym3=Membranes|synonym4=membranous|synonym5=Membranous|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolic trap hypothesis|definition=An hypothesis which proposes that the normal metabolic functioning of the cell has become "trapped" in an abnormal state, which may lead to body-wide symptoms.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=metabolic trap|synonym2=Metabolic trap|synonym3=Metabolic Trap|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolite|definition=A chemical compound produced by, or involved in, metabolism. The term is often used to refer to the degradation products of drugs in the body.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Metabolite|synonym2=metabolites|synonym3=Metabolites|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolomics|definition=The analysis of the chemical metabolism within cells, tissues or organisms. The term is often used to refer to the full set of metabolites found in a cell in a given environment.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Metabolomics|synonym2=metabolomic|synonym3=Metabolomic|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=microbiome|definition=The full collection of microscopic organisms (especially bacteria and fungi) which are present in a particular environment, particularly inside the human body.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Microbiome|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=microglia|definition=A type of immune cell, called a [[macrophage]], that lives in the brain. For historical reasons, macrophages have different names based on the part of the body that they normally live in. Macrophages that normally live in the blood are called [[monocyte]]s. Macrophages that normally live in the skin are called Langerhans cells. Macrophages that normally live in the liver are called Kupffer cells. And macrophages that normally live in the central nervous system are called microglia. Microglia were originally classified as [[glial cell]]s, under the assumption that the cells had a merely structural function, before it was realized that the cells were in fact immune cells. As the "sentinel cells" of the central nervous system, microglia survey their environment for abnormalities such as infection or tissue damage, and then initiate an immune response to fight the infection or repair the tissue damage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aguzzi|first=Adriano|last2=Barres|first2=Ben A.|last3=Bennett|first3=Mariko L.|date=2013-01-11|title=Microglia: Scapegoat, Saboteur, or Something Else?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4431634/|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=339|issue=6116|pages=156–161|doi=10.1126/science.1227901|issn=0036-8075|pmc=4431634|pmid=23307732}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Microglia|synonym2=micro-glia|synonym3=Micro-glia|synonym4=microglial|synonym5=Microglial|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=microvesicle|othername=extracellular vesicle}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Millions Missing|definition=A global campaign, first led by #MEAction in May 2016, which aims to gain awareness, community, education, research, funding and treatment equality for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. The campaign uses the hashtag #MillionsMissing on Twitter.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Millions missing|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mitochondria|definition=Important parts of the biological cell, with each mitochondrion encased within a mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondria are best known for their role in energy production, earning them the nickname "the powerhouse of the cell". Mitochondria also participate in the detection of threats and the response to these threats. One of the responses to threats orchestrated by mitochondria is apoptosis, a cell suicide program used by cells when the threat can not be eliminated.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mitochondria|synonym2=mitochondrion|synonym3=Mitochondrion|synonym4=mitochondrial|synonym5=Mitochondrial|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=mitochondrion|othername=mitochondria}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mouse model|definition=The use of special strains of mice to study a human disease or condition, and how to prevent and treat it<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mouse-model|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|website=cancer.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mouse Models|synonym2=Mouse model|synonym3=Mouse models|synonym4=mouse models|synonym5=Mouse Model|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=MUPS|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=MUS|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgia|definition=Muscle pain.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite journal|title=myalgia|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myalgia|journal=The Free Dictionary}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgic encephalomyelitis|definition=A disease often marked by neurological symptoms, but fatigue is sometimes a symptom as well. Some diagnostic criteria distinguish it from [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], while other diagnostic criteria consider it to be a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome.<ref name="ICP2011primer">{{Citation| last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers| last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande| last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir| last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas| last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick| last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell| last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines| last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles| last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight| last10 = Vallings | first10= R | authorlink10= Rosamund Vallings| last11 = Bateman | first11= L | authorlink11= Lucinda Bateman| last12 = Bell | first12= DS | authorlink12= David Bell| last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13= N | authorlink13= Nicoletta Carlo-Stella| last14 = Chia | first14= J | authorlink14= John Chia| last15 = Darragh | first15= A | authorlink15= Austin Darragh| last16 = Gerken |first16= A | authorlink16= Anne Gerken| last17 = Jo | first17= D | authorlink17= Daehyun Jo| last18 = Lewis | first18= DP | authorlink18= Donald Lewis| last19 = Light | first19= AR | authorlink19= Alan Light| last20 = Light | first20= KC | authorlink20= Kathleen Light| last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21= S | authorlink21= Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik| last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22= J | authorlink22= John McLaren-Howard| last23 = Mena | first23= I | authorlink23= Ismael Mena| last24 = Miwa | first24= K | authorlink24= Kunihisa Miwa| last25 = Murovska | first25= M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska| last26 = Stevens | first26= SR | authorlink26= Staci Stevens| title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf}}</ref> A defining characteristic of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), which is a notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others. An estimated 25% of those suffering from ME are housebound or bedbound. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies ME as a neurological disease.<ref name="icd10-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/|title=International Classification of Diseases|edition=10th|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2016|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|}}</ref>|abbreviation=ME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym2=Myalgic encephalomyelitis|synonym3=Myalgic encephalopathy|synonym4=Myalgic Encephalopathy|synonym5=myalgic encephalopathy|synonym6=M.E.|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgic encephalopathy|definition=An alternate term that is sometimes used for myalgic encephalomyelitis, by people who believe the evidence for inflammation in ME is insufficient. This terminology reflects the belief that the "-itis" suffix implies inflammation.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgic encephalopathy|synonym2=Myalgic Encephalopathy|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==N==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=NAM|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

{{Glossary entry|name=nanoneedle|definition=A device with microscopic dimensions which measures electrical impedance across a blood cell. According to [[Ron Davis]], the nanoneedle measured increased electrical impedance in the blood cells of 10 ME/CFS patients when stressed with salt, but not in healthy controls. Accordingly, this device has been proposed as a potential diagnostic test to distinguish ME/CFS patients from healthy controls.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2018/05/16/diagnostic-technology-development/|synonym1=Nanoneedle|synonym2=nanoneedles|synonym3=Nanoneedles|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=NASA 10-minute lean test|definition=A variation of a test used by NASA researchers to test for [[orthostatic intolerance]]. A simple test which is recommended by the Bateman Horne Center for ME and Fibromyalgia patients.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=http://batemanhornecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NASA-LeanTest-Instructions-April-2018.pdf|synonym1=NASA ten-minute lean test|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=National Academy of Medicine|definition=An American non-profit, non-governmental organization which provides expert advice to governmental agencies on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine and health. Formerly known as the Institute of Medicine (IOM).|abbreviation=NAM|learn-more-url=|synonym1=National academy of medicine|synonym2=Institute of Medicine|synonym3=Institute of medicine|synonym4=IOM|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=National Institutes of Health|definition=A set of biomedical research institutes operated by the U.S. government, under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.|abbreviation=NIH|learn-more-url=|synonym1=National institutes of health|synonym2=National Institute of Health|synonym3=National Institutes Health|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=naturopath|definition=a practitioner who uses a system of treatment of disease that avoids drugs and surgery and emphasizes the use of natural agents (such as air, water, and herbs) and physical means (such as tissue manipulation and electrotherapy)|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=naturopathy|synonym2=naturopathic|synonym3=Naturopath|synonym4=Naturopathy|synonym5=Naturopathic|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/naturopathy</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=NICE guidelines|definition=Clinical guidelines used in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/|title=NICE {{!}} The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|website=NICE|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=NICE Guidelines|synonym2=NICE guideline|synonym3=NICE Guideline|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=NIH|othername=National Institutes of Health}}

==O==
{{Glossary entry|name=orthostatic intolerance|definition=The development of symptoms when standing upright, where symptoms are relieved upon reclining. Patients with orthostatic intolerance have trouble remaining upright for more than a few seconds or a few minutes, depending upon severity. In severe orthostatic intolerance, patients may not be able to sit upright in bed. Orthostatic intolerance is often a sign of [[dysautonomia]]. There are different types of orthostatic intolerance, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).|abbreviation=OI|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Orthostatic intolerance|synonym2=Orthostatic Intolerance|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Oxford criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. These criteria focus on "fatigue" as the defining symptom.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Oxford Criteria|synonym2=Oxford diagnostic criteria|synonym3=Oxford Diagnostic Criteria|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Oxford University|definition=a prestigious university located in Oxford, England renowned for its teaching and research in health and medicine<ref>http://www.ox.ac.uk/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Oxford U.|synonym2=Oxford Uni|synonym3=University of Oxford|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==P==
{{Glossary entry|name=PACE trial|definition=A controversial study which claimed that [[CBT]] and [[GET]] were effective in treating "CFS/ME", despite the fact that its own data did not support this conclusion. Its results and methodology were widely disputed by patients, scientists, and the peer-reviewed scientific literature.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=PACE|synonym2=PACE Trial|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=pacing|definition=The practice of staying within one's "energy envelope" by interspersing periods of activity with periods of rest. ME/CFS patients use pacing to avoid or reduce post-exertional malaise (PEM). Some patients use a heart rate monitor to help with pacing.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Pacing|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=PEM|othername=post-exertional malaise}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=PENE|othername=post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=perivascular space|othername=Virchow-Robin space}}

{{Glossary entry|name=pharyngitis|definition=An irritation or swelling of the top part of the throat, at the back of the mouth, usually caused by an infection such as Streptococcus. The hallmark symptom is a sore throat without cough.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharyngitis#medicalDictionary</ref><ref>https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/5</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Pharyngitis|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=phase three|definition=Last phase of clinical trials before a drug can be approved for public use. Whereas Phase one assesses basic safety, and Phase two assesses basic efficacy, Phase three uses many trial participants to fully assess both safety and efficacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/|title=Home - ClinicalTrials.gov|website=clinicaltrials.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Phase 3|synonym2=Phase III|synonym3=Phase three|synonym4=phase 3|synonym5=phase III|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=plasma|definition=The liquid part of blood, lymph, or milk after removing any suspended material.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plasma</ref> Most of the time, "plasma" simply refers to blood, after all the blood cells have been removed. If you also remove the clotting factors, then the plasma is referred to as "[[Glossary#serum|serum]]".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Plasma|synonym2=blood plasma|synonym3=Blood plasma|synonym4=Blood Plasma|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=plasma membrane|othername=cell membrane}}

{{Glossary entry|name=platelet|definition=(also known as a thrombocyte) A colorless disk-like blood cell that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and to damaged linings of blood vessels.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/platelet</ref> Simply put, platelets clump together to form blood clots. (A blood clot is also called a thrombus.) People with low levels of platelets may have trouble with blood clotting, and may bleed easily from minor wounds.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=thrombocyte|synonym2=Thrombocyte|synonym3=thrombocytes|synonym4=Thrombocytes|synonym5=Platelet|synonym6=platelets|synonym7=Platelets|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=post-exertional malaise|definition=A notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small physical or cognitive exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others.|abbreviation=PEM|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Post-exertional malaise|synonym2=Post-exertional Malaise|synonym3=Post exertional malaise|synonym4=post exertional malaise|synonym5=Post Exertional Malaise|synonym6=Postexertional malaise|synonym7=postexertional malaise|synonym8=Postexertional Malaise|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|definition=An alternative term for post-exertional malaise (PEM), used by people who find that the word 'malaise' fails to capture the serious nature of the condition. Used in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report.|abbreviation=PENE|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym2=Post-exertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym3=Postexertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym4=postexertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym5=Postexertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym6=Post exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym7=post exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym8=Post Exertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/19012/chapter/1|title=Read "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness" at NAP.edu|language=en}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|definition=A form of orthostatic intolerance where the cardinal symptom is excessive tachycardia due to changing position (e.g. from lying down to sitting up).|abbreviation=POTS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|synonym2=Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=POTS|othername=postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome}}

{{Glossary entry|name=presyncope|definition=The sensation that one is about to faint and lose consciousness. It usually is described as a severe lightheaded feeling, often associated with unsteadiness or falling. The sensation arises because the cerebral cortex is temporarily not receiving adequate oxygen, usually because of diminished blood flow.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459383/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Presyncope|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=psychosomatic|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary entry|name=PwME|definition=Acronym for a "Person with ME" (myalgic encephalomyelitis).|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=PWME|synonym2=PwME's|synonym3=PwMEs|synonym4=pwme|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==Q==

==R==
{{Glossary entry|name=Ramsay definition|definition=A clinical definition of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) developed by [[Melvin Ramsay]] after 30 years of treating and researching ME patients. Since this definition was in place before the U.S. Centers for Disease Control invented the term "chronic fatigue syndrome", the Ramsay definition is sometimes considered the last clinical definition that may be unbiased by the ensuing diagnostic confusion.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Ramsay Definition|synonym2=Ramsay criteria|synonym3=Ramsay Criteria|synonym4=Ramsay diagnostic criteria|synonym5=Ramsay Diagnostic Criteria|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=randomized controlled trial|definition=A trial in which participants are randomly assigned to two groups, with one group receiving the treatment being studied and a control or comparison group receiving a sham treatment, placebo, or comparison treatment.|abbreviation=RCT|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Randomized controlled trial|synonym2=Randomized Controlled Trial|synonym3=Randomized controlled trials|synonym4=randomized controlled trials|synonym5=Randomized Controlled Trials|synonym6=Randomised controlled trial|synonym7=randomised controlled trial|synonym8=Randomised Controlled Trial|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himmelfarb.gwu.edu/tutorials/studydesign101/rcts.cfm|title=Randomized Controlled Trial - Study Design 101|website=himmelfarb.gwu.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=RCT|othername=randomized controlled trial}}

==S==
{{Glossary entry|name=Seahorse analyzer|definition=An instrument which measures oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate in live cells, in real time, producing information regarding important cellular functions such as mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Seahorse Analyzer|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SEID|othername=systemic exertion intolerance disease}}

{{Glossary entry|name=serum|abbreviation=|definition=The clear yellowish fluid that remains from blood [[Glossary#plasma|plasma]] after clotting factors have been removed by clot formation. ([[Glossary#plasma|Blood plasma]] is simply blood that has had its blood cells removed.)|synonym1=Serum|synonym2=blood serum|synonym3=Blood serum|synonym4=Blood Serum|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=|learn-more-url=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blood%20serum</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Severely Ill Big Data Study|othername=Severely Ill Patient Study}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Severely Ill Patient Study|definition=A study funded by the [[Open Medicine Foundation]] and led by [[Ron Davis]] and [[Wenzhong Xiao]]. It includes over 1000 tests per patient, including the patients' genome, gene expression, metabolomics, microbiome, and others. Formerly known as the ME/CFS Severely Ill Big Data Study.|abbreviation=SIPS|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2019/11/27/severely-ill-patient-study-study/|synonym1=ME/CFS Severely Ill, Big Data Study|synonym2=ME/CFS Severely Ill Big Data Study|synonym3=ME/CFS severely ill, big data study|synonym4=ME/CFS severely ill big data study|synonym5=Severely Ill Big Data Study|synonym6=Severely Ill, Big Data Study|synonym7=Severely ill big data study|synonym8=Severely ill patient study|synonym9=Severely ill Patient Study|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SF-36|othername=Short Form 36-Item Health Survey}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Short Form 36-Item Health Survey|definition=A 36-item patient-reported questionnaire, used to determine patient health status and quality of life.|abbreviation=SF-36|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Short Form 36 Health Survey|synonym2=Short-form 36 Health Survey|synonym3=Short Form 36 Item Health Survey|synonym4=Short-form 36-Item Health Survey|synonym5=SF36|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=side effect|othername=adverse reaction}}

{{Glossary entry|name=single nucleotide polymorphism|definition=A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, pronounced "snip") is a potential genetic mutation that occurs in a single spot in the human genome; a difference in a single DNA building block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/snp|title=What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?|last=Genetics Home Reference|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref><ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/SNP</ref> SNPs are often represented by an "rs" number, such as "rs53576".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs53576|title=rs53576 - SNPedia|website=www.snpedia.com|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>|abbreviation=SNP|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Single nucleotide polymorphism|synonym2=Single Nucleotide Polymorphism|synonym3=Single nucleotide polymorphisms|synonym4=single nucleotide polymorphisms|synonym5=Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms|synonym6=Single nucleotide variant|synonym7=single nucleotide variant|synonym8=Single Nucleotide Variant|synonym9=SNV|synonym10=single nucleotide variants}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SNP|othername=single nucleotide polymorphism}}

{{Glossary entry|name=somatic|definition=An adjective relating to the physical body or physical symptoms. It is often contrasted with the adjective "psychological", which refers to the human mind or mental symptoms. In biology, "somatic cells" refer to all the cells of the body, except those which form an egg or sperm.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Somatic|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=somatic symptom disorder|definition=A psychiatric term to describe an alleged condition whereby a person's thoughts somehow cause physical symptoms. The actual existence of such a condition is highly controversial, due to a lack of scientific evidence. It is related to other psychiatric terms, such as "psychosomatic", "neurasthenia", and "hysteria". Older terms include "somatization", "somatoform disorder", and "conversion disorder". Such terms refer to a scientifically-unsupported theory that claims that a wide range of physical symptoms can be created by the human mind, a theory which has been criticized as "mind over matter" parapsychology, a pseudoscience. Although "Somatic Symptom Disorder" is the term used by [[Glossary#Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM-5]], the term "Bodily Distress Disorder" has been proposed for [[ICD-11]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032513/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress/201301/bad-news-dsm-5-refuses-correct-somatic-symptom-disorder|synonym1=conversion disorder|synonym2=Conversion Disorder|synonym3=somatization|synonym4=Somatization|synonym5=somatoform|synonym6=Somatoform|synonym7=Somatic Symptom Disorder|synonym8=psychosomatic|synonym9=Psychosomatic|synonym10=Bodily Distress Disorder}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress/201301/bad-news-dsm-5-refuses-correct-somatic-symptom-disorder|title=Bad News: DSM 5 Refuses to Correct Somatic Symptom Disorder|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=somatization|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=somatoform disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary entry|name=spoon theory|definition=An analogy which equates the amount of ability that someone with chronic illness has to complete daily tasks to a limited number of spoons. People with chronic illnesses who must ration their energy throughout the day are sometimes referred to as "spoonies".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://butyoudontlooksick.com/articles/written-by-christine/the-spoon-theory/|synonym1=Spoon Theory|synonym2=Spoon theory|synonym3=spoonie|synonym4=Spoonie|synonym5=spoonies|synonym6=Spoonies|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://butyoudontlooksick.com/articles/written-by-christine/the-spoon-theory/|title=The Spoon Theory written by Christine Miserandino|date=2013-04-25|website=But You Dont Look Sick? support for those with invisible illness or chronic illness|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=spoonie|othername=spoon theory}}

{{Glossary entry|name=stress fracture|definition=A tiny crack in a bone caused by repetitive forces such as running or by normal use of a bone that's weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/symptoms-causes/syc-20354057|title=Stress fractures - Symptoms and causes|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Stress fracture|synonym2=Stress Fracture|synonym3=Stress fractures|synonym4=stress fractures|synonym5=Stress Fractures|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=subcortical hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary entry|name=subluxation|abbreviation=|definition=partial dislocation (as of one of the bones in a joint)|synonym1=subluxations|synonym2=Subluxation|synonym3=Subluxations}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subluxation</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=syncope|definition=A medical term for fainting. A loss of consciousness resulting from insufficient blood flow to the brain.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/syncope</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Syncope|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=systemic exertion intolerance disease|definition=A term for ME/CFS that aims to avoid the stigma associated with the term "chronic fatigue syndrome", while emphasizing the defining characteristic of post-exertional malaise (PEM). SEID was defined as part of the diagnostic criteria put together by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report of 10 February 2015.<ref name="IOM2015">{{citation| last1 = Institute of Medicine| author-link = National Academy of Medicine| last2 = Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome| title = Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness | date = Feb 10, 2015| url = https://www.nap.edu/read/19012/ | doi = 10.17226/19012| publisher = The National Academies Press| location = Washington, DC}}</ref>|abbreviation=SEID|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Systemic exertion intolerance disease|synonym2=Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==T==
{{Glossary entry|name=T cell|definition=A type of white blood cell which is mostly produced or matured in the thymus gland (hence T-cell) and is involved in the adaptive immune response on a cellular level. Also known as a T lymphocyte.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toMhBUZ2dtE&feature=youtu.be|synonym1=T Cell|synonym2=T cells|synonym3=T Cells|synonym4=T lymphocyte|synonym5=T Lymphocyte|synonym6=T lymphocytes|synonym7=T Lymphocytes|synonym8=T-cell|synonym9=T-cells|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=T2 hyperintensity|definition=An unusual bright spot on a T2-weighted [[MRI]] of the brain. Also known as an Unidentified Bright Object (UBO). T2 hyperintensities are often found in the periventricular region, where they may be referred to as "white matter hyperintensities" or "leukoaraiosis". They may also be found in the [[basal ganglia]] or [[brainstem]], where they are sometimes referred to as "gray matter hyperintensities", or "subcortical hyperintensities". T2 hyperintensities can represent different things: lesions, dilated [[Glossary#Virchow-Robin space|Virchow-Robin spaces]], or demyelination. They are commonly found in elderly individuals and in neurological disorders.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538206|synonym1=T2 hyperintensities|synonym2=subcortical hyperintensity|synonym3=subcortical hyperintensities|synonym4=Unidentified Bright Object|synonym5=leukoaraiosis|synonym6=white matter hyperintensity|synonym7=White Matter Hyperintensity|synonym8=white matter hyperintensities|synonym9=White Matter Hyperintensities|synonym10=WMH}}

