MEpedia - User contributions [en]

Venlafaxine

2026-11-14T09:45:34Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks in reference.

{{stub}}
'''Venlafaxine''', sold under the brand name '''Effexor''' is an [[antidepressant]] drug licensed for [[depression]] and [[anxiety]].<ref name="drugsvlf">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/venlafaxine.html | title = Venlafaxine Uses, Dosage & Side Effects|website=Drugs.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref><ref name="FDAvlfpostmarket">{{Cite journal | last = FDA Research Center for Drug Evaluation and | first= | author-link = | date = 2018-11-03 | title = Venlafaxine (marketed as Effexor) Information|url=http://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/venlafaxine-marketed-effexor-information|journal=FDA|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [[File:Venlafaxine-EffexorXL.png|alt=One off-white capsule and one dark red capsule|thumb|right|200x200px|Effexor brand of venlafaxine]]Venlafaxine is a ''selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor'' antidepressant (SSNRI), which is the same class of drug as [[duloxetine]] (cymbalta).<ref name="FDAvlflabel">{{Cite web|url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/022104s016lbl.pdf | last = FDA | title = Venlafaxine label | date = 2017 | language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>{{Clear}}

==Venlafaxine and pain==
[[File:Venlafaxine.png|alt=Box of generic venlafaxine capsules|thumb|right|Venlafaxine]]
Venlafaxine has been investigated for use for treating [[nerve pain]] (neuropathic pain) in people without depression, but evidence is generally weak.<ref name="vlfpain27837032">{{Cite journal | last = Aiyer | first = Rohit | authorlink = Rohit Aiyer | last2 = Barkin | first2 = Robert L. | authorlink2 = Robert Barkin | last3 = Bhatia | first3 = Anurag | authorlink3 = Anurag Bhatia | date = 2017-10-01 | title = Treatment of Neuropathic Pain with Venlafaxine: A Systematic Review | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/27837032/|journal=Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.)|volume=18|issue=10|pages=1999–2012|doi=10.1093/pm/pnw261|issn=1526-4637|pmid=27837032}}</ref>{{Clear}}

==See also ==
*[[Antidepressant]]
*[[Chronic pain]]
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
*[[Savella]]
*[[Duloxetine]] (Cymbalta)

==Learn more ==
*[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=090783 Cymbalta overview - FDA]
*[https://www.drugs.com/duloxetine.html Duloxetine - drugs.com]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Potential treatments]]
[[Category:Antidepressants]]
[[Category:Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors]]
[[Category:Analgesics]]

Yvette Cooper

2026-11-14T09:42:39Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks in references.

{{NeedsImage}}
'''Yvette Cooper''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] politician and has been a Labour party MP for Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford since 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/10131/yvette_cooper/normanton,_pontefract_and_castleford | title = Yvette Cooper MP, Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford - TheyWorkForYou|website=TheyWorkForYou|language=en|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> She has spoken about suffering from [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis|Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]], which began when she was 24, and lasted three years.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/8557386/Hay-festival-Yvette-Cooper-talks-of-battle-with-ME.html | title = Hay festival: Yvette Cooper talks of battle with ME | last =Gordon | first=Bryony | authorlink = Bryony Gordon | date = 2011-06-05|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/tired-of-all-this-miserable-me-stuff-5597991.html | title = Tired of all this miserable ME stuff | last =Cooper | first=Yvette | authorlink = Yvette Cooper | date = Oct 4, 1996|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|language=en-GB}}</ref> Despite this when she was the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions she agreed to a harsher benefits regime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.benefitsandwork.co.uk/news/1207-even-harsher-new-esa-medical-approved | title = Even harsher new ESA medical approved | last =Donnison | first = Steve | author-link = Steve Donnison | date = |website=Benefits and Work|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-11-20}}</ref>

==Talks and interviews==
* 2011 - [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/8557386/Hay-festival-Yvette-Cooper-talks-of-battle-with-ME.html Hay festival: Yvette Cooper talks of battle with ME]

== Articles ==
* 1996 - [https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/tired-of-all-this-miserable-me-stuff-5597991.html Tired of all this miserable ME stuff]

==Online presence==
*Twitter
*[http://www.facebook.com/YvetteCooperMP Facebook]
*Website/Blog
*YouTube

==See also==

==Learn more==
*Wikipedia

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:People with ME, CFS, and/or FMS]]
[[Category:Advocates or allies]]
[[Category:Famous people with ME, CFS, and/or FMS]]
[[Category:United Kingdom politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians]]
[[Category:United Kingdom Members of Parliament]]
[[Category:British famous people with ME, CFS, and/or FMS]]

Ozone

2026-11-14T09:39:53Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks in references.

