Glutamate

2024-07-23T17:33:34Z

Davidrambo:Fix syntax: missing space and closing parenthesis.

'''Glutamate''' ('''Glu''') or '''L-glutamate''' or '''L-Glutamic acid''' is an amino acid and the most common excitory neurotransmitter in the [[nervous system]].<ref name="12-5-comm">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/12-5-communication-between-neurons|chapter=12.5 Communication Between Neurons | title = Anatomy and Physiology | last = Betts | first = JG | authorlink = | last2 = Young | first2 = KA | authorlink2 = | last3 = Wise | first3 = JA | last4 = Johnson | first4 = E | last5 = Poe | first5 = B | last6 = Kruse | first6 = DH | last7 = Korol | first7 = O | last8 = Johnson | first8 = JE | last9 = Womble | first9 = M | last10 = DeSaix | first10 = P | date = Apr 23, 2013 | website = OpenStax|location=Houston, Texas|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=
|access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref><ref name="13-1-sensory">{{Cite book |chapter=14.1 Sensory Perception
|chapter-url=https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/14-1-sensory-perception | title = Anatomy and Physiology | last = Betts | first = JG | authorlink = | last2 = Young | first2 = KA | authorlink2 = | last3 = Wise | first3 = JA | last4 = Johnson | first4 = E | last5 = Poe | first5 = B | last6 = Kruse | first6 = DH | last7 = Korol | first7 = O | last8 = Johnson | first8 = JE | last9 = Womble | first9 = M | last10 = DeSaix | first10 = P | date = Apr 23, 2013 | website = OpenStax|location=Houston, Texas|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=
|access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref> Glutamate has a wide range of different functions, and as a result of this glutamate dysfunction can cause very serious effects on disease and injury.<ref name="8-2-brain" /> Glutamate is regarded as a non-essential amino acid, meaning it can be generated by the body from other amino acids, also it can also be taken as a nutritional supplement.<ref name="Cynober2018" />

===Glutamatergic system ===
The glutamateric system has its own receptors, which are throughout the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]], in neurons (nerve cells) and [[glia]]. Glutamate pathways are linked to many other neurotransmitter pathways.<ref name="NBK62187">{{Cite book | title = Overview of the Glutamatergic System | pages = |isbn=|edition=|volume=|language=en|title-link=| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK62187/|access-date= | date = 2011 | publisher = National Academies Press (US) | last = Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders | first = | authorlink = |veditors=|others=|doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location=|editor-last = |editor-first = |editor1-link=|editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = }}</ref>

===Other amino acid neurotransmitters ===
The other amino acids that act as neurotransmitters are [[GABA]] (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which is a product of glutamate, and glycine (Gly).

==Function==
Glutamate has a range of roles in the human body, including:
* activating the recognition of savory taste, known as ''umami'', e.g. when food containing '''monosodium glutamate''' (MSG, or additive E620) is eaten<ref name="13-1-sensory" /><ref name="Zhou2014" />
* enhancing memory and learning<ref name="3-2-nervous">{{Cite book
|chapter=3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
|chapter-url=https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/3-2-cells-of-the-nervous-system
|vauthors=Spielman RM, Jenkins WJ, Lovett MD| publisher = OpenStax | title = Psychology 2e | date = Apr 22, 2020|location=Houston, Texas | url=https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction | pages = |isbn=|edition=|volume=|language=|title-link=|access-date= | last = | first = | authorlink = |doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref>
* glutamate increases when levels of emotional stress increase<ref name="8-2-brain">{{Cite book
|chapter=8.2 Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory
|chapter-url=https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-2-parts-of-the-brain-involved-with-memory
|vauthors=Spielman RM, Jenkins WJ, Lovett MD| publisher = OpenStax | title = Psychology 2e | date = Apr 22, 2020|location=Houston, Texas | url=https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction | pages = |isbn=|edition=|volume=|language=|title-link=|access-date= | last = | first = | authorlink = |doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref>
* has major roles in metabolism, including [[nitrogen]] elimination<ref name="Walker2015">{{Cite journal | last = Walker | first = Mark C. | authorlink = | last2 = van der Donk | first2 = Wilfred A. | authorlink2 = | date = Mar 2016 | title = The Many Roles of Glutamate in Metabolism| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4753154/|journal=Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology|volume=43|issue=0 | pages = 419–430|doi=10.1007/s10295-015-1665-y|issn=1367-5435|pmc=4753154|pmid=26323613|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Cynober2018">{{Cite journal | last = Cynober | first = Luc | date = 2018 | title = Metabolism of Dietary Glutamate in Adults| url = https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/494776|journal=Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism|language=english|volume=73|issue=5 | pages = 5–14|doi=10.1159/000494776|issn=0250-6807|pmid=30508813}}</ref>
* glutamate toxicity is linked to a number of neurodegenerative diseases<ref name="Lewerenz2015">{{Cite journal | last = Lewerenz | first = Jan | last2 = Maher | first2 = Pamela | date = 2015 | title=Chronic Glutamate Toxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases—What is the Evidence?| url = https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2015.00469|journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience|volume=9 | pages = 469|doi=10.3389/fnins.2015.00469|issn=1662-453X|pmc=PMC4679930|pmid=26733784}}</ref>

==Excitotoxicity==
Glutamate can excite neurons to their death, which is known as glutamate excitotoxicity.<ref name="Zhou2014">{{Cite journal | last = Zhou | first = Y. | last2 = Danbolt | first2 = N.C. | date = 2014 | title = Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the healthy brain | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4133642/|journal=Journal of Neural Transmission|volume=121|issue=8 | pages = 799–817|doi=10.1007/s00702-014-1180-8|issn=0300-9564|pmc=4133642|pmid=24578174}}</ref>

==ME/CFS==

==Dietary supplements==
Too much glutamate or too little can be harmful.<ref name="Zhou2014" />

==See also==
*[[Glutamine]]
*[[GABA]] (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

==Learn more==
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26323613/ The many roles of glutamate]
*[https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00469 Chronic Glutamate Toxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases—What is the Evidence?]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Neurotransmitters and hormones]]
[[Category:Neurotransmitters]]
[[Category:Amino acids]]
[[Category:Supplements]]

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Glutamate