{{Glossary entry|name=tachycardia|definition=An unusually rapid heart beat. Can be caused by exercise or illness. A symptom of [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] (POTS).<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tachycardia</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia/tachycardia--fast-heart-rate|synonym1=Tachycardia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=tilt table test|definition=A diagnostic test to determine [[orthostatic intolerance]] or other forms of [[dysautonomia]]. The patient is strapped to a table and the table is tilted while the patient is monitored.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Tilt table test|synonym2=Tilt Table Test|synonym3=tilt-table test|synonym4=Tilt-table test|synonym5=Tilt-table Test|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|definition=A diagnostic test which involves testing an ME/CFS patient exercising on an exercise machine, while monitoring their respiration, especially oxygen consumption. This test is repeated the following day in order to confirm the patient's inability to replicate the first-day performance. This test is thought to be the most objective way to detect [[post-exertional malaise]].|abbreviation=CPET|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym2=Two-day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym3=2-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym4=2-day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym5=two day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym6=Two day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym7=Two Day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym8=cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym9=Cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym10=Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test}}

==U==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=ubiquinol|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ubiquinone|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary entry|name=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative|definition=A UK group of researchers and [[ME/CFS]] patient groups led by Professor [[Stephen Holgate]].<ref>[http://www.meassociation.org.uk/2013/10/uk-mecfs-research-collaborative-executive-board-minutes-of-meeting-held-on-7-october-2013/ "UK ME/CFS Research Collaborative executive board | summary of meeting held on 7 October 2013"]</ref> Its launch in 2013 was covered by the [[Science Media Centre]].<ref>[http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-unravelling-the-controversy/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – unraveling the controversy]</ref> Since 2014, the collaborative sponsors the [[CFS/ME Research Collaborative Conference]].|abbreviation=CMRC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=CFS/ME Research Collaborative|synonym2=U.K. CFS/ME Research Collaborative|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Unidentified Bright Object|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

==V==
{{Glossary entry|name=vesicle|definition=In cell biology, a vesicle is any "bubble" of liquid surrounded by a layer of molecules forming an enclosing membrane.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Vesicle|synonym2=vesicles|synonym3=Vesicles|synonym4=vesicular|synonym5=Vesicular|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Virchow-Robin space|definition=A space inside the blood-brain barrier that surrounds blood vessels. They are also known as perivascular spaces. Immune cells from the blood often enter the Virchow-Robin space, but are unable to enter the brain. In cases of [[neuroinflammation]], immune cells may accumulate in the Virchow-Robin space, unable to enter the brain. This accumulation of immune cells (called perivascular cuffing) may lead to an enlarged Virchow-Robin space. Enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces may be visible in an [[MRI]] image of the brain.<ref>https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.274065722</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perivascular_space|synonym1=Virchow-Robin spaces|synonym2=Virchow Robin space|synonym3=Virchow Robin spaces|synonym4=Virchow-Robin Space|synonym5=Virchow Robin Space|synonym6=perivascular space|synonym7=perivascular spaces|synonym8=Perivascular space|synonym9=Perivascular spaces|synonym10=Virchow-robin space}}

{{Glossary entry|name=virome|abbreviation=|definition=The human virome is the collection of all viruses that are found in or on humans|synonym1=Virome|synonym2=|synonym3=Human Virome|synonym4=human virome}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/human-virome|title=virome|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=VO2max|abbreviation=|definition=the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during a specified period of usually intense exercise|synonym1=VO2Max|synonym2=VO2 Max|synonym3=vO2 max|synonym4=VO2 max|synonym5=vO2 Max|synonym6=vO2max|synonym7=maximal oxygen consumption|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/VO2%20max|title=VO2max|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref>

==W==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=white matter hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=WHO|othername=World Health Organization}}

{{Glossary entry|name=World Health Organization|definition="A specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations." The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is maintained by WHO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/|title=Home|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|website=www.who.int |language=en|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=WHO|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization|synonym1=World health organization|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==X==

==Y==

==Z==

== See also ==
* [[List of abbreviations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists]]

Glossary

2020-02-21T23:24:08Z

Pyrrhus:/* I */ add synonyms

__NOGLOSSARY__
{{AZ|no numbers}}
This page is a '''glossary''' of key ME/CFS-related terms. (For help editing this page, see [[Help:Glossary]].)

==A==
{{Glossary entry|name=accuracy|definition=The "closeness of an observation to the true clinical state".<ref name="Sackett" /> With respect to diagnostic tests, "accuracy" means how specific and sensitive the test is.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Accuracy|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexjansen.com/nesug/nesug10/hl/hl07.pdf|title=Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, Associated Confidence Interval and ROC Analysis with Practical SAS® Implementations|last=Zhu|first=|authorlink=|last2=Zeng|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=Lex Jansen|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=12 November 2019|last3=Wang}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=Action for ME|definition=Action for ME is a British non-profit organization that was set up in 1987 as The M.E. Action Campaign. Its founders were [[Martin Lev]], Sue Findlay and Clare Francis. In September 1993 it changed its name and logo to Action for ME and Chronic Fatigue. It then changed its name in 1993 to Action for ME.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-11-05|title=Action for ME|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Action_for_ME&oldid=747975928|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>|abbreviation=AfME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Action for M.E.|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=adverse reaction|definition=Any unintended or unwanted response to the treatment under investigation in a clinical trial.<ref name="hraglossary">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hra.nhs.uk/approvals-amendments/glossary/|title=Glossary|website=Health Research Authority|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Adverse reactions|synonym2=Adverse reaction|synonym3=adverse reactions|synonym4=side effect|synonym5=side effects|synonym6=Side effect|synonym7=Side effects|synonym8=Side Effect|synonym9=Side Effects|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AfME|othername=Action for ME}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|definition=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is a United States government agency under the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]]. Their mission is "to produce evidence to make health care safer, higher quality, more accessible, equitable, and affordable.<ref>https://www.ahrq.gov/cpi/about/profile/index.html</ref> A representative of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality sat on the (now disbanded) [[CFSAC]] committee as an ''Ex Officio'' Member.|abbreviation=AHRQ|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Agency for healthcare research and quality|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AHRQ|othername=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality}}

{{Glossary entry|name=All-Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|definition=A British group of backbench members of parliament, from all political parties and from Houses of Commons and Lords, who meet to discuss [[ME]].|abbreviation=APPG|learn-more-url=|synonym1=All Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym2=All-Party Parliamentary Group|synonym3=All Party Parliamentary Group|synonym4=All-Party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym5=All Party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym6=All-party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym7=All-party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym8=All-party Parliamentary Group|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=American Psychiatric Association|definition=The main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world.<ref>https://www.psychiatry.org/</ref> Not to be confused with the American Psychological Association (also APA).|abbreviation=APA|learn-more-url=|synonym1=American Psychiatric Assoc|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=antibody|definition=Antibodies or immunoglobulin refers to any of a large number of specific proteins produced by [[B cell]]s that act against an antigen in an immune response.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Antibody|synonym2=Antibodies|synonym3=antibodies|synonym4=Immunoglobulin|synonym5=immunoglobulin|synonym6=Immunoglobulins|synonym7=immunoglobulins|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ANZMES|othername=Associated New Zealand ME Society}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=APA|othername=American Psychiatric Association}}

{{Glossary entry|name=apoptosis|definition=a type of cell death in which a cell, in response to a threat, initiates a series of molecular steps that lead to its orderly death. This is one method the body uses to get rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. This form of cell suicide is also called programmed cell death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/apoptosis|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|website=cancer.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Apoptosis|synonym2=apoptotic|synonym3=Apoptotic|synonym4=programmed cell death|synonym5=Programmed cell death|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=APPG|othername=All-Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis}}

{{Glossary entry|name=assay|definition=1. (verb) analysis (as of an ore or drug) to determine the presence, absence, or quantity of one or more components.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assay|title=assay|website=The Merriam-Webster.com|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> 2. (noun) In biochemistry, any laboratory protocol used to test a sample for one or more qualities.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Assay|synonym2=Assays|synonym3=assays|synonym4=Assaying|synonym5=assaying|synonym6=Assayed|synonym7=assayed|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Associated New Zealand ME Society|definition=A New Zealand group for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients and their caregivers.|abbreviation=ANZMES|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Associated New Zealand M.E. Society|synonym2=Associated New Zealand M.E. society|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Association of Young People with ME|definition=AYME was a UK national charity supporting children and young people affected by [[ME/CFS]] with members under 25. Its lead medical advisor was Doctor [[Esther Crawley]]. In April 2017 the charity merged with [[Action for ME]], forming its Children's Services department run by Mary-Jane Willows.<ref>https://m.facebook.com/actionforme/photos/a.76870643208.71362.72990583208/10155087150888209/?type=3 Action for ME is pleased to announce the launch of our new Children's Services Team</ref>|abbreviation=AYME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Association of Young People with M.E.|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AYME|othername=Association of Young People with ME}}

==B==
{{Glossary entry|name=B cell|definition=B [[lymphocyte]], or a type of white blood cell, which is involved in the immune response by secreting antibodies to ward off infections. In mammals, they are mostly matured in the [[bone marrow]].|synonym1=B cells|synonym2=B-cell|synonym3=B lymphocyte|synonym4=B lymphocytes|synonym5=B-cells|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/B+lymphocyte|title=B lymphocyte|website=TheFreeDictionary.com|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=bias|definition=Bias in research is "a systematic deviation of an observation from the true clinical state".<ref name="Sackett">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TjRrAAAAMAAJ&PA=30&q=bias|title=Clinical epidemiology : a basic science for clinical medicine|last=Sackett|first=David|last2=Haynes|first2=R. Brian|last3=Tugwell|first3=Peter|date=1985|publisher=Little, Brown|others=|year=|isbn=0316765953|editor-link=|edition=1st|location=Boston|pages=30|chapter=|oclc=11703862|quote=|editor-last2=|editor-link2=}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Bias|synonym2=Biased|synonym3=biased|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=biopsychosocial model|definition=A school of thought, usually based in psychology, which claims illness and disease to be the result of the intermingling of biological, psychological and social causes.|abbreviation=BPS|synonym1=BPS model|synonym2=BPS Model|synonym3=Biopsychosocial model|synonym4=biopsychosocial|synonym5=Biopsychosocial|synonym6=Biopsychosocial Model|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model}}

{{Glossary entry|name=BMJ|definition=The BMJ (previously the British Medical Journal) is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=British Medical Journal|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=bodily distress disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=BPS|othername=biopsychosocial model}}

{{Glossary entry|name=bradycardia|definition=A slowness of the heartbeat, so that the pulse rate is less than 60 per minute in an adult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bradycardia|title=Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition|website=thefreedictionary|access-date=2019-04-18|date=2003|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Bradycardia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==C==
{{Glossary entry|name=Canadian Consensus Criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria used to diagnose ME/CFS, developed by a group of practicing ME/CFS clinicians in 2003. The CCC is often considered to be the most complex criteria, but possibly the most accurate, with the lowest number of patients meeting the criteria. Led to the development of the International Consensus Criteria (ICC) in 2011.|abbreviation=CCC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Canadian consensus criteria|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf|title=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols|last=Carruthers|first=Bruce|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2003|website=Invest in ME|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=cardiopulmonary exercise test|othername=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cartilage|definition=firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cartilage|synonym2=cartilages|synonym3=Cartilages|synonym4=cartilaginous|synonym5=Cartilaginous|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/cartilage|title=cartilage|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=lexico.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CBT|othername=cognitive behavioral therapy}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CCC|othername=Canadian consensus criteria}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CDC|othername=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cell membrane|definition=A very thin membrane, composed of lipids and protein, that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cell-membrane|title=Cell membrane definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cell membrane|synonym2=Cell membranes|synonym3=cell membranes|synonym4=Plasma membrane|synonym5=plasma membrane|synonym6=Plasma membranes|synonym7=plasma membranes|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|definition=The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a U.S. government agency dedicated to epidemiology and public health. It operates under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.|abbreviation=CDC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Centers for Disease Control|synonym2=Center for Disease Control|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=central nervous system|definition=One of the two parts of the human nervous system, the other part being the [[peripheral nervous system]]. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that travel from the central nervous system into the various organs and tissues of the body.|abbreviation=CNS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Central nervous system|synonym2=Central Nervous System|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cerebellum|definition=A part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, beneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. Its name reflects the fact that it looks like a smaller version of the cerebrum. Its main known functions are the coordination of unconscious muscle movements and the maintenance of body positional equilibrium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cerebellum|title=Definition of cerebellum|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cerebellum|synonym2=cerebellar|synonym3=Cerebellar|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFIDS|othername=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS|othername=chronic fatigue syndrome}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFSAC|othername=Chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS/ME|othername=ME/CFS}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS/ME Research Collaborative|othername=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative}}

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic disease|abbreviation=|definition=a disease or condition that usually lasts for 3 months or longer and may get worse over time|synonym1=Chronic disease|synonym2=Chronic Disease|synonym3=chronic diseases|synonym4=Chronic diseases|synonym5=Chronic Diseases}}<ref>https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/chronic-disease</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic fatigue|definition=Persistent and abnormal fatigue is a symptom, not an illness. It may be caused by depression, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome or many other illnesses. The term "chronic fatigue" should never be confused with the disease [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].<ref name="CanadianConsensusCriteria">{{Cite journal|last=Carruthers|first=Bruce M.|author-link=Bruce Carruthers|last2=van de Sande|first2=Marjorie I.|author-link2=Marjorie van de Sande|last3=De Meirleir|first3=Kenny L.|author-link3=Kenny De Meirleir|last4=Klimas|first4=Nancy G.|author-link4=Nancy Klimas|last5=Broderick|first5=Gordon|author-link5=Gordon Broderick|last6=Mitchell|first6=Terry|author-link6=Terry Mitchell|last7=Staines|first7=Donald|author-link7=Donald Staines|last8=Powles|first8=A. C. Peter|author-link8=A C Peter Powles|last9=Speight|first9=Nigel|author-link9=Nigel Speight|last10=Vallings|first10=Rosamund|author-link10=Rosamund Vallings|last11=Bateman|first11=Lucinda|author-link11=Lucinda Bateman|last12=Baumgarten-Austrheim|first12=Barbara|author-link12=Barbara Baumgarten-Austrheim|last13=Bell|first13=David|author-link13=David Bell|last14=Carlo-Stella|first14=Nicoletta|author-link14=Nicoletta Carlo-Stella|last15=Chia|first15=John|author-link15=John Chia|last16=Darragh|first16=Austin|author-link16=Austin Darragh|last17=Jo|first17=Daehyun|author-link17=Daehyun Jo|last18=Lewis|first18=Donald|author-link18=Donald Lewis|last19=Light|first19=Alan|author-link19=Alan Light|last20=Marshall-Gradisnik|first20=Sonya|author-link20=Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik|last21=Mena|first21=Ismael|author-link21=Ismael Mena|last22=Mikovits|first22=Judy|author-link22=Judy Mikovits|last23=Miwa|first23=Kunihisa|author-link23=Kunihisa Miwa|last24=Murovska|first24=Modra|author-link24=Modra Murovska|last25=Pall|first25=Martin|author-link25=Martin Pall|last26=Stevens|first26=Staci|author-link26=Staci Stevens|date=2011-08-22|title=Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=270|issue=4|pages=327–338|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|issn=0954-6820|pmc=3427890|pmid=21777306|via=}}</ref>|abbreviation=CF|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|definition=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome is another term for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, but one which emphasizes the immunological aspects of the disease. Popular in the 1990's, this term has apparently fallen into disuse.|abbreviation=CFIDS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|synonym2=Chronic Fatigue & Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|synonym3=Chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome|synonym4=Chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic fatigue syndrome|definition=A controversial term, invented by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, that generally refers to a collection of symptoms as “fatigue”. There have been multiple attempts to come up with a set of diagnostic criteria to define this term, but few of those diagnostic criteria are currently in use. Previous attempts to define this term include the [[Fukuda criteria]] and the [[Oxford criteria]]. Some view the term as a useful diagnostic category for people with long-term fatigue of unexplained origin. Others view the term as a derogatory term borne out of animus towards patients. Some view the term as a synonym of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]], while others view myalgic encephalomyelitis as a distinct disease.|abbreviation=CFS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue syndrome|synonym2=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|synonym3=C.F.S.|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Advisory Committee|definition=(sometimes pronounced SIF-SACK) A US government advisory council that met twice per year, covering current topics related to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Meetings usually lasted for two days and the results were presented to the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS). After 15 years, on September 5, 2018, CFSAC's charter was not renewed by the Department of HHS, effectively dissolving the committee without notice or warning.|abbreviation=CFSAC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee|synonym2=chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meaction.net/2018/09/07/hhs-secretary-kills-cfsac/|title=HHS Secretary Kills CFSAC!|date=2018-09-07|website=#MEAction|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=clivus|abbreviation=|definition=the smooth sloping surface on the upper posterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone supporting the pons and the basilar artery|synonym1=clivi|synonym2=Clivus|synonym3=Clivi}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/clivus</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CMRC|othername=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CMV|othername=cytomegalovirus}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CNS|othername=central nervous system}}

{{Glossary entry|name=coenzyme Q10|definition=Coenzyme Q10 (also known as ubiquinone) is found in the [[mitochondria]] and, as a component of the electron transport chain, plays an important role in [[citric acid cycle|aerobic respiration]]. The chemically-reduced form of CoQ10 is called ubiquinol.|abbreviation=CoQ10|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Coenzyme Q10|synonym2=co-enzyme Q10|synonym3=Co-enzyme Q10|synonym4=COQ10|synonym5=ubiquinone|synonym6=ubiquinol|synonym7=Ubiquinone|synonym8=Ubiquinol|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cofactor|abbreviation=|definition=A substance that acts with another substance to bring about certain effects.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cofactor</ref> In biochemistry, a cofactor is a molecule that is necessary for a given biochemical reaction, but is not an enzyme or substrate of the reaction.|synonym1=cofactors|synonym2=Cofactor|synonym3=Cofactors}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cognition|definition=Thought processes, including attention, reasoning, and memory.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cognition|synonym2=Cognitive|synonym3=cognitive|synonym4=Cognitions|synonym5=cognitions|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cognitive behavioral therapy|definition=A type of psychotherapy geared toward modifying alleged unhealthy thinking, behaviors or [[illness belief]]s. One of the treatment arms used in the controversial [[PACE trial]].|abbreviation=CBT|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy|synonym2=Cognitive behavioral therapy|synonym3=Cognitive behavioural therapy|synonym4=Cognitive Behavioural Therapy|synonym5=cognitive behavioural therapy|synonym6=cognitive-behavioral therapy|synonym7=Cognitive-behavioral therapy|synonym8=cognitive-behavioural therapy|synonym9=Cognitive-behavioural therapy|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=conversion disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CoQ10|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CPET|othername=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=crash|othername=post-exertional malaise}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cytomegalovirus|definition=A common [[herpesvirus]] found in humans. Like other herpesviruses, it is a life-long infection that remains in a latent state inside the human body, until it is 'reactivated' by appropriate conditions. CMV infects between 60% to 70% of adults in industrialized countries and close to 100% in emerging countries. Much is unknown about this virus, although it has been found in salivary glands and myeloid blood cells such as [[monocyte]]s. It has also been linked to the development of certain cancers. Congenital CMV is a leading infectious cause of deafness, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability. A common treatment for CMV is [[valganciclovir]], commonly known as Valcyte.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/</ref>|abbreviation=CMV|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cytomegalovirus|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==D==

{{Glossary entry|name=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|definition=A psychiatric reference book published by the American Psychiatric Association, often referred to as "the psychiatrist's Bible". Although the most recent version (DSM-5) purports to be the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders, the editors of both previous versions of the manual have heavily criticized the current version due to the climate of secrecy that shrouded the development of the latest version. 69% of the people who worked on DSM-5 reported having ties to the pharmaceutical industry.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3302834/</ref> Dr. Allen Frances, who headed the development of the previous version, warned of dangerous unintended consequences such as new false 'epidemics'.<ref>https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/warning-sign-road-dsm-v-beware-its-unintended-consequences?verify=0A</ref> The British Psychological Society criticized DSM-5 diagnoses as "clearly based largely on social norms, with 'symptoms' that all rely on subjective judgements" and expressed a major concern that "clients and the general public are negatively affected by the continued and continuous medicalisation of their natural and normal responses to their experiences". A petition signed by over 13,000 mental health professionals stated that the lowered diagnostic thresholds in DSM-5, combined with entirely subjective criteria based on western social norms, would "lead to inappropriate medical treatment of vulnerable populations".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120411074618/http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/dsm5/</ref> The director of the US National Institute of Mental Health, Dr. Thomas R. Insel, pointed out that the diagnoses in DSM-5 had no scientific validity whatsoever.<ref>https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/directors/thomas-insel/blog/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml</ref>|abbreviation=DSM|learn-more-url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-dsm5-ignores-biology-mental-illness/|synonym1=DSM-4|synonym2=DSM4|synonym3=DSM-5|synonym4=DSM5|synonym5=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual|synonym6=DSM-IV|synonym7=DSM-III|synonym8=DSM-III-R|synonym9=DSM-V|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=DSM-5|othername=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders}}