{{stub}}
'''Ozone therapy''' or '''oxygen-ozone autohemotherapy''' or '''O2-O3-AHT''' is an oxidizing therapy which has been investigated as a potential treatment for [[ME/CFS]] and a number of other illnesses.<ref name="Tirelli2022" /> Ozone or O<sub>3</sub> is a unstable gas that is comprised of three [[oxygen]] atoms.<ref name="pmc3312702">{{Cite journal | title = Ozone therapy: A clinical review | date = 2011 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312702/|journal=Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine|volume=2|issue=1 | pages = 66–70 | last = Elvis | first = A.M. | last2 = Ekta | first2 = J.S. |doi=10.4103/0976-9668.82319|pmc=3312702|pmid=22470237|issn=0976-9668}}</ref>

== Notable studies ==
* 2018, Oxygen-Ozone therapy is a potentially effective therapy in [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]: Results of an Italian study in 65 patients<ref name="Tirelli2018">{{Cite journal | last = Tirelli | first = Umberto | author-link = Umberto Tirelli | last2 = Cirrito | first2 = Cinzia | authorlink2 = Ciniza Cirrito | last3 = Pavanello | first3 = Martina | authorlink3 = Martina Pavanello | last4 = Lleshi | first4 = Arben | authorlink4 = Arben Lleshi | last5 = Franzini | first5 = Marianno | authorlink5 = Marianno Franzini | date = 2018-07-25 | title = Ozone therapy is an effective therapy in chronic fatigue syndrome: result of an Italian study in 65 patients.|url=https://wwjournals.com/index.php/gjra/article/view/4800/0|journal=GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS|language=en|volume=7|issue=5|pages=|via=}}</ref> - [https://wwjournals.com/index.php/gjra/article/view/4800/0 (Abstract)]
*2022, Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Greatly Improved Fatigue Symptoms When Treated with Oxygen-Ozone Autohemotherapy<ref name="Tirelli2022">{{Cite journal | title = Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Greatly Improved Fatigue Symptoms When Treated with Oxygen-Ozone Autohemotherapy | date = Jan 2022|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/1/29/htm|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=11|issue=1|pages=29 | last = Tirelli | first = Umberto | author-link =Umberto Tirelli | last2 = Franzini | first2 = Marianno | authorlink2 = Marianno Franzini | last3 = Valdenassi | first3 = Luigi | authorlink3 = Luigi Valenassi | last4 = Pandolfi | first4 = Sergio | authorlink4 = Sergio Pandolfi | last5 = Berretta | first5 = Massimiliano | authorlink5 = Massimiliano Berretta | last6 = Ricevuti | first6 = Giovanni | authorlink6 = Giovanni Ricevuti | last7 = Chirumbolo | first7 = Salvatore | authorlink7 = Salvatore Chirumbolo | language=en|doi=10.3390/jcm11010029|pmc=PMC8745272|pmid=35011770|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/1/29/htm (Full text)]
*This research was funded by SIOOT, Gorle (BG). A company selling ozone treat. This represents a significant conflict of interestment

== Food and Drug Administration ==
* Apr 1, 2017, [https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=801.415 Sec. 801.415 Maximum acceptable level of ozone.]

== See also ==
* [[Deborah Waroff]]
* [[Oxygen]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Disinfectants]]
[[Category:Potential treatments]]

AIM ImmunoTech

2026-11-14T09:27:44Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks in references.

