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Sodium

2022-09-29T14:35:28Z

Lyhung:removed duplicated 'in the'

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'''Sodium''' (chemical symbol ''Na'') is an [[electrolyte]]. Sodium is used in many bodily processes, and has an important role in muscle and nerve function.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://medlineplus.gov/sodium.html|title=Sodium: MedlinePlus|access-date=2018-10-09|language=en}}</ref> The electrolytes sodium, potassium and magnesium have important roles in [[ion transportation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/electrolyte#medicalDictionary|title=Definition of ELECTROLYTE|website=Merrian-Webster Dictionary|language=en|access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref>Sodium is lost from the body in sweat and urine. Sodium is often consumed in the form of salt (sodium chloride), and plays an important role in blood pressure.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Electrolyte]]

* [[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome]] (POTS)

* [[Magnesium]]

* [[Potassium]]

==Learn more==
*[http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center - Sodium (Chloride)]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Potential treatments]]
[[Category:Nutrients]]
[[Category:Minerals]]
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Electrolytes]]

Cinnarizine

2022-09-22T11:57:48Z

Lyhung:Copied content from Cinnarazine's page (wrong name) to this page of correct name.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Cinnarizine}}

'''Cinnarizine''' is an [[antihistamine]] and [[:Category:Calcium channel blockers|calcium channel]] blocker of the diphenylmethylpiperazine group.<ref name="DrugBank">{{Cite web|url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00568 |title=Cinnarizine|website= DrugBank Online|access-date=2022-04-13}}</ref>

==Potential uses==
Cinnarizine is typically used for [[vertigo]]/[[Ménière's disease]], vestibular conditions, [[tinnitus]], [[nystagmus]], motion sickness, [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]].<ref name="DrugBank" /> Cinnarizine relaxes the blood vessels; when used together with a nootropic, such as [[piracetam]], it improves [[cerebral blood flow|blood flow to the brain]].<ref name="DrugBank" />

==Pharmacodynamics==
Cinnarizine has also known to have antiserotoninergic and antidopaminergic effects.<ref name="DrugBank" /><ref name="Kariya">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kariya S, Isozaki S, Masubuchi Y, Suzuki T, Narimatsu S | title = Possible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors affecting parkinsonism inducement by cinnarizine and flunarizine | journal = Biochemical Pharmacology | volume = 50 | issue = 10 | pages = 1645–50 | date = November 1995 | pmid = 7503767 | doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02057-8 }}</ref> Cinnarizine blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, meaning it acts against vomiting.<ref name="DrugBank" />

The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of cinnarizine for smooth muscle contraction inhibition is 60mM.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Silver PJ, Dachiw J, Ambrose JM, Pinto PB | title = Effects of the calcium antagonists perhexiline and cinnarizine on vascular and cardiac contractile protein function | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 234 | issue = 3 | pages = 629–35 | date = September 1985 | pmid = 3162016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = López MG, Moro MA, Castillo CF, Artalejo CR, García AG | title = Variable, voltage-dependent, blocking effects of nitrendipine, verapamil, diltiazem, cinnarizine and cadmium on adrenomedullary secretion | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 96 | issue = 3 | pages = 725–31 | date = March 1989 | pmid = 2720300 | pmc = 1854390 | doi = 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11874.x }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Action of cinnarizine !! Target of action
|-
| Calcium ion channel antagonist || [[T-type calcium channel]]s
|-
| Antihistaminic || [[H1 receptor]]s
|-
| Antiserotinergic || [[5-HT2 receptor|5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptor]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pukhal'skaya TG, Kolosova OA, Men'shikov MY, Vein AM | title = Effects of calcium antagonists on serotonin-dependent aggregation and serotonin transport in platelets of patients with migraine | journal = Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine | volume = 130 | issue = 7 | pages = 633–5 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 11140571 | doi = 10.1007/BF02682090 }}</ref>
|-
| Antidopaminergic || [[D2 receptor]]s
|}

==Costs and availability==
It is not available in the [[United States]] or [[Canada]].{{Citation needed|date=2022}}

==See also ==
*[[Allergy]]
*[[Histamine]]
*[[Vertigo]]
*[[Ménière's disease]]
*[[Channelopathy]]

==Learn more ==
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00568 Cinnarizine] - DrugBank Online

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Potential treatments]]
[[Category:Calcium channel blockers]]
[[Category:Antihistamines]]
[[Category:H1 antihistamines]]
[[Category:Antiemetics]]

Cinnarazine

2022-09-22T11:50:38Z

Lyhung:Title correction (Cinnarazine -> Cinnarizine)