==E==
{{Glossary entry|name=endogenous|definition=Growing or originating from within an organism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/endogenous|title=Endogenous {{!}} Definition of Endogenous by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Endogenous|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Energy Envelope Theory|definition=A self-management tool developed and tested by Dr. [[Leonard Jason]] to reduce symptom severity and the frequency of relapses for people with [[ME/CFS]]. According to this theory, ME/CFS patients should not expend more energy than they perceive they have, as this results in [[post-exertional malaise]] and higher disability. Instead patients are advised to stay within their energy envelope, meaning the physical limits the disease has imposed upon them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Jason|first=Leonard A.|last2=Brown|first2=Molly|last3=Brown|first3=Abigail|last4=Evans|first4=Meredyth|last5=Flores|first5=Samantha|last6=Grant-Holler|first6=Elisa|last7=Sunnquist|first7=Madison|date=2013-01-14|title=Energy Conservation/Envelope Theory Interventions to Help Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3596172/|journal=Fatigue (Abingdon, Eng. Print)|volume=1|issue=1-2|pages=27–42|doi=10.1080/21641846.2012.733602|issn=2164-1846|pmc=3596172|pmid=23504301}}</ref> As the energy envelope theory also cautions about the dangers of under-exertion, its principles are almost identical to ‘[[pacing]]’, an activity management strategy for ME patients devised by [[Ellen Goudsmit]] in the UK.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goudsmit|first=Ellen M.|last2=Nijs|first2=Jo|last3=Jason|first3=Leonard A.|last4=Wallman|first4=Karen E.|date=2012|title=Pacing as a strategy to improve energy management in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a consensus document|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22181560|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation|volume=34|issue=13|pages=1140–1147|doi=10.3109/09638288.2011.635746|issn=1464-5165|pmid=22181560}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Energy envelope theory|synonym2=energy envelope theory|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=enterovirus|definition=A genus of RNA viruses which typically enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems and sometimes spread to the central nervous system or other parts of the body, causing neurological, cardiac, and other damage. Since the first reports of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), enteroviruses have been suspected as a cause of ME. Enteroviruses have also been implicated as the cause of Type I diabetes, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Enteroviruses include poliovirus, [[coxsackievirus]]es, and many others. New enteroviruses and new strains of existing enteroviruses are continuously being discovered.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://viralzone.expasy.org/97?outline=all_by_species|synonym1=Enterovirus|synonym2=enteroviruses|synonym3=Enteroviruses|synonym4=enteroviral|synonym5=Enteroviral|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=enzyme|definition=a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|language=en|date=2019}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Enzyme|synonym2=enzymes|synonym3=Enzymes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=epigenome|definition=all of the chemical compounds that are not part of the DNA sequence, but are on or attached to DNA as a way to regulate gene activity|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Epigenome|synonym2=epigenomes|synonym3=Epigenomes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/howgeneswork/epigenome</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=eukaryote|definition=any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus, unlike bacteria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/eukaryote|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|website=britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Eukaryotes include yeast, fungus, plants, and animals.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Eukaryote|synonym2=eukaryotes|synonym3=Eukaryotes|synonym4=eukaryotic|synonym5=Eukaryotic|synonym6=eucaryote|synonym7=Eucaryote|synonym8=eucaryotes|synonym9=Eucaryotes|synonym10=eucaryotic}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=exosome|othername=extracellular vesicle}}

{{Glossary entry|name=extracellular vesicle|definition=An extracellular vesicle (sometimes abbreviated EV) is a piece of a cell that has broken off and formed a separate membrane-bound vesicle. A membrane-bound vesicle is like a bubble, or like a mini-cell, in that it has a membrane surrounding some liquid. An extracellular vesicle may also contain some parts of the cell from which the extracellular vesicle arose. There are currently two types of extracellular vesicles: "exosomes" and "microvesicles". An "exosome" is an extracellular vesicle that began inside the cell as an intracellular vesicle known as an "endosome". A "microvesicle" is an extracellular vesicle that begins at the cell surface, and pinches off the cell's own membrane to form a separate vesicle.<ref>https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physiol.00045.2018</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physiol.00045.2018|synonym1=Extracellular Vesicle|synonym2=extracellular vesicles|synonym3=Extracellular Vesicles|synonym4=microvesicle|synonym5=microvesicles|synonym6=exosome|synonym7=Exosome|synonym8=exosomes|synonym9=exosomal|synonym10=Exosomal}}

==F==
{{Glossary entry|name=foramen magnum|definition=the large opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to merge with the lower brain<ref>{{Cite book|title=Collins Dictionary|language=en|date=2019}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Foramen magnum|synonym2=Foramen Magnum|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Fukuda criteria|definition=The most commonly used diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome, created by the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC).<ref name="Fukuda1994">{{Cite journal|last=Fukuda|first=K.|author-link=Keiji Fukuda|last2=Straus|first2=S. E.|author-link2=Stephen Straus|last3=Hickie|first3=I.|author-link3=Ian Hickie|last4=Sharpe|first4=M. C.|author-link4=Michael Sharpe|last5=Dobbins|first5=J. G.|author-link5=James Dobbins|last6=Komaroff|first6=A.|author-link6=Anthony Komaroff|date=1994-12-15|title=The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Sharpe2/publication/247808895_The_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_A_Comprehensive_Approach_to_Its_Definition_and_Study/links/0c96053201643bfc4b000000/The-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-A-Comprehensive-Approach-to-Its-Definition-and-Study.pdf|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=121|issue=12|pages=953–959|issn=0003-4819|pmid=7978722|via=|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009|publisher=[[American College of Physicians]]}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Fukuda diagnostic criteria|synonym2=Fukuda Criteria|synonym3=Fukuda Diagnostic Criteria|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==G==
{{Glossary entry|name=genome|definition=an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Genome|synonym2=genomes|synonym3=Genomes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/hgp/genome</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=GET|othername=Graded exercise therapy}}

{{Glossary entry|name=glutamate|abbreviation=Glu|definition=Glutamate is one of the amino acids used by the body to make proteins. It is a salt or ester of glutamic acid, and the terms glutamate and glutamic acid are often used interchangeably. It also functions as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.|synonym1=Glutamate|synonym2=glutamic acid|synonym3=Glutamic acid|synonym4=Glutamic Acid}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glutamate</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=glutamic acid|othername=glutamate}}

{{Glossary entry|name=graded exercise therapy|definition=A gradual increase in exercise or activity, according to a pre-defined plan. Focuses on overcoming the patient's alleged unhelpful illness beliefs that exertion can exacerbate symptoms, rather than on reversing physical deconditioning. Considered controversial, and possibly harmful, in the treatment or management of ME. One of the treatment arms of the controversial PACE trial.<ref name="pace2011a">{{Cite journal | last1 = White | first1 = PD | authorlink1 = Peter White| last2 = Goldsmith | first2 = KA | authorlink2 = Kimberley Goldsmith | last3 = Johnson | first3 = AL |authorlink3 = Anthony Johnson | last4 = Potts |first4 = L | authorlink4 = Laura Potts | last5 = Walwyn | first5 = R |authorlink5 = Rebecca Walwyn | last6 = DeCesare | first6 = JC | authorlink6 = Julia DeCesare | last7 = Baber | first7 = HL | authorlink7 = Hannah Baber | last8 = Burgess | first8 = M |authorlink8 = Mary Burgess| last9 = Clark | first9 = LV | authorlink9 = Lucy Clark| last10 = Cox | first10 = DL | authorlink10 = Diane Cox| last11 = Bavinton |first11 = J | authorlink11 = Jessica Bavinton| last12 = Angus | first12 = BJ | authorlink12 = Brian Angus | last13 = Murphy | first13 = G | authorlink13 = Gabrielle Murphy | last14 = Murphy | first14 = M | authorlink14 = Maurice Murphy | last15 = O'Dowd | first15 = H | authorlink15 = Hazel O'Dowd| last16 = Wilks | first16 = D | authorlink16 = David Wilks| last17 = McCrone | first17 = P | authorlink17 = Paul McCrone | last18 = Chalder | first18 = T | authorlink18 = Trudie Chalder | last19 = Sharpe | first19 = M | authorlink19 = Michael Sharpe | last20 = The PACE Trial Management Group | authorlink20 = PACE Trial Management Group| title = Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial| journal = [[The Lancet]] | volume = 377 | issue = 9768 | page = 823–836| date = 5 March 2011 | pmid = 21334061| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60096-2 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60096-2/}}</ref>|abbreviation=GET|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Graded Exercise Therapy|synonym2=Graded exercise therapy|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=gray matter hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

==H==
{{Glossary entry|name=heart rate monitor|definition=A device that measures your heart rate (pulse rate). Heart rate monitors may come as a chest strap, wrist strap, smartwatch, or even as a mobile phone app. Heart rate monitors are often used by ME/CFS patients to pace their exertion, in order to avoid post-exertional malaise (PEM). For more information, see [[pacing with a heart rate monitor]].|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Heart rate monitor|synonym2=Heart Rate Monitor|synonym3=heart rate monitors|synonym4=Heart rate monitors|synonym5=Heart Rate Monitors|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=heart rate variability|definition=A measurement of the variability of the heart rate over time. When the heart rate is consistent, there will be a low heart rate variability. When the heart rate is constantly changing, there will be a high heart rate variability. Heart rate variability is often used by ME/CFS patients to monitor their autonomic nervous system, as high heart rate variability is associated with the sympathetic nervous system and low heart rate variability is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.|abbreviation=HRV|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Heart rate variability|synonym2=Heart Rate Variability|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=HLA complex|othername=human leukocyte antigen complex}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=HRV|othername=heart rate variability}}

{{Glossary entry|name=human leukocyte antigen complex|definition=A set of genes responsible for a given person's immune response to potential threats. Specifically, HLA genes encode proteins which help the immune system to distinguish the body's own proteins from proteins which are made by foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses. The HLA complex can vary greatly from person to person, generating unique immune and allergic responses.|abbreviation=HLA|learn-more-url=https://mecfsresearchreview.me/2018/06/28/dr-ron-daviss-big-immune-study-is-looking-at-hla-genes-heres-why/|synonym1=Human leukocyte antigen complex|synonym2=Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex|synonym3=human leucocyte antigen complex|synonym4=Human leucocyte antigen complex|synonym5=Human Leucocyte Antigen Complex|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary entry|name=hypoglycemia|abbreviation=|definition=abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood|synonym1=Hypoglycemia|synonym2=hypoglycemic|synonym3=Hypoglycemic|synonym4=hypoglycemics|synonym5=Hypoglycemics|synonym6=hypoglycaemia|synonym7=Hypoglycaemia|synonym8=hypoglycaemic|synonym9=Hypoglycaemic}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypoglycemia</ref>

==I==
{{Glossary entry|name=iatrogenesis|definition=Accidental harm caused by a doctor, by medical treatment, or by diagnostic procedures.<ref name="MerriamWebster">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/iatrogenic#medicalDictionary</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Iatrogenesis|synonym2=Iatrogenic|synonym3=iatrogenic|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ICC|othername=International Consensus Criteria}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ICD|othername=International Classification of Diseases}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=immunoglobulin|othername=antibody}}

{{Glossary entry|name=immunomodulator|definition=a substance that affects the functioning of the immune system|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=immunomodulatory|synonym2=Immunomodulator|synonym3=Immunomodulatory|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immunomodulator</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Institute of Medicine|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Institute of Medicine report|definition=A report that was commissioned by the U.S. government and was published by the Institute of Medicine on February 10, 2015. The report was titled "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness" and proposed the term Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease (SEID). Among its key findings were that "This disease is characterized by profound fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, sleep abnormalities, autonomic manifestations, pain, and other symptoms that are made worse by exertion of any sort." The report further stated "Between 836,000 and 2.5 million Americans suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome."|abbreviation=IOM report|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Institute of Medicine Report|synonym2=IOM Report|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=International Classification of Diseases|definition=A system of medical diagnostic codes, created by the World Health Organization (WHO), to classify diseases and other health related conditions for the purpose of international consistency. By having common diagnostic codes around the world, health researchers are better able to quantify and track disease burdens. ICD codes are primarily used for diagnosis, and do not imply anything about the mechanism of disease.|abbreviation=ICD|learn-more-url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/|synonym1=international classification of diseases|synonym2=International classification of diseases|synonym3=International Classification of Disease|synonym4=international classification of disease|synonym5=International classification of disease|synonym6=ICD-10|synonym7=ICD-10-CM|synonym8=ICD-11|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=International Consensus Criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria, based on the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]], that argued for the abandonment of the term "chronic fatigue syndrome" and encouraged the sole use of the term "myalgic encephalomyelitis".|abbreviation=ICC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=International consensus criteria|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=invisible illness|definition=A chronic condition or illness, such as ME/CFS, which may not be apparent to others. Sufferers may look healthy, yet be in poor health. Symptoms of the illness may not be visible and can be misunderstood or go unnoticed by others. Also, patients may wind up secluded or homebound due to the illness and become "invisible".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=invisible disease|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=IOM|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

==J==

==K==

==L==

==M==
{{Glossary entry|name=magnetic levitation device|definition=A device which uses ferrofluid (a liquid which can become magnetized) in a glass capillary tube surrounded by magnets. This creates a density gradient and cells move to their respective densities within the tube. According to [[Ron Davis]], white blood cells in CFS patients may be less dense than those of healthy controls, indicating the possible use of the device as an inexpensive diagnostic test.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2018/05/16/diagnostic-technology-development/|synonym1=Magnetic levitation device|synonym2=Magnetic Levitation Device|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mass spectrometer|definition=A device which converts molecules to ions, or charged particles. It then uses magnetic and electric fields to sort the ions according to their mass (similar to weight) and charge, in order to identify the molecules or measure their characteristics.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mass spectrometer|synonym2=Mass Spectrometer|synonym3=mass spec|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mastocytosis|definition=A type of [[mast cell]] disease in which chronic symptoms are related to overproduction or over-accumulation of mast cells. Not to be confused with [[Mast cell activation syndrome|Mast Cell Activation Syndrome]] (MCAS), where there are normal numbers of mast cells, but abnormal activity.<ref>https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6987/mastocytosis</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mastocytosis|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ME|othername=myalgic encephalomyelitis}}

{{Glossary entry|name=ME/CFS|definition=An acronym that combines [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] with [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]. Sometimes they are combined because people have trouble distinguishing one from the other. Sometimes they are combined because people see them as synonyms of each other.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=CFS/ME|synonym2=ME / CFS|synonym3=CFS / ME|synonym4=M.E./CFS|synonym5=ME/C.F.S.|synonym6=M.E./C.F.S.|synonym7=CFS/M.E.|synonym8=C.F.S./ME|synonym9=C.F.S./M.E.|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ME/CFS Severely Ill, Big Data Study|othername=Severely Ill Patient Study}}

{{Glossary entry|name=medically unexplained physical symptoms|definition=Technically, this term means that no cause or explanation for the patient's symptoms has yet been found. However, patients diagnosed with "MUPS" are generally lumped into a psychosomatic, or psychologically-caused category by those in the medical profession, without any scientific basis for doing so.|abbreviation=MUPS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=MUS|synonym2=medically unexplained symptoms|synonym3=Medically unexplained physical symptoms|synonym4=Medically unexplained symptoms|synonym5=Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms|synonym6=Medically Unexplained Symptoms|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=medically unexplained symptoms|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary entry|name=membrane|definition=The word "membrane" can have different meanings in different fields of biology. In cell biology, a membrane is a layer of molecules that surround its contents. Examples of cell-biology membranes include the "[[Glossary#cell membrane|cell membrane]]" that surrounds a cell, the "mitochondrial membranes" that form the outer layers of [[Glossary#mitochondria|mitochondria]], and the "viral envelope" that surrounds enveloped viruses. In anatomy or tissue biology, a membrane is a barrier formed by a layer of cells. Examples of anatomical membranes include the pleural membranes that surrounds the lungs, the pericardium which surrounds the heart, and some of the layers within the blood-brain barrier.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Membrane|synonym2=membranes|synonym3=Membranes|synonym4=membranous|synonym5=Membranous|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolic trap hypothesis|definition=An hypothesis which proposes that the normal metabolic functioning of the cell has become "trapped" in an abnormal state, which may lead to body-wide symptoms.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=metabolic trap|synonym2=Metabolic trap|synonym3=Metabolic Trap|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolite|definition=A chemical compound produced by, or involved in, metabolism. The term is often used to refer to the degradation products of drugs in the body.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Metabolite|synonym2=metabolites|synonym3=Metabolites|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolomics|definition=The analysis of the chemical metabolism within cells, tissues or organisms. The term is often used to refer to the full set of metabolites found in a cell in a given environment.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Metabolomics|synonym2=metabolomic|synonym3=Metabolomic|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=microbiome|definition=The full collection of microscopic organisms (especially bacteria and fungi) which are present in a particular environment, particularly inside the human body.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Microbiome|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=microglia|definition=A type of immune cell, called a [[macrophage]], that lives in the brain. For historical reasons, macrophages have different names based on the part of the body that they normally live in. Macrophages that normally live in the blood are called [[monocyte]]s. Macrophages that normally live in the skin are called Langerhans cells. Macrophages that normally live in the liver are called Kupffer cells. And macrophages that normally live in the central nervous system are called microglia. Microglia were originally classified as [[glial cell]]s, under the assumption that the cells had a merely structural function, before it was realized that the cells were in fact immune cells. As the "sentinel cells" of the central nervous system, microglia survey their environment for abnormalities such as infection or tissue damage, and then initiate an immune response to fight the infection or repair the tissue damage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aguzzi|first=Adriano|last2=Barres|first2=Ben A.|last3=Bennett|first3=Mariko L.|date=2013-01-11|title=Microglia: Scapegoat, Saboteur, or Something Else?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4431634/|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=339|issue=6116|pages=156–161|doi=10.1126/science.1227901|issn=0036-8075|pmc=4431634|pmid=23307732}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Microglia|synonym2=micro-glia|synonym3=Micro-glia|synonym4=microglial|synonym5=Microglial|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=microvesicle|othername=extracellular vesicle}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Millions Missing|definition=A global campaign, first led by #MEAction in May 2016, which aims to gain awareness, community, education, research, funding and treatment equality for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. The campaign uses the hashtag #MillionsMissing on Twitter.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Millions missing|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mitochondria|definition=Important parts of the biological cell, with each mitochondrion encased within a mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondria are best known for their role in energy production, earning them the nickname "the powerhouse of the cell". Mitochondria also participate in the detection of threats and the response to these threats. One of the responses to threats orchestrated by mitochondria is apoptosis, a cell suicide program used by cells when the threat can not be eliminated.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mitochondria|synonym2=mitochondrion|synonym3=Mitochondrion|synonym4=mitochondrial|synonym5=Mitochondrial|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=mitochondrion|othername=mitochondria}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mouse model|definition=The use of special strains of mice to study a human disease or condition, and how to prevent and treat it<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mouse-model|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|website=cancer.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mouse Models|synonym2=Mouse model|synonym3=Mouse models|synonym4=mouse models|synonym5=Mouse Model|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=MUPS|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=MUS|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgia|definition=Muscle pain.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite journal|title=myalgia|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myalgia|journal=The Free Dictionary}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgic encephalomyelitis|definition=A disease often marked by neurological symptoms, but fatigue is sometimes a symptom as well. Some diagnostic criteria distinguish it from [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], while other diagnostic criteria consider it to be a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome.<ref name="ICP2011primer">{{Citation| last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers| last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande| last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir| last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas| last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick| last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell| last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines| last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles| last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight| last10 = Vallings | first10= R | authorlink10= Rosamund Vallings| last11 = Bateman | first11= L | authorlink11= Lucinda Bateman| last12 = Bell | first12= DS | authorlink12= David Bell| last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13= N | authorlink13= Nicoletta Carlo-Stella| last14 = Chia | first14= J | authorlink14= John Chia| last15 = Darragh | first15= A | authorlink15= Austin Darragh| last16 = Gerken |first16= A | authorlink16= Anne Gerken| last17 = Jo | first17= D | authorlink17= Daehyun Jo| last18 = Lewis | first18= DP | authorlink18= Donald Lewis| last19 = Light | first19= AR | authorlink19= Alan Light| last20 = Light | first20= KC | authorlink20= Kathleen Light| last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21= S | authorlink21= Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik| last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22= J | authorlink22= John McLaren-Howard| last23 = Mena | first23= I | authorlink23= Ismael Mena| last24 = Miwa | first24= K | authorlink24= Kunihisa Miwa| last25 = Murovska | first25= M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska| last26 = Stevens | first26= SR | authorlink26= Staci Stevens| title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf}}</ref> A defining characteristic of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), which is a notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others. An estimated 25% of those suffering from ME are housebound or bedbound. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies ME as a neurological disease.<ref name="icd10-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/|title=International Classification of Diseases|edition=10th|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2016|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|}}</ref>|abbreviation=ME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym2=Myalgic encephalomyelitis|synonym3=Myalgic encephalopathy|synonym4=Myalgic Encephalopathy|synonym5=myalgic encephalopathy|synonym6=M.E.|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgic encephalopathy|definition=An alternate term that is sometimes used for myalgic encephalomyelitis, by people who believe the evidence for inflammation in ME is insufficient. This terminology reflects the belief that the "-itis" suffix implies inflammation.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgic encephalopathy|synonym2=Myalgic Encephalopathy|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==N==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=NAM|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

{{Glossary entry|name=nanoneedle|definition=A device with microscopic dimensions which measures electrical impedance across a blood cell. According to [[Ron Davis]], the nanoneedle measured increased electrical impedance in the blood cells of 10 ME/CFS patients when stressed with salt, but not in healthy controls. Accordingly, this device has been proposed as a potential diagnostic test to distinguish ME/CFS patients from healthy controls.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2018/05/16/diagnostic-technology-development/|synonym1=Nanoneedle|synonym2=nanoneedles|synonym3=Nanoneedles|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=NASA 10-minute lean test|definition=A variation of a test used by NASA researchers to test for [[orthostatic intolerance]]. A simple test which is recommended by the Bateman Horne Center for ME and Fibromyalgia patients.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=http://batemanhornecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NASA-LeanTest-Instructions-April-2018.pdf|synonym1=NASA ten-minute lean test|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=National Academy of Medicine|definition=An American non-profit, non-governmental organization which provides expert advice to governmental agencies on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine and health. Formerly known as the Institute of Medicine (IOM).|abbreviation=NAM|learn-more-url=|synonym1=National academy of medicine|synonym2=Institute of Medicine|synonym3=Institute of medicine|synonym4=IOM|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=National Institutes of Health|definition=A set of biomedical research institutes operated by the U.S. government, under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.|abbreviation=NIH|learn-more-url=|synonym1=National institutes of health|synonym2=National Institute of Health|synonym3=National Institutes Health|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=naturopath|definition=a practitioner who uses a system of treatment of disease that avoids drugs and surgery and emphasizes the use of natural agents (such as air, water, and herbs) and physical means (such as tissue manipulation and electrotherapy)|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=naturopathy|synonym2=naturopathic|synonym3=Naturopath|synonym4=Naturopathy|synonym5=Naturopathic|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/naturopathy</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=NICE guidelines|definition=Clinical guidelines used in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/|title=NICE {{!}} The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|website=NICE|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=NICE Guidelines|synonym2=NICE guideline|synonym3=NICE Guideline|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=NIH|othername=National Institutes of Health}}