[[File:Hemispherx logo.gif|right|250px]]
'''AIM ImmunoTech''', formerly known as '''Hemispherx Biopharma,'''<ref name="name">{{Cite web | url = http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/08/23/1905934/0/en/Hemispherx-Biopharma-Inc-Changes-Name-to-AIM-ImmunoTech-Inc-Reflecting-Ampligen-s-Immuno-Modulation-Progress-in-Ongoing-Oncology-Clinical-Trials-and-ME-CFS.html | title = Changes Name to AIM ImmunoTech Inc. Reflecting Ampligen’s® Immuno Modulation Progress in Ongoing Oncology Clinical Trials and ME/CFS | last = Hemispherx Biopharma Inc | first = | date = 2019-08-23 | website = GlobeNewswire News Room | access-date = 2019-09-26}}</ref> is a small American pharmaceutical company that produces the drug [[Ampligen]] (rintatolimod). AIM ImmunoTech's corporate headquarters are in Ocala, Florida (formerly in Philadelphia, PA) and the main manufacturing and research facility is in New Brunswick, NJ.<ref name="contact">{{Cite web | url = https://aimimmuno.com/contact/ | title = Contact | last = AIM ImmunoTech | first = | website = AIM ImmunoTech Inc.|language=en-US | access-date = 2022-06-17}}</ref>

In addition to Ampligen® (rintatolimod), AIM ImmunoTech produces Alferon N Injection® and Alferon® LDO (Low Dose Oral). To date, only Alferon N Injection® has [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] approval. Ampligen® and Alferon® LDO are not FDA-approved and are considered experimental.<ref name="home">{{Cite web | url = https://aimimmuno.com/ | title = Home | last = ImmunoTech | first = | website = AIM ImmunoTech Inc.|language=en-US | access-date = 2019-09-26}}</ref> Ampligen is available to a small number of patients under the [[compassionate use|expanded access]] program.<ref name="AMP-511">{{Cite web | url = https://finance.yahoo.com/news/hemispherx-biopharma-inc-announces-advancement-133000883.html | title = Hemispherx Biopharma Inc. Announces Advancement in Expanded Access Program for Ampligen in the Treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | last = | first = | author-link = | date = Jan 2, 2019 | website = Yahoo Finance| publisher = GlobeNewswire|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date= | access-date = 2019-02-10}}</ref>

In Jan 2018, [[Thomas Equels]], chief executive officer of AIM ImmunoTech, released a letter instructing every Hemispherx employee to watch the documentary [[Unrest]] and urged their affiliates and stockholders to do the same, in an effort to share information about [[ME/CFS]], one of the primary disease targets for their drug Ampligen.<ref name="Unrest-memo">https://sec.report/Document/0001493152-18-000820/ex99-1.htm</ref>

==Change in leadership==

In Feb 2016, Dr. [[William Carter]], then Chairman and CEO, was terminated by the board of directors of Hermispherx Biopharma, now AIM ImmunoTech, who cited that part of the reason was a strong financial austerity plan. William M. Mitchell, M.D., Ph.D. was promoted in house as his replacement.<ref>{{Cite news |url =https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2016/02/19/philly-biotech-hemispherx-fires-ceo-william-carter.html | title = Philadelphia biotech firm fires longtime chairman & CEO | last = George | first = John | authorlink = John George | date = Feb 19, 2016|work=Philadelphia Business Journal | access-date = 2019-09-26| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | quote=}}</ref>

In June 2016, the law suit was resolved between Dr. Carter and Hemispherx, now AIM ImmunoTech, regarding the wrongful termination claim. As part of the settlement, the intellectual property rights, including the patent for Ampligen and Alferon, are irrevocably assigned to to AIM ImmunoTech.<ref>{{Cite news |url =https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2016/06/07/hemispherx-gets-ip-rights-from-fired-ceo-carter.html | title = Hemispherx gets IP rights from the CEO it fired | last = George | first = John | authorlink = John George | date = Jun 7, 2016|work=Philadelphia Business Journal | access-date = 2019-09-26| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | quote=}}</ref>

==Management==
*[[Thomas Equels|Thomas K. Equels]], M.S., J.D. - Chief Executive Officer, President
*Robert Dickey IV, CPA - Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice Chairman
*Peter W. Rodino III, J.D. - Chief Operating Officer, Secretary, General Counsel, Executive Director for Governmental Relations
*[[David Strayer|David R. Strayer]], M.D. - Chief Scientific & Medical Officer