==O==
{{Glossary entry|name=orthostatic intolerance|definition=The development of symptoms when standing upright, where symptoms are relieved upon reclining. Patients with orthostatic intolerance have trouble remaining upright for more than a few seconds or a few minutes, depending upon severity. In severe orthostatic intolerance, patients may not be able to sit upright in bed. Orthostatic intolerance is often a sign of [[dysautonomia]]. There are different types of orthostatic intolerance, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).|abbreviation=OI|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Orthostatic intolerance|synonym2=Orthostatic Intolerance|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Oxford criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. These criteria focus on "fatigue" as the defining symptom.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Oxford Criteria|synonym2=Oxford diagnostic criteria|synonym3=Oxford Diagnostic Criteria|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Oxford University|definition=a prestigious university located in Oxford, England renowned for its teaching and research in health and medicine<ref>http://www.ox.ac.uk/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Oxford U.|synonym2=Oxford Uni|synonym3=University of Oxford|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==P==
{{Glossary entry|name=PACE trial|definition=A controversial study which claimed that [[CBT]] and [[GET]] were effective in treating "CFS/ME", despite the fact that its own data did not support this conclusion. Its results and methodology were widely disputed by patients, scientists, and the peer-reviewed scientific literature.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=PACE|synonym2=PACE Trial|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=pacing|definition=The practice of staying within one's "energy envelope" by interspersing periods of activity with periods of rest. ME/CFS patients use pacing to avoid or reduce post-exertional malaise (PEM). Some patients use a heart rate monitor to help with pacing.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Pacing|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=PEM|othername=post-exertional malaise}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=PENE|othername=post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=perivascular space|othername=Virchow-Robin space}}

{{Glossary entry|name=pharyngitis|definition=An irritation or swelling of the top part of the throat, at the back of the mouth, usually caused by an infection such as Streptococcus. The hallmark symptom is a sore throat without cough.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharyngitis#medicalDictionary</ref><ref>https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/5</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Pharyngitis|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=phase three|definition=Last phase of clinical trials before a drug can be approved for public use. Whereas Phase one assesses basic safety, and Phase two assesses basic efficacy, Phase three uses many trial participants to fully assess both safety and efficacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/|title=Home - ClinicalTrials.gov|website=clinicaltrials.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Phase 3|synonym2=Phase III|synonym3=Phase three|synonym4=phase 3|synonym5=phase III|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=plasma|definition=The liquid part of blood, lymph, or milk after removing any suspended material.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plasma</ref> Most of the time, "plasma" simply refers to blood, after all the blood cells have been removed. If you also remove the clotting factors, then the plasma is referred to as "[[Glossary#serum|serum]]".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Plasma|synonym2=blood plasma|synonym3=Blood plasma|synonym4=Blood Plasma|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=plasma membrane|othername=cell membrane}}

{{Glossary entry|name=platelet|definition=(also known as a thrombocyte) A colorless disk-like blood cell that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and to damaged linings of blood vessels.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/platelet</ref> Simply put, platelets clump together to form blood clots. (A blood clot is also called a thrombus.) People with low levels of platelets may have trouble with blood clotting, and may bleed easily from minor wounds.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=thrombocyte|synonym2=Thrombocyte|synonym3=thrombocytes|synonym4=Thrombocytes|synonym5=Platelet|synonym6=platelets|synonym7=Platelets|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=post-exertional malaise|definition=A notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small physical or cognitive exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others.|abbreviation=PEM|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Post-exertional malaise|synonym2=Post-exertional Malaise|synonym3=Post exertional malaise|synonym4=post exertional malaise|synonym5=Post Exertional Malaise|synonym6=Postexertional malaise|synonym7=postexertional malaise|synonym8=Postexertional Malaise|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|definition=An alternative term for post-exertional malaise (PEM), used by people who find that the word 'malaise' fails to capture the serious nature of the condition. Used in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report.|abbreviation=PENE|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym2=Post-exertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym3=Postexertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym4=postexertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym5=Postexertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym6=Post exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym7=post exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym8=Post Exertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/19012/chapter/1|title=Read "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness" at NAP.edu|language=en}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|definition=A form of orthostatic intolerance where the cardinal symptom is excessive tachycardia due to changing position (e.g. from lying down to sitting up).|abbreviation=POTS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|synonym2=Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=POTS|othername=postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome}}

{{Glossary entry|name=presyncope|definition=The sensation that one is about to faint and lose consciousness. It usually is described as a severe lightheaded feeling, often associated with unsteadiness or falling. The sensation arises because the cerebral cortex is temporarily not receiving adequate oxygen, usually because of diminished blood flow.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459383/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Presyncope|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=psychosomatic|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary entry|name=PwME|definition=Acronym for a "Person with ME" (myalgic encephalomyelitis).|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=PWME|synonym2=PwME's|synonym3=PwMEs|synonym4=pwme|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==Q==

==R==
{{Glossary entry|name=Ramsay definition|definition=A clinical definition of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) developed by [[Melvin Ramsay]] after 30 years of treating and researching ME patients. Since this definition was in place before the U.S. Centers for Disease Control invented the term "chronic fatigue syndrome", the Ramsay definition is sometimes considered the last clinical definition that may be unbiased by the ensuing diagnostic confusion.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Ramsay Definition|synonym2=Ramsay criteria|synonym3=Ramsay Criteria|synonym4=Ramsay diagnostic criteria|synonym5=Ramsay Diagnostic Criteria|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=randomized controlled trial|definition=A trial in which participants are randomly assigned to two groups, with one group receiving the treatment being studied and a control or comparison group receiving a sham treatment, placebo, or comparison treatment.|abbreviation=RCT|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Randomized controlled trial|synonym2=Randomized Controlled Trial|synonym3=Randomized controlled trials|synonym4=randomized controlled trials|synonym5=Randomized Controlled Trials|synonym6=Randomised controlled trial|synonym7=randomised controlled trial|synonym8=Randomised Controlled Trial|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himmelfarb.gwu.edu/tutorials/studydesign101/rcts.cfm|title=Randomized Controlled Trial - Study Design 101|website=himmelfarb.gwu.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=RCT|othername=randomized controlled trial}}

==S==
{{Glossary entry|name=Seahorse analyzer|definition=An instrument which measures oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate in live cells, in real time, producing information regarding important cellular functions such as mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Seahorse Analyzer|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SEID|othername=systemic exertion intolerance disease}}

{{Glossary entry|name=serum|abbreviation=|definition=The clear yellowish fluid that remains from blood [[Glossary#plasma|plasma]] after clotting factors have been removed by clot formation. ([[Glossary#plasma|Blood plasma]] is simply blood that has had its blood cells removed.)|synonym1=Serum|synonym2=blood serum|synonym3=Blood serum|synonym4=Blood Serum|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=|learn-more-url=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blood%20serum</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Severely Ill Big Data Study|othername=Severely Ill Patient Study}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Severely Ill Patient Study|definition=A study funded by the [[Open Medicine Foundation]] and led by [[Ron Davis]] and [[Wenzhong Xiao]]. It includes over 1000 tests per patient, including the patients' genome, gene expression, metabolomics, microbiome, and others. Formerly known as the ME/CFS Severely Ill Big Data Study.|abbreviation=SIPS|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2019/11/27/severely-ill-patient-study-study/|synonym1=ME/CFS Severely Ill, Big Data Study|synonym2=ME/CFS Severely Ill Big Data Study|synonym3=ME/CFS severely ill, big data study|synonym4=ME/CFS severely ill big data study|synonym5=Severely Ill Big Data Study|synonym6=Severely Ill, Big Data Study|synonym7=Severely ill big data study|synonym8=Severely ill patient study|synonym9=Severely ill Patient Study|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SF-36|othername=Short Form 36-Item Health Survey}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Short Form 36-Item Health Survey|definition=A 36-item patient-reported questionnaire, used to determine patient health status and quality of life.|abbreviation=SF-36|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Short Form 36 Health Survey|synonym2=Short-form 36 Health Survey|synonym3=Short Form 36 Item Health Survey|synonym4=Short-form 36-Item Health Survey|synonym5=SF36|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=side effect|othername=adverse reaction}}

{{Glossary entry|name=single nucleotide polymorphism|definition=A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, pronounced "snip") is a potential genetic mutation that occurs in a single spot in the human genome; a difference in a single DNA building block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/snp|title=What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?|last=Genetics Home Reference|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref><ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/SNP</ref> SNPs are often represented by an "rs" number, such as "rs53576".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs53576|title=rs53576 - SNPedia|website=www.snpedia.com|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>|abbreviation=SNP|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Single nucleotide polymorphism|synonym2=Single Nucleotide Polymorphism|synonym3=Single nucleotide polymorphisms|synonym4=single nucleotide polymorphisms|synonym5=Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms|synonym6=Single nucleotide variant|synonym7=single nucleotide variant|synonym8=Single Nucleotide Variant|synonym9=SNV|synonym10=single nucleotide variants}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SNP|othername=single nucleotide polymorphism}}

{{Glossary entry|name=somatic|definition=An adjective relating to the physical body or physical symptoms. It is often contrasted with the adjective "psychological", which refers to the human mind or mental symptoms. In biology, "somatic cells" refer to all the cells of the body, except those which form an egg or sperm.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Somatic|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=somatic symptom disorder|definition=A psychiatric term to describe an alleged condition whereby a person's thoughts somehow cause physical symptoms. The actual existence of such a condition is highly controversial, due to a lack of scientific evidence. It is related to other psychiatric terms, such as "psychosomatic", "neurasthenia", and "hysteria". Older terms include "somatization", "somatoform disorder", and "conversion disorder". Such terms refer to a scientifically-unsupported theory that claims that a wide range of physical symptoms can be created by the human mind, a theory which has been criticized as "mind over matter" parapsychology, a pseudoscience. Although "Somatic Symptom Disorder" is the term used by [[Glossary#Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM-5]], the term "Bodily Distress Disorder" has been proposed for [[ICD-11]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032513/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress/201301/bad-news-dsm-5-refuses-correct-somatic-symptom-disorder|synonym1=conversion disorder|synonym2=Conversion Disorder|synonym3=somatization|synonym4=Somatization|synonym5=somatoform|synonym6=Somatoform|synonym7=Somatic Symptom Disorder|synonym8=psychosomatic|synonym9=Psychosomatic|synonym10=Bodily Distress Disorder}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress/201301/bad-news-dsm-5-refuses-correct-somatic-symptom-disorder|title=Bad News: DSM 5 Refuses to Correct Somatic Symptom Disorder|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=somatization|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=somatoform disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary entry|name=spoon theory|definition=An analogy which equates the amount of ability that someone with chronic illness has to complete daily tasks to a limited number of spoons. People with chronic illnesses who must ration their energy throughout the day are sometimes referred to as "spoonies".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://butyoudontlooksick.com/articles/written-by-christine/the-spoon-theory/|synonym1=Spoon Theory|synonym2=Spoon theory|synonym3=spoonie|synonym4=Spoonie|synonym5=spoonies|synonym6=Spoonies|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://butyoudontlooksick.com/articles/written-by-christine/the-spoon-theory/|title=The Spoon Theory written by Christine Miserandino|date=2013-04-25|website=But You Dont Look Sick? support for those with invisible illness or chronic illness|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=spoonie|othername=spoon theory}}

{{Glossary entry|name=stress fracture|definition=A tiny crack in a bone caused by repetitive forces such as running or by normal use of a bone that's weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/symptoms-causes/syc-20354057|title=Stress fractures - Symptoms and causes|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Stress fracture|synonym2=Stress Fracture|synonym3=Stress fractures|synonym4=stress fractures|synonym5=Stress Fractures|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=subcortical hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary entry|name=subluxation|abbreviation=|definition=partial dislocation (as of one of the bones in a joint)|synonym1=subluxations|synonym2=Subluxation|synonym3=Subluxations}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subluxation</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=syncope|definition=A medical term for fainting. A loss of consciousness resulting from insufficient blood flow to the brain.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/syncope</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Syncope|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=systemic exertion intolerance disease|definition=A term for ME/CFS that aims to avoid the stigma associated with the term "chronic fatigue syndrome", while emphasizing the defining characteristic of post-exertional malaise (PEM). SEID was defined as part of the diagnostic criteria put together by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report of 10 February 2015.<ref name="IOM2015">{{citation| last1 = Institute of Medicine| author-link = National Academy of Medicine| last2 = Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome| title = Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness | date = Feb 10, 2015| url = https://www.nap.edu/read/19012/ | doi = 10.17226/19012| publisher = The National Academies Press| location = Washington, DC}}</ref>|abbreviation=SEID|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Systemic exertion intolerance disease|synonym2=Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==T==
{{Glossary entry|name=T cell|definition=A type of white blood cell which is mostly produced or matured in the thymus gland (hence T-cell) and is involved in the adaptive immune response on a cellular level. Also known as a T lymphocyte.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toMhBUZ2dtE&feature=youtu.be|synonym1=T Cell|synonym2=T cells|synonym3=T Cells|synonym4=T lymphocyte|synonym5=T Lymphocyte|synonym6=T lymphocytes|synonym7=T Lymphocytes|synonym8=T-cell|synonym9=T-cells|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=T2 hyperintensity|definition=An unusual bright spot on a T2-weighted [[MRI]] of the brain. Also known as an Unidentified Bright Object (UBO). T2 hyperintensities are often found in the periventricular region, where they may be referred to as "white matter hyperintensities" or "leukoaraiosis". They may also be found in the [[basal ganglia]] or [[brainstem]], where they are sometimes referred to as "gray matter hyperintensities", or "subcortical hyperintensities". T2 hyperintensities can represent different things: lesions, dilated [[Glossary#Virchow-Robin space|Virchow-Robin spaces]], or demyelination. They are commonly found in elderly individuals and in neurological disorders.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538206|synonym1=T2 hyperintensities|synonym2=subcortical hyperintensity|synonym3=subcortical hyperintensities|synonym4=Unidentified Bright Object|synonym5=leukoaraiosis|synonym6=white matter hyperintensity|synonym7=White Matter Hyperintensity|synonym8=white matter hyperintensities|synonym9=White Matter Hyperintensities|synonym10=WMH}}

{{Glossary entry|name=tachycardia|definition=An unusually rapid heart beat. Can be caused by exercise or illness. A symptom of [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] (POTS).<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tachycardia</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia/tachycardia--fast-heart-rate|synonym1=Tachycardia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=tilt table test|definition=A diagnostic test to determine [[orthostatic intolerance]] or other forms of [[dysautonomia]]. The patient is strapped to a table and the table is tilted while the patient is monitored.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Tilt table test|synonym2=Tilt Table Test|synonym3=tilt-table test|synonym4=Tilt-table test|synonym5=Tilt-table Test|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|definition=A diagnostic test which involves testing an ME/CFS patient exercising on an exercise machine, while monitoring their respiration, especially oxygen consumption. This test is repeated the following day in order to confirm the patient's inability to replicate the first-day performance. This test is thought to be the most objective way to detect [[post-exertional malaise]].|abbreviation=CPET|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym2=Two-day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym3=2-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym4=2-day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym5=two day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym6=Two day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym7=Two Day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym8=cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym9=Cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym10=Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test}}

==U==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=ubiquinol|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ubiquinone|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary entry|name=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative|definition=A UK group of researchers and [[ME/CFS]] patient groups led by Professor [[Stephen Holgate]].<ref>[http://www.meassociation.org.uk/2013/10/uk-mecfs-research-collaborative-executive-board-minutes-of-meeting-held-on-7-october-2013/ "UK ME/CFS Research Collaborative executive board | summary of meeting held on 7 October 2013"]</ref> Its launch in 2013 was covered by the [[Science Media Centre]].<ref>[http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-unravelling-the-controversy/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – unraveling the controversy]</ref> Since 2014, the collaborative sponsors the [[CFS/ME Research Collaborative Conference]].|abbreviation=CMRC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=CFS/ME Research Collaborative|synonym2=U.K. CFS/ME Research Collaborative|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Unidentified Bright Object|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

==V==
{{Glossary entry|name=vesicle|definition=In cell biology, a vesicle is any "bubble" of liquid surrounded by a layer of molecules forming an enclosing membrane.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Vesicle|synonym2=vesicles|synonym3=Vesicles|synonym4=vesicular|synonym5=Vesicular|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Virchow-Robin space|definition=A space inside the blood-brain barrier that surrounds blood vessels. They are also known as perivascular spaces. Immune cells from the blood often enter the Virchow-Robin space, but are unable to enter the brain. In cases of [[neuroinflammation]], immune cells may accumulate in the Virchow-Robin space, unable to enter the brain. This accumulation of immune cells (called perivascular cuffing) may lead to an enlarged Virchow-Robin space. Enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces may be visible in an [[MRI]] image of the brain.<ref>https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.274065722</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perivascular_space|synonym1=Virchow-Robin spaces|synonym2=Virchow Robin space|synonym3=Virchow Robin spaces|synonym4=Virchow-Robin Space|synonym5=Virchow Robin Space|synonym6=perivascular space|synonym7=perivascular spaces|synonym8=Perivascular space|synonym9=Perivascular spaces|synonym10=Virchow-robin space}}

{{Glossary entry|name=virome|abbreviation=|definition=The human virome is the collection of all viruses that are found in or on humans|synonym1=Virome|synonym2=|synonym3=Human Virome|synonym4=human virome}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/human-virome|title=virome|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=VO2max|abbreviation=|definition=the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during a specified period of usually intense exercise|synonym1=VO2Max|synonym2=VO2 Max|synonym3=vO2 max|synonym4=VO2 max|synonym5=vO2 Max|synonym6=vO2max|synonym7=maximal oxygen consumption|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/VO2%20max|title=VO2max|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref>

==W==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=white matter hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=WHO|othername=World Health Organization}}

{{Glossary entry|name=World Health Organization|definition="A specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations." The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is maintained by WHO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/|title=Home|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|website=www.who.int |language=en|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=WHO|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization|synonym1=World health organization|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==X==

==Y==

==Z==

== See also ==
* [[List of abbreviations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists]]

FND

2020-02-21T22:51:08Z

Pyrrhus:helpful redirect

#REDIRECT [[Functional movement disorder]]

Functional neurological symptom disorder

2020-02-21T22:50:09Z

Pyrrhus:Pyrrhus moved page Functional neurological symptom disorder (FND) to Functional neurological symptom disorder without leaving a redirect: acronyms are not for page names, but can be separate redirects

#REDIRECT [[Functional movement disorder]]
[[Category:Diagnoses]] [[Category:Mental disorders]]

Psychologization

2020-02-21T22:48:27Z

Pyrrhus:/* See also */ ul

{{stub}}
'''Psychologization''' or '''psychologisation''' or '''psychiatrization''' is the overemphasis or exaggeration of the role of psychological factors in illness when there is "little or no evidence to justify it".<ref name="Spandler2017" />

{{Quote frame|"Psychologisation is a common practice but one which can put patients' lives at risk and undermine the general population's confidence in medicine and those who practise it".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goudsmit|first=EM|author-link=Ellen Goudsmit|last2=Gadd|first2=R|author-link2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|last6=|first6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|date=1991|title=All in the mind? The Psychologisation of Illness|url=|journal=The Psychologist|volume=4|issue=|pages=449-453|doi=|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=is the overemphasls and exaggeration of the role of psychological factors in illnesses which are generally considered to have a physiological and/or blochemical aetiology|via=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|author-link6=}}</ref>|author=Goudsmit and Gadd (1981)}}

==Evidence ==

The best known example of psychologization can be found in the treatment of stomach ulcers, where were assumed to always have a psychological cause until the discovery of the bacteria responsible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpkb.org/home/alternate/psychosomatic|title=Psychosomatic explanations for disease (MPKB)|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=The Marshall Protocol Knowledge Base|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>

In 1956 [[George Engel|Engel]], creator of the [[biopsychosocial model]] of illness, according to historian [[Edward Shorter]], Engel "asked why patients with ulcerative colitis often seemed to develop headaches when the bowel illness was quiescent. His theory was that when headaches appeared in these patients, 'there was evidence of strong conscious or unconscious aggressive or sadistic impulses. When bleeding occurred, 'the patient was feeling to varying degrees helpless, hopeless, or despairing. The bottom line, not entirely convincing to all gastro-enterologists, was 'Bleeding... characteristically occurs in the setting of a real, threatened, or fantasized loss, leading to psychic helplessness.'13"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shorter|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Shorter|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=2005|editor-last=White|editor-first=Peter|editor-link=Peter White|title=Biopsychosocial medicine: An integrated approach to understanding illness|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=chwtWAt76JoC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&source=bl&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|journal=|volume=|issue=|pages=1-19|quote=|via=}}</ref>

"[[Niall McLaren|McLaren]] notes that some psychiatrists repeatedly invoke Engel's [[Biopsychosocial model|biopsychosocial "model"]] and that they accept without demur (or references) that it is a reality, when nothing could be further from the truth." <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2002-01-01|title=The myth of the biopsychosocial model|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01076.x|journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry|volume=36|issue=5|pages=701–701|doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01076.x|issn=0004-8674}}</ref>

==Psychologization in ME/CFS ==

Patients with [[ME/CFS]] have reported that clinicians often trivialize their symptoms and psychologize too much, and that this can lead to long term [[medical neglect and abuse]].<ref name="obstruction" />

{{Quote frame|text=Lupus, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, and Lyme disease suffered similar fates before “tissue evidence” was available. Patients were belittled by armchair speculators masquerading as scientists. Who among us believes this was helpful? A simple “I don’t know” would have been better than specious speculation. The authors confuse absence of evidence with evidence of absence. They are not the same. Absence of evidence may reflect insufficient research, inadequate technology, poor methods, flawed paradigms, closed minds, or lack of clinical experience; for example, in 1980, there was no clear evidence that AIDS was viral—blood products were considered “safe.”<ref name="English2000"/>|
author=Thomas English|source=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] (2000)}}

==Notable studies ==
*1993, All in her mind! Stereotypic views and the psychologisation of women's illness<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Health Psychology Update|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=E1afUMVG0VEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7|title=All in her mind! Stereotypic views and the psychologisation of women's illness|last=Goudsmit|first=Ellen M|last2=|first2=|date=1993|publisher=|year=|isbn=|editor-link=|volume=12|location=|pages=28-32|language=en|chapter=|quote=|author-link=Ellen Goudsmit|editor-last2=|editor-link2=}}</ref> [https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=E1afUMVG0VEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7 (Full text)]

*2002, Bio-psycho-social reasoning in GPs' case narratives: The discursive construction of ME patients' identities<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Horton-Salway|first=Mary|author-link=Mary Horton-Salway||date=2002-10-01|title=Bio-Psycho-Social Reasoning in GPs’ Case Narratives: The Discursive Construction of ME Patients’ Identities|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/136345930200600401|journal=Health|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|pages=401–421|doi=10.1177/136345930200600401|issn=1363-4593|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.940.9969&rep=rep1&type=pdf (Full text)]
*2002, The myth of the biopsychosocial model<ref name=":0" /> [https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-1614.2002.01076.x (Abstract)]

*2008, Obstructions for quality care experienced by patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)—A case study<ref name="obstruction">{{Cite journal|last=Gilje|first=Ann Marit|author-link=Ann Marit Gilje|last2=Söderlund|first2=Atle|author-link2=Atle Söderlund|last3=Malterud|first3=Kirsti|author-link3=Kirsti Malterud|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=Oct 2008|title=Obstructions for quality care experienced by patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)—A case study|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0738399108001936|journal=[[Patient Education and Counseling]]|language=en|volume=73|issue=1|pages=36–41|doi=10.1016/j.pec.2008.04.001|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0738399108001936 (Abstract)]

*2017, Contesting the psychiatric framing of ME/CFS<ref name="Spandler2017">{{Cite journal|last=Spandler|first=Helen|author-link=Helen Spandler|last2=Allen|first2=Meg|author-link2=Meg Allen|date=2017-08-16|title=Contesting the psychiatric framing of ME/CFS|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helen_Spandler/publication/319157873_Contesting_the_psychiatric_framing_of_MECFS/links/599b082545851574f4ac5ba0/Contesting-the-psychiatric-framing-of-ME-CFS.pdf|journal=Social Theory & Health|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=127–141|doi=10.1057/s41285-017-0047-0|issn=1477-8211|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helen_Spandler/publication/319157873_Contesting_the_psychiatric_framing_of_MECFS/links/599b082545851574f4ac5ba0/Contesting-the-psychiatric-framing-of-ME-CFS.pdf (Full text)]

== Book chapters ==
* 2005, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=chwtWAt76JoC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&source=bl&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false The biopsychosocial approach in medicine: before and after Engel.]