==Board of directors==
*[[William Mitchell|William M. Mitchell]], M.D., Ph.D. - Chairman of the Board
*Thomas K. Equels, M.S., J.D. - Executive Vice Chairman of Board
*Stewart Appelrouth, MBA. - Director<ref name="contact"/>

==Marketing history==
{{main article| page_name=Marketing History of Ampligen}}

==Online presence==
*[https://aimimmuno.com/ Website]
*[https://www.linkedin.com/company/aimimmuno LinkedIn]
*[https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0000946644 SEC filings - Hemispherx Biompharma]

==Talks and interviews==
*2016, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVwAHIjNkb4&feature=youtu.be Small Cap Nation - ME/CFS (Updated)] ([[Thomas Equels]])

==See also==
*[[Ampligen]]
*[[David Strayer]]
*[[Marketing History of Ampligen]]
*[[Thomas Equels]]
*[[William Carter]]
*[[William Mitchell]]

==Learn more==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemispherx_Biopharma Wikipedia - Hemispherx Biopharma]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rintatolimod Wikipedia - Rintatolimod]
*http://simmaronresearch.com/2016/05/hemispherx-ampligen-approval-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-top-priority/
*2014, [http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=96215994 Investor's post about HEB's rocky history]
*2016, [https://www.benzinga.com/general/biotech/16/12/8851721/hemispherx-biopharma-ceo-explains-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-and-how-the Hemispherx BioPharma CEO Explains Chronic Fatigue Syndrome And How The Company Is Treating It]<ref>{{citation | last = Hasse | first = Javier | authorlink = Javier Hasse | date = Dec 30, 2016 | title = Hemispherx BioPharma CEO Explains Chronic Fatigue Syndrome And How The Company Is Treating It|url= https://www.benzinga.com/general/biotech/16/12/8851721/hemispherx-biopharma-ceo-explains-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-and-how-the|newspaper= Benzinga|location= Detroit Michigan|access-date= }}</ref>
*2016, [http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/150154/docs/Hemispherx-Executive-Informational-Overview-11-27-16.pdf?__hssc=75734090.1.1482434979170&__hstc=75734090.d484bcfed76166643c7e8f36a0c76637.1482434979170.1482434979170.1482434979170.1&__hsfp=4187238277&hsCtaTracking=afde00a7-b0f3-44d3-b072-5febf480affb%7Cb8ddd437-9009-4bb9-a8fe-65a376fff33f Executive Informational Overview by Crystal Research Associates]<ref name="Crystal, 2016" />
*2016, [http://www.streetinsider.com/Corporate+News/Hemispherx+Biopharma+%28HEB%29+Comments+on+Recent+Meeting+with+NIH+for+MECFS+Research+Advancement/11408291.html Hemispherx Biopharma (HEB) Comments on Recent Meeting with NIH for ME/CFS Research Advancement] (see also [[NIH Post-Infectious ME/CFS Study]])
*2016, [http://www.cortjohnson.org/forums/threads/ampligen-co-inventor-head-of-hemispherx-biopharma-fired-implications-for-me-cfs-drug-unclear.3729/ Ampligen Co-Inventor / Head of Hemispherx Biopharma Fired: Implications for ME/CFS Drug Unclear]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Crystal, 2016">{{citation | author= Crystal Research Associates | title = Hemispherx Biopharma, Inc.
| type = Executive Informational Overview | date = Nov 27, 2016 | url = http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/150154/docs/Hemispherx-Executive-Informational-Overview-11-27-16.pdf?__hssc=75734090.1.1482434979170&__hstc=75734090.d484bcfed76166643c7e8f36a0c76637.1482434979170.1482434979170.1482434979170.1&__hsfp=4187238277&hsCtaTracking=afde00a7-b0f3-44d3-b072-5febf480affb%7Cb8ddd437-9009-4bb9-a8fe-65a376fff33f }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies]]

Workwell Foundation

2026-11-14T09:25:04Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlink in reference.