==Letters, articles and talks ==
* 2000, Functional somatic syndromes<ref name="English2000">{{Cite journal|last=English|first=T. L.|author-link=Thomas English|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=Feb 15, 2000|title=Functional somatic syndromes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10681297|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=132|issue=4|pages=329|issn=0003-4819|pmid=10681297|quote=Lupus, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, and Lyme disease suffered similar fates before “tissue evidence” was available. Patients were belittled by armchair speculators masquerading as scientists. Who among us believes this was helpful? A simple “I don’t know” would have been better than specious speculation. The authors confuse absence of evidence with evidence of absence. They are not the same. Absence of evidence may reflect insufficient research, inadequate technology, poor methods, flawed paradigms, closed minds, or lack of clinical experience; for example, in 1980, there was no clear evidence that AIDS was viral—blood products were considered “safe.”|via=}}</ref>
* 2013, Disease-modifying therapies for nonrelapsing multiple sclerosis: Absence of evidence does not constitute evidence of absence<ref name="Dunn2013">{{Cite journal|last=Dunn|first=J.|author-link=Jeffrey Dunn|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=2013-10-31|title=Disease-modifying therapies for nonrelapsing multiple sclerosis: Absence of evidence does not constitute evidence of absence|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.cpj.0000436215.95884.89|journal=Neurology: Clinical Practice|volume=3|issue=6|pages=515–518|doi=10.1212/01.cpj.0000436215.95884.89|issn=2163-0402|quote=|via=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Psychosomatic illness]]
* [[Biopsychosocial model]]
* [[Martha Mitchell Effect]]
* [[Medically unexplained physical symptoms]]
* [[Functional neurological symptom disorder|Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder]]
* [[Bodily distress disorder]]
* [[Wessely school]]

==Learn more ==
* [http://margaretwilliams.me/2006/model-of-the-myth.pdf The Model of the Myth]
* [http://margaretwilliams.me/2006/more-on-the-myth.pdf More on the Myth?]

== References ==
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Psychological paradigm]]
<references />

Hysteria

2020-02-21T22:47:36Z

Pyrrhus:ul

{{stub}}'''Hysteria''' is an illness which has now been divided into two groups of disorders, conversion disorders (more recently called [[Functional neurological symptom disorder|Functional Neurological Symptom Disorders]]), and Dissociative Disorders; it is no longer a recognized name for an illness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online2007/index.htm|title=ICD-10|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=[[World Health Organization]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> Hysteria was [[Female predominant diseases|mostly diagnosed in women]], and was at one point believed to be caused by a woman's womb wandering around the body.

== Mass hysteria ==
The [[1955 Royal Free Hospital outbreak|Royal Free Hospital outbreak]] of [[epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis]] in 1955 was attributed to "mass hysteria" by psychiatrists [[Colin McEvedy|McEvedy]] and [[William Beard|Beard]], who never examined any patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Compston|first=Nigel Dean|author-link=Nigel Compston|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=Nov 1, 1978|title=An outbreak of encephalomyelitis in the Royal Free Hospital Group, London, in 1955|url=https://pmj.bmj.com/content/54/637/722|journal=[[Postgraduate Medical Journal]]|language=en|volume=54|issue=637|pages=722–724|doi=10.1136/pgmj.54.637.722|issn=0032-5473|pmid=746018|quote=McEvedy and Beard’s conclusions (of mass hysteria) ignore the objective findings of the staff of the hospital of fever, lymphadenopathy, cranial nerve palsies and abnormal signs in the limbs...Objective evidence of brain stem and spinal cord involvement was observed.|via=[[BMJ]]}}</ref>

== Hysteria as psychosonatic symptoms ==
Prof. [[Michael Sharpe]], a proponent of the [[biopsychosocial model]] of [[ME/CFS]], claims hysteria is a psychosomatic condition consisting of [[Medically unexplained physical symptoms|medically unexplained symptoms]]:
{{Quote2|Physicians often see symptoms without a definitive organic diagnosis as psychosomatic — a modern if less dramatic version of the 19th-century tendency to label neurological symptoms "hysteria," says Michael Sharpe, MD, a University of Oxford psychiatrist who studies the psychological aspects of medical illness.|[[Michael Sharpe]]|}}

== Notable studies ==
* 2005, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1299341/#!po=3.57143 Eliot Slater's the myth of the non-existence of hysteria]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Stone|last2=Warlow|first2=Charles|author-link2=Charles Warlow|last3=Carson|first3=Alan|author-link3=Alan Carson|last4=Sharpe|first4=Michael|author-link4=Michael Sharpe|author-link5=|date=Dec 2005|title=Eliot Slater's myth of the non-existence of hysteria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1299341/|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=98|issue=12|pages=547–548|issn=0141-0768|pmc=1299341|pmid=16319432|quote=|via=}}</ref>

== Articles, talks and interviews ==
* 2013, [https://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/07-08/symptoms When symptoms are a mystery]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/07-08/symptoms|title=When symptoms are a mystery|last=DeAngelis|first=Tori|authorlink=Tori DeAngelis|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2013|website=[[American Psychological Association]]|page=66|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-06|quote=Physicians often see symptoms without a definitive organic diagnosis as psychosomatic — a modern if less dramatic version of the 19th-century tendency to label neurological symptoms "hysteria," says Michael Sharpe, MD, a University of Oxford psychiatrist who studies the psychological aspects of medical illness.|laydate=Jul 2013|issue=7|volume=44}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Eliot Slater]]
* [[Functional movement disorder]]
* [[Biopsychosocial model]]
* [[Medically unexplained physical symptoms]]
* [[Psychosomatic illness]]
* [[Psychologization]]
* [[World Health Organization]]

==Learn more==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteria Wikipedia - Hysteria]

[[Category:Psychological paradigm]]

== References ==
[[Category:Mental disorders]]
<references />

Psychosomatic illness

2020-02-21T22:45:02Z

Pyrrhus:/* See also */ ul

{{Stub}}'''Psychosomatic''' or '''psychogenic illness''' refers to illness or symptoms of illness with no known physical cause, which is believed to be the entirely result of psychological factors, with no underlying biological cause.<ref name=":1" /> Psychosomatic medicine refers to the impact of medical illness on the minds, and the impact of psychological disorders on the body.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-22157-000|title=The American psychiatric publishing textbook of psychosomatic medicine|last=|first=|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.|year=2005|isbn=|editor-last=Levenson|editor-first=JL|editor-link=Jim Levenson|location=Arlington, VA, US|pages=|chapter=|quote=|editor-last2=|editor-link2=}}</ref>

[[Chronic fatigue syndrome|Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] and [[fibromyalgia]] are sometimes incorrectly referred to as psychomatic illnesses, or alternatively as [[medically unexplained physical symptoms]] (usually meaning partly physiological), by a number of clinicians or researchers, both in academic publications and the mainstream press, despite being classified as a [[:Category:Neurological diseases and disorders|neurological disease]], and [[:Category:Musculoskeletal diseases and disorders|musculoskeletal disease]] respectively.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.universitytimes.ie/2019/02/an-unhealthy-mind-can-lead-to-an-unhealthy-brain-lets-not-forget-that/|title=An Unhealthy Mind Can Lead to An Unhealthy Brain. Let’s Not Forget That|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=Feb 2019|website=www.universitytimes.ie|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=icd.who.int|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref>

== Psychologization ==
A number of different diseases were assumed to be psychomatic before medical science found biological evidence of abnormalities, this process of psychologization has previously affected patients with many different illnesses, including [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|Lupus]], [[Multiple sclerosis|Multiple Sclerosis]], [[Lyme disease]] and [[AIDS]]. Significant harm can be caused by psychosomatic assumptions of an illness, in the case of AIDS, patients with AIDS were allowed to [[Blood donation|donate blood]] because it was assumed that no physical disease was present, which resulted in AIDS infections in people receiving the blood.<ref name=":0" />

== Notable articles ==

*1997, Chronic fatigue syndrome--a disease entity or an unspecified psychosomatic disorder? (in German)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Albus|first=C.|author-link=C Albus|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=Dec 1997|title=[Chronic fatigue syndrome--a disease entity or an unspecified psychosomatic disorder?]|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/9487622/|journal=Zeitschrift Fur Arztliche Fortbildung Und Qualitatssicherung|language=de|volume=91|issue=8|pages=717–721|issn=1431-7621|pmid=9487622|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/9487622/ (Abstract - in English)]
*2017, Contesting the psychiatric framing of ME/CFS<ref name="Spandler2017">{{Cite journal|last=Spandler|first=Helen|author-link=Helen Spandler|last2=Allen|first2=Meg|author-link2=Meg Allen|date=Aug 16, 2017|title=Contesting the psychiatric framing of ME/CFS|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helen_Spandler/publication/319157873_Contesting_the_psychiatric_framing_of_MECFS/links/599b082545851574f4ac5ba0/Contesting-the-psychiatric-framing-of-ME-CFS.pdf|journal=Social Theory & Health|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=127–141|doi=10.1057/s41285-017-0047-0|issn=1477-8211|quote=|via=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helen_Spandler/publication/319157873_Contesting_the_psychiatric_framing_of_MECFS/links/599b082545851574f4ac5ba0/Contesting-the-psychiatric-framing-of-ME-CFS.pdf (Full text)]

== Letters, articles and talks ==
* 2000, [[Functional somatic syndrome|Functional somatic syndromes]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=English|first=T. L.|author-link=Thomas English|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=Feb 15, 2000|title=Functional somatic syndromes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10681297|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=132|issue=4|pages=329|issn=0003-4819|pmid=10681297|quote=Lupus, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, and Lyme disease suffered similar fates before “tissue evidence” was available. Patients were belittled by armchair speculators masquerading as scientists. Who among us believes this was helpful? A simple “I don’t know” would have been better than specious speculation. The authors confuse absence of evidence with evidence of absence. They are not the same. Absence of evidence may reflect insufficient research, inadequate technology, poor methods, flawed paradigms, closed minds, or lack of clinical experience; for example, in 1980, there was no clear evidence that AIDS was viral—blood products were considered “safe.”|via=}}</ref>
* 2013, Disease-modifying therapies for nonrelapsing multiple sclerosis: Absence of evidence does not constitute evidence of absence<ref name="Dunn2013">{{Cite journal|last=Dunn|first=J.|author-link=Jeffrey Dunn|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=2013-10-31|title=Disease-modifying therapies for nonrelapsing multiple sclerosis: Absence of evidence does not constitute evidence of absence|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.cpj.0000436215.95884.89|journal=Neurology: Clinical Practice|volume=3|issue=6|pages=515–518|doi=10.1212/01.cpj.0000436215.95884.89|issn=2163-0402|quote=|via=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Functional somatic syndrome]]
* [[Psychologization]]
* [[Ethical issues]]
* [[Martha Mitchell Effect]]
* [[Medically unexplained physical symptoms]]
* [[Functional neurological symptom disorder]]
* [[Bodily distress disorder]]

== References ==
[[Category:Mental disorders]]
[[Category:Psychological paradigm]]
<references />

Diane O'Leary

2020-02-21T22:42:07Z

Pyrrhus:/* See also */ ul

{{stub}}
{{NeedsImage}}
Dr '''Diane O'Leary''' is a researcher in bioethics at the [[Kennedy Institute for Ethics]], [[Georgetown University]], Washington DC, [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/people/diane-oleary/|title=Diane O'Leary » The Kennedy Institute of Ethics|website=The Kennedy Institute of Ethics|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref>

{{Quote2|Evidence-based medicine is driven by the effort to minimize medical risk. In the area of ME/CFS, however, it has long been routine for psychosomatic research to proceed as if medical risk can be ignored, as if it simply is not possible that patients with this poorly understood condition are suffering from a biomedical disease.

That oversight can no longer be maintained in credible debate and research.|Diane O'Leary|Journal of Medical Ethics blog<ref name="bmj2019"/> 2019}}

==Notable studies ==

* 2019, Bodily Distress Syndrome: Concerns About Scientific Credibility in Research and Implementation<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O’Leary|first=D.|author-link=Diane O'Leary|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=Jun 30, 2018|title=Bodily distress syndrome: Concerns about scientific credibility in research and implementation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325708039_Bodily_Distress_Syndrome_Concerns_About_Scientific_Credibility_in_Research_and_Implementation|journal=Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry|volume=18|issue=2|pages=67–77t|doi=10.4024/07LE18A.jbpc.18.02|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325708039_Bodily_Distress_Syndrome_Concerns_About_Scientific_Credibility_in_Research_and_Implementation (Full text)]
* 2018, Why Bioethics Should Be Concerned With Medically Unexplained Symptoms<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Leary|first=Diane|author-link=Diane O'Leary|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=May 2018|title=Why Bioethics Should Be Concerned With Medically Unexplained Symptoms|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Diane_Oleary/publication/324785079_Why_Bioethics_Should_Be_Concerned_With_Medically_Unexplained_Symptoms/links/5beb4023a6fdcc3a8dd4674d/Why-Bioethics-Should-Be-Concerned-With-Medically-Unexplained-Symptoms.pdf?origin=publication_detail|journal=The American journal of bioethics: AJOB|volume=18|issue=5|pages=6–15|doi=10.1080/15265161.2018.1445312|issn=1536-0075|pmid=29697324|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Diane_Oleary/publication/324785079_Why_Bioethics_Should_Be_Concerned_With_Medically_Unexplained_Symptoms/links/5beb4023a6fdcc3a8dd4674d/Why-Bioethics-Should-Be-Concerned-With-Medically-Unexplained-Symptoms.pdf?origin=publication_detail (Full text)]

==Letters, talks and blogs==
*2019, [https://blogs.bmj.com/medical-ethics/2019/03/05/its-time-to-pay-attention-to-chronic-fatigue-syndrome/ It's time to pay attention to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]<ref name="bmj2019">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.bmj.com/medical-ethics/2019/03/05/its-time-to-pay-attention-to-chronic-fatigue-syndrome/|title=It’s Time to Pay Attention to "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"|last=O'Leary|first=Diane|authorlink=Diane O'Leary|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=Mar 5, 2019|website=|publisher=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]]|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref>

==Online presence ==

* Twitter
* [https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/people/diane-oleary/ Website]

==See also ==
*[[Ethical issues]]
*[[Stigma and discrimination]]
*[[Bodily distress disorder]]
*[[Medical abuse and neglect]]

==Learn more ==

* [http://www.dianeoleary.com Website]

==References ==

[[Category:Researchers]]
<references />

Psychologization

2020-02-21T22:40:31Z

Pyrrhus:/* See also */ ul

{{stub}}
'''Psychologization''' or '''psychologisation''' or '''psychiatrization''' is the overemphasis or exaggeration of the role of psychological factors in illness when there is "little or no evidence to justify it".<ref name="Spandler2017" />

{{Quote frame|"Psychologisation is a common practice but one which can put patients' lives at risk and undermine the general population's confidence in medicine and those who practise it".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goudsmit|first=EM|author-link=Ellen Goudsmit|last2=Gadd|first2=R|author-link2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|last6=|first6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|date=1991|title=All in the mind? The Psychologisation of Illness|url=|journal=The Psychologist|volume=4|issue=|pages=449-453|doi=|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=is the overemphasls and exaggeration of the role of psychological factors in illnesses which are generally considered to have a physiological and/or blochemical aetiology|via=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|author-link6=}}</ref>|author=Goudsmit and Gadd (1981)}}

==Evidence ==

The best known example of psychologization can be found in the treatment of stomach ulcers, where were assumed to always have a psychological cause until the discovery of the bacteria responsible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpkb.org/home/alternate/psychosomatic|title=Psychosomatic explanations for disease (MPKB)|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=The Marshall Protocol Knowledge Base|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>

In 1956 [[George Engel|Engel]], creator of the [[biopsychosocial model]] of illness, according to historian [[Edward Shorter]], Engel "asked why patients with ulcerative colitis often seemed to develop headaches when the bowel illness was quiescent. His theory was that when headaches appeared in these patients, 'there was evidence of strong conscious or unconscious aggressive or sadistic impulses. When bleeding occurred, 'the patient was feeling to varying degrees helpless, hopeless, or despairing. The bottom line, not entirely convincing to all gastro-enterologists, was 'Bleeding... characteristically occurs in the setting of a real, threatened, or fantasized loss, leading to psychic helplessness.'13"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shorter|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Shorter|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=2005|editor-last=White|editor-first=Peter|editor-link=Peter White|title=Biopsychosocial medicine: An integrated approach to understanding illness|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=chwtWAt76JoC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&source=bl&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|journal=|volume=|issue=|pages=1-19|quote=|via=}}</ref>

"[[Niall McLaren|McLaren]] notes that some psychiatrists repeatedly invoke Engel's [[Biopsychosocial model|biopsychosocial "model"]] and that they accept without demur (or references) that it is a reality, when nothing could be further from the truth." <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2002-01-01|title=The myth of the biopsychosocial model|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01076.x|journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry|volume=36|issue=5|pages=701–701|doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01076.x|issn=0004-8674}}</ref>

==Psychologization in ME/CFS ==

Patients with [[ME/CFS]] have reported that clinicians often trivialize their symptoms and psychologize too much, and that this can lead to long term [[medical neglect and abuse]].<ref name="obstruction" />

{{Quote frame|text=Lupus, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, and Lyme disease suffered similar fates before “tissue evidence” was available. Patients were belittled by armchair speculators masquerading as scientists. Who among us believes this was helpful? A simple “I don’t know” would have been better than specious speculation. The authors confuse absence of evidence with evidence of absence. They are not the same. Absence of evidence may reflect insufficient research, inadequate technology, poor methods, flawed paradigms, closed minds, or lack of clinical experience; for example, in 1980, there was no clear evidence that AIDS was viral—blood products were considered “safe.”<ref name="English2000"/>|
author=Thomas English|source=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] (2000)}}

==Notable studies ==
*1993, All in her mind! Stereotypic views and the psychologisation of women's illness<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Health Psychology Update|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=E1afUMVG0VEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7|title=All in her mind! Stereotypic views and the psychologisation of women's illness|last=Goudsmit|first=Ellen M|last2=|first2=|date=1993|publisher=|year=|isbn=|editor-link=|volume=12|location=|pages=28-32|language=en|chapter=|quote=|author-link=Ellen Goudsmit|editor-last2=|editor-link2=}}</ref> [https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=E1afUMVG0VEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7 (Full text)]

*2002, Bio-psycho-social reasoning in GPs' case narratives: The discursive construction of ME patients' identities<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Horton-Salway|first=Mary|author-link=Mary Horton-Salway||date=2002-10-01|title=Bio-Psycho-Social Reasoning in GPs’ Case Narratives: The Discursive Construction of ME Patients’ Identities|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/136345930200600401|journal=Health|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|pages=401–421|doi=10.1177/136345930200600401|issn=1363-4593|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.940.9969&rep=rep1&type=pdf (Full text)]
*2002, The myth of the biopsychosocial model<ref name=":0" /> [https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-1614.2002.01076.x (Abstract)]

*2008, Obstructions for quality care experienced by patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)—A case study<ref name="obstruction">{{Cite journal|last=Gilje|first=Ann Marit|author-link=Ann Marit Gilje|last2=Söderlund|first2=Atle|author-link2=Atle Söderlund|last3=Malterud|first3=Kirsti|author-link3=Kirsti Malterud|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=Oct 2008|title=Obstructions for quality care experienced by patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)—A case study|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0738399108001936|journal=[[Patient Education and Counseling]]|language=en|volume=73|issue=1|pages=36–41|doi=10.1016/j.pec.2008.04.001|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0738399108001936 (Abstract)]

*2017, Contesting the psychiatric framing of ME/CFS<ref name="Spandler2017">{{Cite journal|last=Spandler|first=Helen|author-link=Helen Spandler|last2=Allen|first2=Meg|author-link2=Meg Allen|date=2017-08-16|title=Contesting the psychiatric framing of ME/CFS|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helen_Spandler/publication/319157873_Contesting_the_psychiatric_framing_of_MECFS/links/599b082545851574f4ac5ba0/Contesting-the-psychiatric-framing-of-ME-CFS.pdf|journal=Social Theory & Health|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=127–141|doi=10.1057/s41285-017-0047-0|issn=1477-8211|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helen_Spandler/publication/319157873_Contesting_the_psychiatric_framing_of_MECFS/links/599b082545851574f4ac5ba0/Contesting-the-psychiatric-framing-of-ME-CFS.pdf (Full text)]

== Book chapters ==
* 2005, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=chwtWAt76JoC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&source=bl&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false The biopsychosocial approach in medicine: before and after Engel.]

==Letters, articles and talks ==
* 2000, Functional somatic syndromes<ref name="English2000">{{Cite journal|last=English|first=T. L.|author-link=Thomas English|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=Feb 15, 2000|title=Functional somatic syndromes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10681297|journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]|volume=132|issue=4|pages=329|issn=0003-4819|pmid=10681297|quote=Lupus, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, and Lyme disease suffered similar fates before “tissue evidence” was available. Patients were belittled by armchair speculators masquerading as scientists. Who among us believes this was helpful? A simple “I don’t know” would have been better than specious speculation. The authors confuse absence of evidence with evidence of absence. They are not the same. Absence of evidence may reflect insufficient research, inadequate technology, poor methods, flawed paradigms, closed minds, or lack of clinical experience; for example, in 1980, there was no clear evidence that AIDS was viral—blood products were considered “safe.”|via=}}</ref>
* 2013, Disease-modifying therapies for nonrelapsing multiple sclerosis: Absence of evidence does not constitute evidence of absence<ref name="Dunn2013">{{Cite journal|last=Dunn|first=J.|author-link=Jeffrey Dunn|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=2013-10-31|title=Disease-modifying therapies for nonrelapsing multiple sclerosis: Absence of evidence does not constitute evidence of absence|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.cpj.0000436215.95884.89|journal=Neurology: Clinical Practice|volume=3|issue=6|pages=515–518|doi=10.1212/01.cpj.0000436215.95884.89|issn=2163-0402|quote=|via=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Psychosomatic illness]]
* [[Biopsychosocial model]]
* [[Martha Mitchell Effect]]
* [[Medically unexplained physical symptoms]]
* [[Functional neurological symptom disorder (FND)|Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder]]
* [[Bodily distress disorder]]
* [[Wessely school]]

==Learn more ==
* [http://margaretwilliams.me/2006/model-of-the-myth.pdf The Model of the Myth]
* [http://margaretwilliams.me/2006/more-on-the-myth.pdf More on the Myth?]

== References ==
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Psychological paradigm]]
<references />

Bodily distress syndrome

2020-02-21T22:36:12Z

Pyrrhus:Pyrrhus moved page Bodily distress syndrome to Bodily distress disorder: use ICD-11 name, not Per Fink's pet name

#REDIRECT [[Bodily distress disorder]]

Bodily distress disorder

2020-02-21T22:36:11Z

Pyrrhus:Pyrrhus moved page Bodily distress syndrome to Bodily distress disorder: use ICD-11 name, not Per Fink's pet name

{{Stub}}
'''Bodily Distress Disorder''' (BDD), also known as Bodily Distress Syndrome, is a [[:Category:Mental disorders |mental health]] disorder, involving psychological distress resulting from physical symptoms.{{citation needed}} Bodily Distress Disorder has been proposed as a new diagnosis in [[ICD-11]].

==Evidence ==

==Controversy ==

There has been concern from researchers, clinicians, patients with [[ME/CFS]], [[chronic pain]] patients and others that a medical condition with a biological cause may be diagnosed with Bodily Distress Disorder instead of a physical illness, which could result in the denial of medical tests to establish the correct diagnosis, the denial of medical care, and for severely ill patients possibly [[Ethical issues |forced psychiatric treatment or hospitalization]], such as that experienced by [[Karina Hansen]] and [[Sophia Mirza]].{{citation needed}}

==Notable studies ==
*2017, Contesting the psychiatric framing of ME/CFS<ref name="Spandler2017">{{Cite journal|last=Spandler|first=Helen|author-link=Helen Spandler|last2=Allen|first2=Meg|author-link2=Meg Allen|date=Aug 16, 2017|title=Contesting the psychiatric framing of ME/CFS|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helen_Spandler/publication/319157873_Contesting_the_psychiatric_framing_of_MECFS/links/599b082545851574f4ac5ba0/Contesting-the-psychiatric-framing-of-ME-CFS.pdf|journal=Social Theory & Health|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=127–141|doi=10.1057/s41285-017-0047-0|issn=1477-8211|quote=|via=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helen_Spandler/publication/319157873_Contesting_the_psychiatric_framing_of_MECFS/links/599b082545851574f4ac5ba0/Contesting-the-psychiatric-framing-of-ME-CFS.pdf (Full text)]

*2019, Bodily Distress Syndrome: Concerns About Scientific Credibility in Research and Implementation<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O’Leary|first=D.|author-link=Diane O'Leary|author-link2=|author-link3=|author-link4=|author-link5=|date=Jun 30, 2018|title=Bodily distress syndrome: Concerns about scientific credibility in research and implementation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325708039_Bodily_Distress_Syndrome_Concerns_About_Scientific_Credibility_in_Research_and_Implementation|journal=Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry|volume=18|issue=2|pages=67–77t|doi=10.4024/07LE18A.jbpc.18.02|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325708039_Bodily_Distress_Syndrome_Concerns_About_Scientific_Credibility_in_Research_and_Implementation (Full text)]

==See also ==
*[[Per Fink]]

*[[Sophia Mirza]]

*[[Ethical issues]]

*[[Stigma and discrimination]]

*[[Medically unexplained symptoms]]

*[[Medical abuse and neglect]]

==Learn more ==

==References ==

[[Category:Psychological paradigm]]
[[Category:Diagnoses]]
[[Category:Mental disorders]]
<references />

2020-02-21T20:32:05Z

Pyrrhus:/* D */ spacing

__NOGLOSSARY__
{{AZ|no numbers}}
This page is a '''glossary''' of key ME/CFS-related terms. (For help editing this page, see [[Help:Glossary]].)

==A==
{{Glossary entry|name=accuracy|definition=The "closeness of an observation to the true clinical state".<ref name="Sackett" /> With respect to diagnostic tests, "accuracy" means how specific and sensitive the test is.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Accuracy|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexjansen.com/nesug/nesug10/hl/hl07.pdf|title=Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, Associated Confidence Interval and ROC Analysis with Practical SAS® Implementations|last=Zhu|first=|authorlink=|last2=Zeng|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=Lex Jansen|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=12 November 2019|last3=Wang}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=Action for ME|definition=Action for ME is a British non-profit organization that was set up in 1987 as The M.E. Action Campaign. Its founders were [[Martin Lev]], Sue Findlay and Clare Francis. In September 1993 it changed its name and logo to Action for ME and Chronic Fatigue. It then changed its name in 1993 to Action for ME.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-11-05|title=Action for ME|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Action_for_ME&oldid=747975928|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>|abbreviation=AfME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Action for M.E.|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=adverse reaction|definition=Any unintended or unwanted response to the treatment under investigation in a clinical trial.<ref name="hraglossary">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hra.nhs.uk/approvals-amendments/glossary/|title=Glossary|website=Health Research Authority|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Adverse reactions|synonym2=Adverse reaction|synonym3=adverse reactions|synonym4=side effect|synonym5=side effects|synonym6=Side effect|synonym7=Side effects|synonym8=Side Effect|synonym9=Side Effects|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AfME|othername=Action for ME}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|definition=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is a United States government agency under the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]]. Their mission is "to produce evidence to make health care safer, higher quality, more accessible, equitable, and affordable.<ref>https://www.ahrq.gov/cpi/about/profile/index.html</ref> A representative of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality sat on the (now disbanded) [[CFSAC]] committee as an ''Ex Officio'' Member.|abbreviation=AHRQ|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Agency for healthcare research and quality|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AHRQ|othername=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality}}

{{Glossary entry|name=All-Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|definition=A British group of backbench members of parliament, from all political parties and from Houses of Commons and Lords, who meet to discuss [[ME]].|abbreviation=APPG|learn-more-url=|synonym1=All Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym2=All-Party Parliamentary Group|synonym3=All Party Parliamentary Group|synonym4=All-Party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym5=All Party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym6=All-party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym7=All-party Parliamentary Group on ME|synonym8=All-party Parliamentary Group|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=American Psychiatric Association|definition=The main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world.<ref>https://www.psychiatry.org/</ref> Not to be confused with the American Psychological Association (also APA).|abbreviation=APA|learn-more-url=|synonym1=American Psychiatric Assoc|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=antibody|definition=Antibodies or immunoglobulin refers to any of a large number of specific proteins produced by [[B cell]]s that act against an antigen in an immune response.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Antibody|synonym2=Antibodies|synonym3=antibodies|synonym4=Immunoglobulin|synonym5=immunoglobulin|synonym6=Immunoglobulins|synonym7=immunoglobulins|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ANZMES|othername=Associated New Zealand ME Society}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=APA|othername=American Psychiatric Association}}

{{Glossary entry|name=apoptosis|definition=a type of cell death in which a cell, in response to a threat, initiates a series of molecular steps that lead to its orderly death. This is one method the body uses to get rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. This form of cell suicide is also called programmed cell death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/apoptosis|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|website=cancer.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Apoptosis|synonym2=apoptotic|synonym3=Apoptotic|synonym4=programmed cell death|synonym5=Programmed cell death|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=APPG|othername=All-Party Parliamentary Group on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis}}

{{Glossary entry|name=assay|definition=1. (verb) analysis (as of an ore or drug) to determine the presence, absence, or quantity of one or more components.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assay|title=assay|website=The Merriam-Webster.com|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> 2. (noun) In biochemistry, any laboratory protocol used to test a sample for one or more qualities.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Assay|synonym2=Assays|synonym3=assays|synonym4=Assaying|synonym5=assaying|synonym6=Assayed|synonym7=assayed|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Associated New Zealand ME Society|definition=A New Zealand group for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients and their caregivers.|abbreviation=ANZMES|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Associated New Zealand M.E. Society|synonym2=Associated New Zealand M.E. society|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Association of Young People with ME|definition=AYME was a UK national charity supporting children and young people affected by [[ME/CFS]] with members under 25. Its lead medical advisor was Doctor [[Esther Crawley]]. In April 2017 the charity merged with [[Action for ME]], forming its Children's Services department run by Mary-Jane Willows.<ref>https://m.facebook.com/actionforme/photos/a.76870643208.71362.72990583208/10155087150888209/?type=3 Action for ME is pleased to announce the launch of our new Children's Services Team</ref>|abbreviation=AYME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Association of Young People with M.E.|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=AYME|othername=Association of Young People with ME}}

==B==
{{Glossary entry|name=B cell|definition=B [[lymphocyte]], or a type of white blood cell, which is involved in the immune response by secreting antibodies to ward off infections. In mammals, they are mostly matured in the [[bone marrow]].|synonym1=B cells|synonym2=B-cell|synonym3=B lymphocyte|synonym4=B lymphocytes|synonym5=B-cells|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/B+lymphocyte|title=B lymphocyte|website=TheFreeDictionary.com|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=bias|definition=Bias in research is "a systematic deviation of an observation from the true clinical state".<ref name="Sackett">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TjRrAAAAMAAJ&PA=30&q=bias|title=Clinical epidemiology : a basic science for clinical medicine|last=Sackett|first=David|last2=Haynes|first2=R. Brian|last3=Tugwell|first3=Peter|date=1985|publisher=Little, Brown|others=|year=|isbn=0316765953|editor-link=|edition=1st|location=Boston|pages=30|chapter=|oclc=11703862|quote=|editor-last2=|editor-link2=}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Bias|synonym2=Biased|synonym3=biased|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=biopsychosocial model|definition=A school of thought, usually based in psychology, which claims illness and disease to be the result of the intermingling of biological, psychological and social causes.|abbreviation=BPS|synonym1=BPS model|synonym2=BPS Model|synonym3=Biopsychosocial model|synonym4=biopsychosocial|synonym5=Biopsychosocial|synonym6=Biopsychosocial Model|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model}}

{{Glossary entry|name=BMJ|definition=The BMJ (previously the British Medical Journal) is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=British Medical Journal|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=bodily distress disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=BPS|othername=biopsychosocial model}}

{{Glossary entry|name=bradycardia|definition=A slowness of the heartbeat, so that the pulse rate is less than 60 per minute in an adult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bradycardia|title=Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition|website=thefreedictionary|access-date=2019-04-18|date=2003|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Bradycardia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==C==
{{Glossary entry|name=Canadian Consensus Criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria used to diagnose ME/CFS, developed by a group of practicing ME/CFS clinicians in 2003. The CCC is often considered to be the most complex criteria, but possibly the most accurate, with the lowest number of patients meeting the criteria. Led to the development of the International Consensus Criteria (ICC) in 2011.|abbreviation=CCC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Canadian consensus criteria|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf|title=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols|last=Carruthers|first=Bruce|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2003|website=Invest in ME|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=cardiopulmonary exercise test|othername=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cartilage|definition=firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cartilage|synonym2=cartilages|synonym3=Cartilages|synonym4=cartilaginous|synonym5=Cartilaginous|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/cartilage|title=cartilage|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=lexico.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CBT|othername=cognitive behavioral therapy}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CCC|othername=Canadian consensus criteria}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CDC|othername=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cell membrane|definition=A very thin membrane, composed of lipids and protein, that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cell-membrane|title=Cell membrane definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cell membrane|synonym2=Cell membranes|synonym3=cell membranes|synonym4=Plasma membrane|synonym5=plasma membrane|synonym6=Plasma membranes|synonym7=plasma membranes|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|definition=The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a U.S. government agency dedicated to epidemiology and public health. It operates under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.|abbreviation=CDC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Centers for Disease Control|synonym2=Center for Disease Control|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=central nervous system|definition=One of the two parts of the human nervous system, the other part being the [[peripheral nervous system]]. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that travel from the central nervous system into the various organs and tissues of the body.|abbreviation=CNS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Central nervous system|synonym2=Central Nervous System|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cerebellum|definition=A part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, beneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. Its name reflects the fact that it looks like a smaller version of the cerebrum. Its main known functions are the coordination of unconscious muscle movements and the maintenance of body positional equilibrium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cerebellum|title=Definition of cerebellum|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cerebellum|synonym2=cerebellar|synonym3=Cerebellar|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFIDS|othername=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS|othername=chronic fatigue syndrome}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFSAC|othername=Chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS/ME|othername=ME/CFS}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CFS/ME Research Collaborative|othername=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative}}

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic disease|abbreviation=|definition=a disease or condition that usually lasts for 3 months or longer and may get worse over time|synonym1=Chronic disease|synonym2=Chronic Disease|synonym3=chronic diseases|synonym4=Chronic diseases|synonym5=Chronic Diseases}}<ref>https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/chronic-disease</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic fatigue|definition=Persistent and abnormal fatigue is a symptom, not an illness. It may be caused by depression, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome or many other illnesses. The term "chronic fatigue" should never be confused with the disease [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].<ref name="CanadianConsensusCriteria">{{Cite journal|last=Carruthers|first=Bruce M.|author-link=Bruce Carruthers|last2=van de Sande|first2=Marjorie I.|author-link2=Marjorie van de Sande|last3=De Meirleir|first3=Kenny L.|author-link3=Kenny De Meirleir|last4=Klimas|first4=Nancy G.|author-link4=Nancy Klimas|last5=Broderick|first5=Gordon|author-link5=Gordon Broderick|last6=Mitchell|first6=Terry|author-link6=Terry Mitchell|last7=Staines|first7=Donald|author-link7=Donald Staines|last8=Powles|first8=A. C. Peter|author-link8=A C Peter Powles|last9=Speight|first9=Nigel|author-link9=Nigel Speight|last10=Vallings|first10=Rosamund|author-link10=Rosamund Vallings|last11=Bateman|first11=Lucinda|author-link11=Lucinda Bateman|last12=Baumgarten-Austrheim|first12=Barbara|author-link12=Barbara Baumgarten-Austrheim|last13=Bell|first13=David|author-link13=David Bell|last14=Carlo-Stella|first14=Nicoletta|author-link14=Nicoletta Carlo-Stella|last15=Chia|first15=John|author-link15=John Chia|last16=Darragh|first16=Austin|author-link16=Austin Darragh|last17=Jo|first17=Daehyun|author-link17=Daehyun Jo|last18=Lewis|first18=Donald|author-link18=Donald Lewis|last19=Light|first19=Alan|author-link19=Alan Light|last20=Marshall-Gradisnik|first20=Sonya|author-link20=Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik|last21=Mena|first21=Ismael|author-link21=Ismael Mena|last22=Mikovits|first22=Judy|author-link22=Judy Mikovits|last23=Miwa|first23=Kunihisa|author-link23=Kunihisa Miwa|last24=Murovska|first24=Modra|author-link24=Modra Murovska|last25=Pall|first25=Martin|author-link25=Martin Pall|last26=Stevens|first26=Staci|author-link26=Staci Stevens|date=2011-08-22|title=Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=270|issue=4|pages=327–338|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|issn=0954-6820|pmc=3427890|pmid=21777306|via=}}</ref>|abbreviation=CF|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|definition=Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome is another term for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, but one which emphasizes the immunological aspects of the disease. Popular in the 1990's, this term has apparently fallen into disuse.|abbreviation=CFIDS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|synonym2=Chronic Fatigue & Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|synonym3=Chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome|synonym4=Chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=chronic fatigue syndrome|definition=A controversial term, invented by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, that generally refers to a collection of symptoms as “fatigue”. There have been multiple attempts to come up with a set of diagnostic criteria to define this term, but few of those diagnostic criteria are currently in use. Previous attempts to define this term include the [[Fukuda criteria]] and the [[Oxford criteria]]. Some view the term as a useful diagnostic category for people with long-term fatigue of unexplained origin. Others view the term as a derogatory term borne out of animus towards patients. Some view the term as a synonym of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]], while others view myalgic encephalomyelitis as a distinct disease.|abbreviation=CFS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue syndrome|synonym2=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|synonym3=C.F.S.|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Advisory Committee|definition=(sometimes pronounced SIF-SACK) A US government advisory council that met twice per year, covering current topics related to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Meetings usually lasted for two days and the results were presented to the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS). After 15 years, on September 5, 2018, CFSAC's charter was not renewed by the Department of HHS, effectively dissolving the committee without notice or warning.|abbreviation=CFSAC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee|synonym2=chronic fatigue syndrome advisory committee|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meaction.net/2018/09/07/hhs-secretary-kills-cfsac/|title=HHS Secretary Kills CFSAC!|date=2018-09-07|website=#MEAction|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=clivus|abbreviation=|definition=the smooth sloping surface on the upper posterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone supporting the pons and the basilar artery|synonym1=clivi|synonym2=Clivus|synonym3=Clivi}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/clivus</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CMRC|othername=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CMV|othername=cytomegalovirus}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CNS|othername=central nervous system}}

{{Glossary entry|name=coenzyme Q10|definition=Coenzyme Q10 (also known as ubiquinone) is found in the [[mitochondria]] and, as a component of the electron transport chain, plays an important role in [[citric acid cycle|aerobic respiration]]. The chemically-reduced form of CoQ10 is called ubiquinol.|abbreviation=CoQ10|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Coenzyme Q10|synonym2=co-enzyme Q10|synonym3=Co-enzyme Q10|synonym4=COQ10|synonym5=ubiquinone|synonym6=ubiquinol|synonym7=Ubiquinone|synonym8=Ubiquinol|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cofactor|abbreviation=|definition=A substance that acts with another substance to bring about certain effects.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cofactor</ref> In biochemistry, a cofactor is a molecule that is necessary for a given biochemical reaction, but is not an enzyme or substrate of the reaction.|synonym1=cofactors|synonym2=Cofactor|synonym3=Cofactors}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cognition|definition=Thought processes, including attention, reasoning, and memory.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cognition|synonym2=Cognitive|synonym3=cognitive|synonym4=Cognitions|synonym5=cognitions|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cognitive behavioral therapy|definition=A type of psychotherapy geared toward modifying alleged unhealthy thinking, behaviors or [[illness belief]]s. One of the treatment arms used in the controversial [[PACE trial]].|abbreviation=CBT|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy|synonym2=Cognitive behavioral therapy|synonym3=Cognitive behavioural therapy|synonym4=Cognitive Behavioural Therapy|synonym5=cognitive behavioural therapy|synonym6=cognitive-behavioral therapy|synonym7=Cognitive-behavioral therapy|synonym8=cognitive-behavioural therapy|synonym9=Cognitive-behavioural therapy|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=conversion disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CoQ10|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=CPET|othername=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=crash|othername=post-exertional malaise}}

{{Glossary entry|name=cytomegalovirus|definition=A common [[herpesvirus]] found in humans. Like other herpesviruses, it is a life-long infection that remains in a latent state inside the human body, until it is 'reactivated' by appropriate conditions. CMV infects between 60% to 70% of adults in industrialized countries and close to 100% in emerging countries. Much is unknown about this virus, although it has been found in salivary glands and myeloid blood cells such as [[monocyte]]s. It has also been linked to the development of certain cancers. Congenital CMV is a leading infectious cause of deafness, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability. A common treatment for CMV is [[valganciclovir]], commonly known as Valcyte.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/</ref>|abbreviation=CMV|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Cytomegalovirus|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==D==

{{Glossary entry|name=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|definition=A psychiatric reference book published by the American Psychiatric Association, often referred to as "the psychiatrist's Bible". Although the most recent version (DSM-5) purports to be the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders, the editors of both previous versions of the manual have heavily criticized the current version due to the climate of secrecy that shrouded the development of the latest version. 69% of the people who worked on DSM-5 reported having ties to the pharmaceutical industry. Allen Frances, who headed the development of the previous version, warned of dangerous unintended consequences such as new false 'epidemics'. A petition signed by over 13,000 mental health professionals stated that the lowered diagnostic thresholds in DSM-5, combined with entirely subjective criteria based on western social norms, would "lead to inappropriate medical treatment of vulnerable populations".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120411074618/http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/dsm5/</ref> The director of the National Institute of Mental Health, Dr. Thomas R. Insel, pointed out that the diagnoses in DSM-5 had no scientific validity whatsoever.<ref>https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/directors/thomas-insel/blog/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml</ref>|abbreviation=DSM|learn-more-url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-dsm5-ignores-biology-mental-illness/|synonym1=DSM-4|synonym2=DSM4|synonym3=DSM-5|synonym4=DSM5|synonym5=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual|synonym6=DSM-IV|synonym7=DSM-III|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=DSM-5|othername=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders}}

==E==
{{Glossary entry|name=endogenous|definition=Growing or originating from within an organism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/endogenous|title=Endogenous {{!}} Definition of Endogenous by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Endogenous|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Energy Envelope Theory|definition=A self-management tool developed and tested by Dr. [[Leonard Jason]] to reduce symptom severity and the frequency of relapses for people with [[ME/CFS]]. According to this theory, ME/CFS patients should not expend more energy than they perceive they have, as this results in [[post-exertional malaise]] and higher disability. Instead patients are advised to stay within their energy envelope, meaning the physical limits the disease has imposed upon them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Jason|first=Leonard A.|last2=Brown|first2=Molly|last3=Brown|first3=Abigail|last4=Evans|first4=Meredyth|last5=Flores|first5=Samantha|last6=Grant-Holler|first6=Elisa|last7=Sunnquist|first7=Madison|date=2013-01-14|title=Energy Conservation/Envelope Theory Interventions to Help Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3596172/|journal=Fatigue (Abingdon, Eng. Print)|volume=1|issue=1-2|pages=27–42|doi=10.1080/21641846.2012.733602|issn=2164-1846|pmc=3596172|pmid=23504301}}</ref> As the energy envelope theory also cautions about the dangers of under-exertion, its principles are almost identical to ‘[[pacing]]’, an activity management strategy for ME patients devised by [[Ellen Goudsmit]] in the UK.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goudsmit|first=Ellen M.|last2=Nijs|first2=Jo|last3=Jason|first3=Leonard A.|last4=Wallman|first4=Karen E.|date=2012|title=Pacing as a strategy to improve energy management in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a consensus document|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22181560|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation|volume=34|issue=13|pages=1140–1147|doi=10.3109/09638288.2011.635746|issn=1464-5165|pmid=22181560}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Energy envelope theory|synonym2=energy envelope theory|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=enterovirus|definition=A genus of RNA viruses which typically enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems and sometimes spread to the central nervous system or other parts of the body, causing neurological, cardiac, and other damage. Since the first reports of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), enteroviruses have been suspected as a cause of ME. Enteroviruses have also been implicated as the cause of Type I diabetes, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Enteroviruses include poliovirus, [[coxsackievirus]]es, and many others. New enteroviruses and new strains of existing enteroviruses are continuously being discovered.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://viralzone.expasy.org/97?outline=all_by_species|synonym1=Enterovirus|synonym2=enteroviruses|synonym3=Enteroviruses|synonym4=enteroviral|synonym5=Enteroviral|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=enzyme|definition=a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|language=en|date=2019}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Enzyme|synonym2=enzymes|synonym3=Enzymes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=epigenome|definition=all of the chemical compounds that are not part of the DNA sequence, but are on or attached to DNA as a way to regulate gene activity|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Epigenome|synonym2=epigenomes|synonym3=Epigenomes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/howgeneswork/epigenome</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=eukaryote|definition=any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus, unlike bacteria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/eukaryote|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|website=britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Eukaryotes include yeast, fungus, plants, and animals.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Eukaryote|synonym2=eukaryotes|synonym3=Eukaryotes|synonym4=eukaryotic|synonym5=Eukaryotic|synonym6=eucaryote|synonym7=Eucaryote|synonym8=eucaryotes|synonym9=Eucaryotes|synonym10=eucaryotic}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=exosome|othername=extracellular vesicle}}

{{Glossary entry|name=extracellular vesicle|definition=An extracellular vesicle (sometimes abbreviated EV) is a piece of a cell that has broken off and formed a separate membrane-bound vesicle. A membrane-bound vesicle is like a bubble, or like a mini-cell, in that it has a membrane surrounding some liquid. An extracellular vesicle may also contain some parts of the cell from which the extracellular vesicle arose. There are currently two types of extracellular vesicles: "exosomes" and "microvesicles". An "exosome" is an extracellular vesicle that began inside the cell as an intracellular vesicle known as an "endosome". A "microvesicle" is an extracellular vesicle that begins at the cell surface, and pinches off the cell's own membrane to form a separate vesicle.<ref>https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physiol.00045.2018</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physiol.00045.2018|synonym1=Extracellular Vesicle|synonym2=extracellular vesicles|synonym3=Extracellular Vesicles|synonym4=microvesicle|synonym5=microvesicles|synonym6=exosome|synonym7=Exosome|synonym8=exosomes|synonym9=exosomal|synonym10=Exosomal}}

==F==
{{Glossary entry|name=foramen magnum|definition=the large opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to merge with the lower brain<ref>{{Cite book|title=Collins Dictionary|language=en|date=2019}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Foramen magnum|synonym2=Foramen Magnum|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Fukuda criteria|definition=The most commonly used diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome, created by the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC).<ref name="Fukuda1994">{{Cite journal|last=Fukuda|first=K.|author-link=Keiji Fukuda|last2=Straus|first2=S. E.|author-link2=Stephen Straus|last3=Hickie|first3=I.|author-link3=Ian Hickie|last4=Sharpe|first4=M. C.|author-link4=Michael Sharpe|last5=Dobbins|first5=J. G.|author-link5=James Dobbins|last6=Komaroff|first6=A.|author-link6=Anthony Komaroff|date=1994-12-15|title=The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Sharpe2/publication/247808895_The_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_A_Comprehensive_Approach_to_Its_Definition_and_Study/links/0c96053201643bfc4b000000/The-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-A-Comprehensive-Approach-to-Its-Definition-and-Study.pdf|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=121|issue=12|pages=953–959|issn=0003-4819|pmid=7978722|via=|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009|publisher=[[American College of Physicians]]}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Fukuda diagnostic criteria|synonym2=Fukuda Criteria|synonym3=Fukuda Diagnostic Criteria|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==G==
{{Glossary entry|name=genome|definition=an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Genome|synonym2=genomes|synonym3=Genomes|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/hgp/genome</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=GET|othername=Graded exercise therapy}}

{{Glossary entry|name=glutamate|abbreviation=Glu|definition=Glutamate is one of the amino acids used by the body to make proteins. It is a salt or ester of glutamic acid, and the terms glutamate and glutamic acid are often used interchangeably. It also functions as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.|synonym1=Glutamate|synonym2=glutamic acid|synonym3=Glutamic acid|synonym4=Glutamic Acid}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glutamate</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=glutamic acid|othername=glutamate}}

{{Glossary entry|name=graded exercise therapy|definition=A gradual increase in exercise or activity, according to a pre-defined plan. Focuses on overcoming the patient's alleged unhelpful illness beliefs that exertion can exacerbate symptoms, rather than on reversing physical deconditioning. Considered controversial, and possibly harmful, in the treatment or management of ME. One of the treatment arms of the controversial PACE trial.<ref name="pace2011a">{{Cite journal | last1 = White | first1 = PD | authorlink1 = Peter White| last2 = Goldsmith | first2 = KA | authorlink2 = Kimberley Goldsmith | last3 = Johnson | first3 = AL |authorlink3 = Anthony Johnson | last4 = Potts |first4 = L | authorlink4 = Laura Potts | last5 = Walwyn | first5 = R |authorlink5 = Rebecca Walwyn | last6 = DeCesare | first6 = JC | authorlink6 = Julia DeCesare | last7 = Baber | first7 = HL | authorlink7 = Hannah Baber | last8 = Burgess | first8 = M |authorlink8 = Mary Burgess| last9 = Clark | first9 = LV | authorlink9 = Lucy Clark| last10 = Cox | first10 = DL | authorlink10 = Diane Cox| last11 = Bavinton |first11 = J | authorlink11 = Jessica Bavinton| last12 = Angus | first12 = BJ | authorlink12 = Brian Angus | last13 = Murphy | first13 = G | authorlink13 = Gabrielle Murphy | last14 = Murphy | first14 = M | authorlink14 = Maurice Murphy | last15 = O'Dowd | first15 = H | authorlink15 = Hazel O'Dowd| last16 = Wilks | first16 = D | authorlink16 = David Wilks| last17 = McCrone | first17 = P | authorlink17 = Paul McCrone | last18 = Chalder | first18 = T | authorlink18 = Trudie Chalder | last19 = Sharpe | first19 = M | authorlink19 = Michael Sharpe | last20 = The PACE Trial Management Group | authorlink20 = PACE Trial Management Group| title = Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial| journal = [[The Lancet]] | volume = 377 | issue = 9768 | page = 823–836| date = 5 March 2011 | pmid = 21334061| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60096-2 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60096-2/}}</ref>|abbreviation=GET|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Graded Exercise Therapy|synonym2=Graded exercise therapy|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=gray matter hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

==H==
{{Glossary entry|name=heart rate monitor|definition=A device that measures your heart rate (pulse rate). Heart rate monitors may come as a chest strap, wrist strap, smartwatch, or even as a mobile phone app. Heart rate monitors are often used by ME/CFS patients to pace their exertion, in order to avoid post-exertional malaise (PEM). For more information, see [[pacing with a heart rate monitor]].|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Heart rate monitor|synonym2=Heart Rate Monitor|synonym3=heart rate monitors|synonym4=Heart rate monitors|synonym5=Heart Rate Monitors|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=heart rate variability|definition=A measurement of the variability of the heart rate over time. When the heart rate is consistent, there will be a low heart rate variability. When the heart rate is constantly changing, there will be a high heart rate variability. Heart rate variability is often used by ME/CFS patients to monitor their autonomic nervous system, as high heart rate variability is associated with the sympathetic nervous system and low heart rate variability is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.|abbreviation=HRV|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Heart rate variability|synonym2=Heart Rate Variability|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=HLA complex|othername=human leukocyte antigen complex}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=HRV|othername=heart rate variability}}

{{Glossary entry|name=human leukocyte antigen complex|definition=A set of genes responsible for a given person's immune response to potential threats. Specifically, HLA genes encode proteins which help the immune system to distinguish the body's own proteins from proteins which are made by foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses. The HLA complex can vary greatly from person to person, generating unique immune and allergic responses.|abbreviation=HLA|learn-more-url=https://mecfsresearchreview.me/2018/06/28/dr-ron-daviss-big-immune-study-is-looking-at-hla-genes-heres-why/|synonym1=Human leukocyte antigen complex|synonym2=Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex|synonym3=human leucocyte antigen complex|synonym4=Human leucocyte antigen complex|synonym5=Human Leucocyte Antigen Complex|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary entry|name=hypoglycemia|abbreviation=|definition=abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood|synonym1=Hypoglycemia|synonym2=hypoglycemic|synonym3=Hypoglycemic|synonym4=hypoglycemics|synonym5=Hypoglycemics|synonym6=hypoglycaemia|synonym7=Hypoglycaemia|synonym8=hypoglycaemic|synonym9=Hypoglycaemic}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypoglycemia</ref>

==I==
{{Glossary entry|name=iatrogenesis|definition=Accidental harm caused by a doctor, by medical treatment, or by diagnostic procedures.<ref name="MerriamWebster">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/iatrogenic#medicalDictionary</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Iatrogenesis|synonym2=Iatrogenic|synonym3=iatrogenic|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ICC|othername=International Consensus Criteria}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ICD|othername=International Classification of Diseases}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=immunoglobulin|othername=antibody}}

{{Glossary entry|name=immunomodulator|definition=a substance that affects the functioning of the immune system|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=immunomodulatory|synonym2=Immunomodulator|synonym3=Immunomodulatory|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immunomodulator</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Institute of Medicine|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Institute of Medicine report|definition=A report that was commissioned by the U.S. government and was published by the Institute of Medicine on February 10, 2015. The report was titled "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness" and proposed the term Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease (SEID). Among its key findings were that "This disease is characterized by profound fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, sleep abnormalities, autonomic manifestations, pain, and other symptoms that are made worse by exertion of any sort." The report further stated "Between 836,000 and 2.5 million Americans suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome."|abbreviation=IOM report|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Institute of Medicine Report|synonym2=IOM Report|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=International Classification of Diseases|definition=A system of medical diagnostic codes, created by the World Health Organization (WHO), to classify diseases and other health related conditions for the purpose of international consistency. By having common diagnostic codes around the world, health researchers are better able to quantify and track disease burdens. ICD codes are primarily used for diagnosis, and do not imply anything about the mechanism of disease.|abbreviation=ICD|learn-more-url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/|synonym1=international classification of diseases|synonym2=International classification of diseases|synonym3=International Classification of Disease|synonym4=international classification of disease|synonym5=International classification of disease|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=International Consensus Criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria, based on the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]], that argued for the abandonment of the term "chronic fatigue syndrome" and encouraged the sole use of the term "myalgic encephalomyelitis".|abbreviation=ICC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=International consensus criteria|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=invisible illness|definition=A chronic condition or illness, such as ME/CFS, which may not be apparent to others. Sufferers may look healthy, yet be in poor health. Symptoms of the illness may not be visible and can be misunderstood or go unnoticed by others. Also, patients may wind up secluded or homebound due to the illness and become "invisible".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=invisible disease|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=IOM|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

==J==

==K==

==L==

==M==
{{Glossary entry|name=magnetic levitation device|definition=A device which uses ferrofluid (a liquid which can become magnetized) in a glass capillary tube surrounded by magnets. This creates a density gradient and cells move to their respective densities within the tube. According to [[Ron Davis]], white blood cells in CFS patients may be less dense than those of healthy controls, indicating the possible use of the device as an inexpensive diagnostic test.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2018/05/16/diagnostic-technology-development/|synonym1=Magnetic levitation device|synonym2=Magnetic Levitation Device|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mass spectrometer|definition=A device which converts molecules to ions, or charged particles. It then uses magnetic and electric fields to sort the ions according to their mass (similar to weight) and charge, in order to identify the molecules or measure their characteristics.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mass spectrometer|synonym2=Mass Spectrometer|synonym3=mass spec|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mastocytosis|definition=A type of [[mast cell]] disease in which chronic symptoms are related to overproduction or over-accumulation of mast cells. Not to be confused with [[Mast cell activation syndrome|Mast Cell Activation Syndrome]] (MCAS), where there are normal numbers of mast cells, but abnormal activity.<ref>https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6987/mastocytosis</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mastocytosis|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ME|othername=myalgic encephalomyelitis}}

{{Glossary entry|name=ME/CFS|definition=An acronym that combines [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] with [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]. Sometimes they are combined because people have trouble distinguishing one from the other. Sometimes they are combined because people see them as synonyms of each other.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=CFS/ME|synonym2=ME / CFS|synonym3=CFS / ME|synonym4=M.E./CFS|synonym5=ME/C.F.S.|synonym6=M.E./C.F.S.|synonym7=CFS/M.E.|synonym8=C.F.S./ME|synonym9=C.F.S./M.E.|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ME/CFS Severely Ill, Big Data Study|othername=Severely Ill Patient Study}}

{{Glossary entry|name=medically unexplained physical symptoms|definition=Technically, this term means that no cause or explanation for the patient's symptoms has yet been found. However, patients diagnosed with "MUPS" are generally lumped into a psychosomatic, or psychologically-caused category by those in the medical profession, without any scientific basis for doing so.|abbreviation=MUPS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=MUS|synonym2=medically unexplained symptoms|synonym3=Medically unexplained physical symptoms|synonym4=Medically unexplained symptoms|synonym5=Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms|synonym6=Medically Unexplained Symptoms|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=medically unexplained symptoms|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary entry|name=membrane|definition=The word "membrane" can have different meanings in different fields of biology. In cell biology, a membrane is a layer of molecules that surround its contents. Examples of cell-biology membranes include the "[[Glossary#cell membrane|cell membrane]]" that surrounds a cell, the "mitochondrial membranes" that form the outer layers of [[Glossary#mitochondria|mitochondria]], and the "viral envelope" that surrounds enveloped viruses. In anatomy or tissue biology, a membrane is a barrier formed by a layer of cells. Examples of anatomical membranes include the pleural membranes that surrounds the lungs, the pericardium which surrounds the heart, and some of the layers within the blood-brain barrier.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Membrane|synonym2=membranes|synonym3=Membranes|synonym4=membranous|synonym5=Membranous|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolic trap hypothesis|definition=An hypothesis which proposes that the normal metabolic functioning of the cell has become "trapped" in an abnormal state, which may lead to body-wide symptoms.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=metabolic trap|synonym2=Metabolic trap|synonym3=Metabolic Trap|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolite|definition=A chemical compound produced by, or involved in, metabolism. The term is often used to refer to the degradation products of drugs in the body.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Metabolite|synonym2=metabolites|synonym3=Metabolites|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=metabolomics|definition=The analysis of the chemical metabolism within cells, tissues or organisms. The term is often used to refer to the full set of metabolites found in a cell in a given environment.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Metabolomics|synonym2=metabolomic|synonym3=Metabolomic|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=microbiome|definition=The full collection of microscopic organisms (especially bacteria and fungi) which are present in a particular environment, particularly inside the human body.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Microbiome|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=microglia|definition=A type of immune cell, called a [[macrophage]], that lives in the brain. For historical reasons, macrophages have different names based on the part of the body that they normally live in. Macrophages that normally live in the blood are called [[monocyte]]s. Macrophages that normally live in the skin are called Langerhans cells. Macrophages that normally live in the liver are called Kupffer cells. And macrophages that normally live in the central nervous system are called microglia. Microglia were originally classified as [[glial cell]]s, under the assumption that the cells had a merely structural function, before it was realized that the cells were in fact immune cells. As the "sentinel cells" of the central nervous system, microglia survey their environment for abnormalities such as infection or tissue damage, and then initiate an immune response to fight the infection or repair the tissue damage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aguzzi|first=Adriano|last2=Barres|first2=Ben A.|last3=Bennett|first3=Mariko L.|date=2013-01-11|title=Microglia: Scapegoat, Saboteur, or Something Else?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4431634/|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=339|issue=6116|pages=156–161|doi=10.1126/science.1227901|issn=0036-8075|pmc=4431634|pmid=23307732}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Microglia|synonym2=micro-glia|synonym3=Micro-glia|synonym4=microglial|synonym5=Microglial|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=microvesicle|othername=extracellular vesicle}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Millions Missing|definition=A global campaign, first led by #MEAction in May 2016, which aims to gain awareness, community, education, research, funding and treatment equality for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. The campaign uses the hashtag #MillionsMissing on Twitter.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Millions missing|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mitochondria|definition=Important parts of the biological cell, with each mitochondrion encased within a mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondria are best known for their role in energy production, earning them the nickname "the powerhouse of the cell". Mitochondria also participate in the detection of threats and the response to these threats. One of the responses to threats orchestrated by mitochondria is apoptosis, a cell suicide program used by cells when the threat can not be eliminated.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mitochondria|synonym2=mitochondrion|synonym3=Mitochondrion|synonym4=mitochondrial|synonym5=Mitochondrial|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=mitochondrion|othername=mitochondria}}

{{Glossary entry|name=mouse model|definition=The use of special strains of mice to study a human disease or condition, and how to prevent and treat it<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mouse-model|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|website=cancer.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Mouse Models|synonym2=Mouse model|synonym3=Mouse models|synonym4=mouse models|synonym5=Mouse Model|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=MUPS|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=MUS|othername=medically unexplained physical symptoms}}

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgia|definition=Muscle pain.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite journal|title=myalgia|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myalgia|journal=The Free Dictionary}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgic encephalomyelitis|definition=A disease often marked by neurological symptoms, but fatigue is sometimes a symptom as well. Some diagnostic criteria distinguish it from [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], while other diagnostic criteria consider it to be a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome.<ref name="ICP2011primer">{{Citation| last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers| last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande| last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir| last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas| last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick| last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell| last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines| last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles| last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight| last10 = Vallings | first10= R | authorlink10= Rosamund Vallings| last11 = Bateman | first11= L | authorlink11= Lucinda Bateman| last12 = Bell | first12= DS | authorlink12= David Bell| last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13= N | authorlink13= Nicoletta Carlo-Stella| last14 = Chia | first14= J | authorlink14= John Chia| last15 = Darragh | first15= A | authorlink15= Austin Darragh| last16 = Gerken |first16= A | authorlink16= Anne Gerken| last17 = Jo | first17= D | authorlink17= Daehyun Jo| last18 = Lewis | first18= DP | authorlink18= Donald Lewis| last19 = Light | first19= AR | authorlink19= Alan Light| last20 = Light | first20= KC | authorlink20= Kathleen Light| last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21= S | authorlink21= Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik| last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22= J | authorlink22= John McLaren-Howard| last23 = Mena | first23= I | authorlink23= Ismael Mena| last24 = Miwa | first24= K | authorlink24= Kunihisa Miwa| last25 = Murovska | first25= M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska| last26 = Stevens | first26= SR | authorlink26= Staci Stevens| title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf}}</ref> A defining characteristic of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), which is a notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others. An estimated 25% of those suffering from ME are housebound or bedbound. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies ME as a neurological disease.<ref name="icd10-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/|title=International Classification of Diseases|edition=10th|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2016|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|}}</ref>|abbreviation=ME|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|synonym2=Myalgic encephalomyelitis|synonym3=Myalgic encephalopathy|synonym4=Myalgic Encephalopathy|synonym5=myalgic encephalopathy|synonym6=M.E.|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=myalgic encephalopathy|definition=An alternate term that is sometimes used for myalgic encephalomyelitis, by people who believe the evidence for inflammation in ME is insufficient. This terminology reflects the belief that the "-itis" suffix implies inflammation.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Myalgic encephalopathy|synonym2=Myalgic Encephalopathy|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==N==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=NAM|othername=National Academy of Medicine}}

{{Glossary entry|name=nanoneedle|definition=A device with microscopic dimensions which measures electrical impedance across a blood cell. According to [[Ron Davis]], the nanoneedle measured increased electrical impedance in the blood cells of 10 ME/CFS patients when stressed with salt, but not in healthy controls. Accordingly, this device has been proposed as a potential diagnostic test to distinguish ME/CFS patients from healthy controls.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2018/05/16/diagnostic-technology-development/|synonym1=Nanoneedle|synonym2=nanoneedles|synonym3=Nanoneedles|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=NASA 10-minute lean test|definition=A variation of a test used by NASA researchers to test for [[orthostatic intolerance]]. A simple test which is recommended by the Bateman Horne Center for ME and Fibromyalgia patients.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=http://batemanhornecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NASA-LeanTest-Instructions-April-2018.pdf|synonym1=NASA ten-minute lean test|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=National Academy of Medicine|definition=An American non-profit, non-governmental organization which provides expert advice to governmental agencies on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine and health. Formerly known as the Institute of Medicine (IOM).|abbreviation=NAM|learn-more-url=|synonym1=National academy of medicine|synonym2=Institute of Medicine|synonym3=Institute of medicine|synonym4=IOM|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=National Institutes of Health|definition=A set of biomedical research institutes operated by the U.S. government, under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.|abbreviation=NIH|learn-more-url=|synonym1=National institutes of health|synonym2=National Institute of Health|synonym3=National Institutes Health|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=naturopath|definition=a practitioner who uses a system of treatment of disease that avoids drugs and surgery and emphasizes the use of natural agents (such as air, water, and herbs) and physical means (such as tissue manipulation and electrotherapy)|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=naturopathy|synonym2=naturopathic|synonym3=Naturopath|synonym4=Naturopathy|synonym5=Naturopathic|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/naturopathy</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=NICE guidelines|definition=Clinical guidelines used in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/|title=NICE {{!}} The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|website=NICE|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=NICE Guidelines|synonym2=NICE guideline|synonym3=NICE Guideline|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=NIH|othername=National Institutes of Health}}

==O==
{{Glossary entry|name=orthostatic intolerance|definition=The development of symptoms when standing upright, where symptoms are relieved upon reclining. Patients with orthostatic intolerance have trouble remaining upright for more than a few seconds or a few minutes, depending upon severity. In severe orthostatic intolerance, patients may not be able to sit upright in bed. Orthostatic intolerance is often a sign of [[dysautonomia]]. There are different types of orthostatic intolerance, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).|abbreviation=OI|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Orthostatic intolerance|synonym2=Orthostatic Intolerance|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Oxford criteria|definition=A set of diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. These criteria focus on "fatigue" as the defining symptom.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Oxford Criteria|synonym2=Oxford diagnostic criteria|synonym3=Oxford Diagnostic Criteria|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Oxford University|definition=a prestigious university located in Oxford, England renowned for its teaching and research in health and medicine<ref>http://www.ox.ac.uk/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Oxford U.|synonym2=Oxford Uni|synonym3=University of Oxford|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==P==
{{Glossary entry|name=PACE trial|definition=A controversial study which claimed that [[CBT]] and [[GET]] were effective in treating "CFS/ME", despite the fact that its own data did not support this conclusion. Its results and methodology were widely disputed by patients, scientists, and the peer-reviewed scientific literature.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=PACE|synonym2=PACE Trial|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=pacing|definition=The practice of staying within one's "energy envelope" by interspersing periods of activity with periods of rest. ME/CFS patients use pacing to avoid or reduce post-exertional malaise (PEM). Some patients use a heart rate monitor to help with pacing.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Pacing|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=PEM|othername=post-exertional malaise}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=PENE|othername=post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=perivascular space|othername=Virchow-Robin space}}

{{Glossary entry|name=pharyngitis|definition=An irritation or swelling of the top part of the throat, at the back of the mouth, usually caused by an infection such as Streptococcus. The hallmark symptom is a sore throat without cough.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharyngitis#medicalDictionary</ref><ref>https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/5</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Pharyngitis|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=phase three|definition=Last phase of clinical trials before a drug can be approved for public use. Whereas Phase one assesses basic safety, and Phase two assesses basic efficacy, Phase three uses many trial participants to fully assess both safety and efficacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/|title=Home - ClinicalTrials.gov|website=clinicaltrials.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Phase 3|synonym2=Phase III|synonym3=Phase three|synonym4=phase 3|synonym5=phase III|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=plasma|definition=The liquid part of blood, lymph, or milk after removing any suspended material.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plasma</ref> Most of the time, "plasma" simply refers to blood, after all the blood cells have been removed. If you also remove the clotting factors, then the plasma is referred to as "[[Glossary#serum|serum]]".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Plasma|synonym2=blood plasma|synonym3=Blood plasma|synonym4=Blood Plasma|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=plasma membrane|othername=cell membrane}}

{{Glossary entry|name=platelet|definition=(also known as a thrombocyte) A colorless disk-like blood cell that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and to damaged linings of blood vessels.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/platelet</ref> Simply put, platelets clump together to form blood clots. (A blood clot is also called a thrombus.) People with low levels of platelets may have trouble with blood clotting, and may bleed easily from minor wounds.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=thrombocyte|synonym2=Thrombocyte|synonym3=thrombocytes|synonym4=Thrombocytes|synonym5=Platelet|synonym6=platelets|synonym7=Platelets|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=post-exertional malaise|definition=A notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small physical or cognitive exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others.|abbreviation=PEM|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Post-exertional malaise|synonym2=Post-exertional Malaise|synonym3=Post exertional malaise|synonym4=post exertional malaise|synonym5=Post Exertional Malaise|synonym6=Postexertional malaise|synonym7=postexertional malaise|synonym8=Postexertional Malaise|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|definition=An alternative term for post-exertional malaise (PEM), used by people who find that the word 'malaise' fails to capture the serious nature of the condition. Used in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report.|abbreviation=PENE|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym2=Post-exertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym3=Postexertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym4=postexertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym5=Postexertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym6=Post exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym7=post exertional neuroimmune exhaustion|synonym8=Post Exertional Neuroimmune Exhaustion|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/19012/chapter/1|title=Read "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness" at NAP.edu|language=en}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|definition=A form of orthostatic intolerance where the cardinal symptom is excessive tachycardia due to changing position (e.g. from lying down to sitting up).|abbreviation=POTS|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|synonym2=Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=POTS|othername=postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome}}

{{Glossary entry|name=presyncope|definition=The sensation that one is about to faint and lose consciousness. It usually is described as a severe lightheaded feeling, often associated with unsteadiness or falling. The sensation arises because the cerebral cortex is temporarily not receiving adequate oxygen, usually because of diminished blood flow.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459383/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Presyncope|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=psychosomatic|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary entry|name=PwME|definition=Acronym for a "Person with ME" (myalgic encephalomyelitis).|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=PWME|synonym2=PwME's|synonym3=PwMEs|synonym4=pwme|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==Q==

==R==
{{Glossary entry|name=Ramsay definition|definition=A clinical definition of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) developed by [[Melvin Ramsay]] after 30 years of treating and researching ME patients. Since this definition was in place before the U.S. Centers for Disease Control invented the term "chronic fatigue syndrome", the Ramsay definition is sometimes considered the last clinical definition that may be unbiased by the ensuing diagnostic confusion.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Ramsay Definition|synonym2=Ramsay criteria|synonym3=Ramsay Criteria|synonym4=Ramsay diagnostic criteria|synonym5=Ramsay Diagnostic Criteria|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=randomized controlled trial|definition=A trial in which participants are randomly assigned to two groups, with one group receiving the treatment being studied and a control or comparison group receiving a sham treatment, placebo, or comparison treatment.|abbreviation=RCT|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Randomized controlled trial|synonym2=Randomized Controlled Trial|synonym3=Randomized controlled trials|synonym4=randomized controlled trials|synonym5=Randomized Controlled Trials|synonym6=Randomised controlled trial|synonym7=randomised controlled trial|synonym8=Randomised Controlled Trial|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himmelfarb.gwu.edu/tutorials/studydesign101/rcts.cfm|title=Randomized Controlled Trial - Study Design 101|website=himmelfarb.gwu.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=RCT|othername=randomized controlled trial}}

==S==
{{Glossary entry|name=Seahorse analyzer|definition=An instrument which measures oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate in live cells, in real time, producing information regarding important cellular functions such as mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Seahorse Analyzer|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SEID|othername=systemic exertion intolerance disease}}

{{Glossary entry|name=serum|abbreviation=|definition=The clear yellowish fluid that remains from blood [[Glossary#plasma|plasma]] after clotting factors have been removed by clot formation. ([[Glossary#plasma|Blood plasma]] is simply blood that has had its blood cells removed.)|synonym1=Serum|synonym2=blood serum|synonym3=Blood serum|synonym4=Blood Serum|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=|learn-more-url=}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blood%20serum</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Severely Ill Big Data Study|othername=Severely Ill Patient Study}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Severely Ill Patient Study|definition=A study funded by the [[Open Medicine Foundation]] and led by [[Ron Davis]] and [[Wenzhong Xiao]]. It includes over 1000 tests per patient, including the patients' genome, gene expression, metabolomics, microbiome, and others. Formerly known as the ME/CFS Severely Ill Big Data Study.|abbreviation=SIPS|learn-more-url=https://www.omf.ngo/2019/11/27/severely-ill-patient-study-study/|synonym1=ME/CFS Severely Ill, Big Data Study|synonym2=ME/CFS Severely Ill Big Data Study|synonym3=ME/CFS severely ill, big data study|synonym4=ME/CFS severely ill big data study|synonym5=Severely Ill Big Data Study|synonym6=Severely Ill, Big Data Study|synonym7=Severely ill big data study|synonym8=Severely ill patient study|synonym9=Severely ill Patient Study|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SF-36|othername=Short Form 36-Item Health Survey}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Short Form 36-Item Health Survey|definition=A 36-item patient-reported questionnaire, used to determine patient health status and quality of life.|abbreviation=SF-36|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Short Form 36 Health Survey|synonym2=Short-form 36 Health Survey|synonym3=Short Form 36 Item Health Survey|synonym4=Short-form 36-Item Health Survey|synonym5=SF36|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=side effect|othername=adverse reaction}}

{{Glossary entry|name=single nucleotide polymorphism|definition=A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, pronounced "snip") is a potential genetic mutation that occurs in a single spot in the human genome; a difference in a single DNA building block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/snp|title=What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?|last=Genetics Home Reference|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref><ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/SNP</ref> SNPs are often represented by an "rs" number, such as "rs53576".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs53576|title=rs53576 - SNPedia|website=www.snpedia.com|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>|abbreviation=SNP|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Single nucleotide polymorphism|synonym2=Single Nucleotide Polymorphism|synonym3=Single nucleotide polymorphisms|synonym4=single nucleotide polymorphisms|synonym5=Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms|synonym6=Single nucleotide variant|synonym7=single nucleotide variant|synonym8=Single Nucleotide Variant|synonym9=SNV|synonym10=single nucleotide variants}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=SNP|othername=single nucleotide polymorphism}}

{{Glossary entry|name=somatic|definition=An adjective relating to the physical body or physical symptoms. It is often contrasted with the adjective "psychological", which refers to the human mind or mental symptoms. In biology, "somatic cells" refer to all the cells of the body, except those which form an egg or sperm.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Somatic|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=somatic symptom disorder|definition=A psychiatric term to describe an alleged condition whereby a person's thoughts somehow cause physical symptoms. The actual existence of such a condition is highly controversial, due to a lack of scientific evidence. It is related to other psychiatric terms, such as "psychosomatic", "neurasthenia", and "hysteria". Older terms include "somatization", "somatoform disorder", and "conversion disorder". Such terms refer to a scientifically-unsupported theory that claims that a wide range of physical symptoms can be created by the human mind, a theory which has been criticized as "mind over matter" parapsychology, a pseudoscience. Although "Somatic Symptom Disorder" is the term used by [[Glossary#Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM-5]], the term "Bodily Distress Disorder" has been proposed for [[ICD-11]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032513/</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress/201301/bad-news-dsm-5-refuses-correct-somatic-symptom-disorder|synonym1=conversion disorder|synonym2=Conversion Disorder|synonym3=somatization|synonym4=Somatization|synonym5=somatoform|synonym6=Somatoform|synonym7=Somatic Symptom Disorder|synonym8=psychosomatic|synonym9=Psychosomatic|synonym10=Bodily Distress Disorder}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress/201301/bad-news-dsm-5-refuses-correct-somatic-symptom-disorder|title=Bad News: DSM 5 Refuses to Correct Somatic Symptom Disorder|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=somatization|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=somatoform disorder|othername=somatic symptom disorder}}

{{Glossary entry|name=spoon theory|definition=An analogy which equates the amount of ability that someone with chronic illness has to complete daily tasks to a limited number of spoons. People with chronic illnesses who must ration their energy throughout the day are sometimes referred to as "spoonies".|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://butyoudontlooksick.com/articles/written-by-christine/the-spoon-theory/|synonym1=Spoon Theory|synonym2=Spoon theory|synonym3=spoonie|synonym4=Spoonie|synonym5=spoonies|synonym6=Spoonies|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://butyoudontlooksick.com/articles/written-by-christine/the-spoon-theory/|title=The Spoon Theory written by Christine Miserandino|date=2013-04-25|website=But You Dont Look Sick? support for those with invisible illness or chronic illness|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

{{Glossary see other entry|name=spoonie|othername=spoon theory}}

{{Glossary entry|name=stress fracture|definition=A tiny crack in a bone caused by repetitive forces such as running or by normal use of a bone that's weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/symptoms-causes/syc-20354057|title=Stress fractures - Symptoms and causes|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Stress fracture|synonym2=Stress Fracture|synonym3=Stress fractures|synonym4=stress fractures|synonym5=Stress Fractures|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=subcortical hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary entry|name=subluxation|abbreviation=|definition=partial dislocation (as of one of the bones in a joint)|synonym1=subluxations|synonym2=Subluxation|synonym3=Subluxations}}<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subluxation</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=syncope|definition=A medical term for fainting. A loss of consciousness resulting from insufficient blood flow to the brain.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/syncope</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Syncope|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=systemic exertion intolerance disease|definition=A term for ME/CFS that aims to avoid the stigma associated with the term "chronic fatigue syndrome", while emphasizing the defining characteristic of post-exertional malaise (PEM). SEID was defined as part of the diagnostic criteria put together by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report of 10 February 2015.<ref name="IOM2015">{{citation| last1 = Institute of Medicine| author-link = National Academy of Medicine| last2 = Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome| title = Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness | date = Feb 10, 2015| url = https://www.nap.edu/read/19012/ | doi = 10.17226/19012| publisher = The National Academies Press| location = Washington, DC}}</ref>|abbreviation=SEID|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Systemic exertion intolerance disease|synonym2=Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==T==
{{Glossary entry|name=T cell|definition=A type of white blood cell which is mostly produced or matured in the thymus gland (hence T-cell) and is involved in the adaptive immune response on a cellular level. Also known as a T lymphocyte.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toMhBUZ2dtE&feature=youtu.be|synonym1=T Cell|synonym2=T cells|synonym3=T Cells|synonym4=T lymphocyte|synonym5=T Lymphocyte|synonym6=T lymphocytes|synonym7=T Lymphocytes|synonym8=T-cell|synonym9=T-cells|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=T2 hyperintensity|definition=An unusual bright spot on a T2-weighted [[MRI]] of the brain. Also known as an Unidentified Bright Object (UBO). T2 hyperintensities are often found in the periventricular region, where they may be referred to as "white matter hyperintensities" or "leukoaraiosis". They may also be found in the [[basal ganglia]] or [[brainstem]], where they are sometimes referred to as "gray matter hyperintensities", or "subcortical hyperintensities". T2 hyperintensities can represent different things: lesions, dilated [[Glossary#Virchow-Robin space|Virchow-Robin spaces]], or demyelination. They are commonly found in elderly individuals and in neurological disorders.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538206|synonym1=T2 hyperintensities|synonym2=subcortical hyperintensity|synonym3=subcortical hyperintensities|synonym4=Unidentified Bright Object|synonym5=leukoaraiosis|synonym6=white matter hyperintensity|synonym7=White Matter Hyperintensity|synonym8=white matter hyperintensities|synonym9=White Matter Hyperintensities|synonym10=WMH}}

{{Glossary entry|name=tachycardia|definition=An unusually rapid heart beat. Can be caused by exercise or illness. A symptom of [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] (POTS).<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tachycardia</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia/tachycardia--fast-heart-rate|synonym1=Tachycardia|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=tilt table test|definition=A diagnostic test to determine [[orthostatic intolerance]] or other forms of [[dysautonomia]]. The patient is strapped to a table and the table is tilted while the patient is monitored.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Tilt table test|synonym2=Tilt Table Test|synonym3=tilt-table test|synonym4=Tilt-table test|synonym5=Tilt-table Test|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|definition=A diagnostic test which involves testing an ME/CFS patient exercising on an exercise machine, while monitoring their respiration, especially oxygen consumption. This test is repeated the following day in order to confirm the patient's inability to replicate the first-day performance. This test is thought to be the most objective way to detect [[post-exertional malaise]].|abbreviation=CPET|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym2=Two-day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym3=2-day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym4=2-day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym5=two day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym6=Two day cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym7=Two Day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test|synonym8=cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym9=Cardiopulmonary exercise test|synonym10=Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test}}

==U==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=ubiquinol|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=ubiquinone|othername=coenzyme Q10}}

{{Glossary entry|name=UK CFS/ME Research Collaborative|definition=A UK group of researchers and [[ME/CFS]] patient groups led by Professor [[Stephen Holgate]].<ref>[http://www.meassociation.org.uk/2013/10/uk-mecfs-research-collaborative-executive-board-minutes-of-meeting-held-on-7-october-2013/ "UK ME/CFS Research Collaborative executive board | summary of meeting held on 7 October 2013"]</ref> Its launch in 2013 was covered by the [[Science Media Centre]].<ref>[http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-unravelling-the-controversy/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – unraveling the controversy]</ref> Since 2014, the collaborative sponsors the [[CFS/ME Research Collaborative Conference]].|abbreviation=CMRC|learn-more-url=|synonym1=CFS/ME Research Collaborative|synonym2=U.K. CFS/ME Research Collaborative|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=Unidentified Bright Object|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

==V==
{{Glossary entry|name=vesicle|definition=In cell biology, a vesicle is any "bubble" of liquid surrounded by a layer of molecules forming an enclosing membrane.|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=|synonym1=Vesicle|synonym2=vesicles|synonym3=Vesicles|synonym4=vesicular|synonym5=Vesicular|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

{{Glossary entry|name=Virchow-Robin space|definition=A space inside the blood-brain barrier that surrounds blood vessels. They are also known as perivascular spaces. Immune cells from the blood often enter the Virchow-Robin space, but are unable to enter the brain. In cases of [[neuroinflammation]], immune cells may accumulate in the Virchow-Robin space, unable to enter the brain. This accumulation of immune cells (called perivascular cuffing) may lead to an enlarged Virchow-Robin space. Enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces may be visible in an [[MRI]] image of the brain.<ref>https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.274065722</ref>|abbreviation=|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perivascular_space|synonym1=Virchow-Robin spaces|synonym2=Virchow Robin space|synonym3=Virchow Robin spaces|synonym4=Virchow-Robin Space|synonym5=Virchow Robin Space|synonym6=perivascular space|synonym7=perivascular spaces|synonym8=Perivascular space|synonym9=Perivascular spaces|synonym10=Virchow-robin space}}

{{Glossary entry|name=virome|abbreviation=|definition=The human virome is the collection of all viruses that are found in or on humans|synonym1=Virome|synonym2=|synonym3=Human Virome|synonym4=human virome}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/human-virome|title=virome|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref>

{{Glossary entry|name=VO2max|abbreviation=|definition=the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during a specified period of usually intense exercise|synonym1=VO2Max|synonym2=VO2 Max|synonym3=vO2 max|synonym4=VO2 max|synonym5=vO2 Max|synonym6=vO2max|synonym7=maximal oxygen consumption|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/VO2%20max|title=VO2max|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref>

==W==
{{Glossary see other entry|name=white matter hyperintensity|othername=T2 hyperintensity}}

{{Glossary see other entry|name=WHO|othername=World Health Organization}}

{{Glossary entry|name=World Health Organization|definition="A specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations." The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is maintained by WHO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/|title=Home|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|website=www.who.int |language=en|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>|abbreviation=WHO|learn-more-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization|synonym1=World health organization|synonym2=|synonym3=|synonym4=|synonym5=|synonym6=|synonym7=|synonym8=|synonym9=|synonym10=}}

==X==

==Y==

==Z==

== See also ==
* [[List of abbreviations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists]]