Workwell Foundation was founded by [[Staci Stevens]] and is based in Ripon, California, US. It specialises in [[two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test]] (2-day CPET) for people with [[ME/CFS]], [[Fibromyalgia]] and other fatiguing illnesses.

==Notable people==
*[[Staci Stevens]]: Founder
*[[Christopher Snell]]: Scientific Advisory Committee Chair
*[[Daniel Peterson]]: Medical Supervisor
*[[Mark VanNess]]: Scientific Advisory Committee Member
*[[Todd Davenport]]: Scientific Advisory Committee Member

==Notable studies==
*2013, [http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/early/2013/06/26/ptj.20110368.short Discriminative validity of metabolic and workload measurements to identify individuals with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]<ref name="Snell2013" />
*2011, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208154 Diagnostic accuracy of symptoms characterising chronic fatigue syndrome]<ref name="Davenport2011" />
*2010, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20095909 Post-exertional malaise in women with chronic fatigue syndrome]<ref name="VanNess2010" />
*2010, [http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/90/4/602.full Conceptual model for physical therapist management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]<ref name="Davenport2010" />
*2005,[http://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/19/2/387.full.pdf Exercise capacity and immune function in male and female patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)]<ref name="Snell2005" />
*2003, Subclassifying Chronic Fatigue Syndrome through Exercise Testing<ref name="VanNess2003">{{cite journal | last=VanNess | first=J. Mark | authorlink = J. Mark VanNess | last2 = Snell | first2=Christopher R. | authorlink2 = Christopher Snell | last3 = Strayer | first3=David R. | authorlink3= David Strayer | last4 = Dempsey | first4 = Line | author-link4 = Line Dempsey | last5 = Stevens | first5 = Staci R. | authorlink5 = Staci Stevens | title=Subclassifying Chronic Fatigue Syndrome through Exercise Testing | url = https://doi.org/10.1249%2F01.mss.0000069510.58763.e8 |journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise | volume=35 | issue=6 | year=2003 | issn=0195-9131 | doi=10.1249/01.mss.0000069510.58763.e8 | pages=908–913}}</ref>

==Exercise recommendations for [[ME/CFS]]==
Workwell Foundation recommends short periods (eg: 30 seconds) of analeptic exercise, with periods of rest which are 3-6 times longer than the period of exercise. The amount of exercise that the individual undertakes should be guided by VO2 max testing (or a safe heart rate threshold (generally 60% of maximum heart rate)), and the use of a heart rate monitor (both during exercise and to help with [[pacing]]) is recommended to ensure that the individual doesn't exceed their capacity. The Foundation also advises against aerobic exercise for people with [[ME/CFS]].<ref name="Workwell201404rae" /><ref name="Workwell201404wwodwo" /><ref name="Workwell201512foar" />

This approach to exercise differs from [[graded exercise therapy]] (GET) in several important ways:
*There is no claim that the exercise program will cure the condition. The aim is to increase functional strength and flexibility, and to improve quality of life<ref name="Workwell201404wwodwo" />
*This program is based on a deep understanding of [[Post-exertional malaise]] (PEM), and the importance of staying within the [[energy envelope]] in order to not trigger [[PEM]]<ref name="Workwell201404rae" />
*There is a recognition that any approach to exercise with people with [[ME/CFS]] must be carefully tailored to the individual. There is no one-size fits all<ref name="Workwell201404wwodwo" />
*This approach utilises objective measures such as VO2 max testing and heart rate monitoring to guide the level of activity suitable for the individual<ref name="Workwell201512foar" />
==COVID-19 rehabilitation information==
* May 2020, [https://www.physiosforme.com/covid-19 Post Covid-19 Rehabilitation]<ref name="PhysiosforME-COVID19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.physiosforme.com/covid-19 | title = Post Covid-19 Rehabilitation | last =Physio for ME | first = |authorlink=Physios for ME | last2 = Workwell Foundation | first2= | authorlink2 = Workwell Foundation | date = May 2020 | website = Physiosforme|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-05-02 | last3 = ME Association | author-link3 = ME Association}}</ref> - [[Physios for ME]], Workwell Foundation, and [[ME Association]]

==Open letters==
*2018, [https://www.meassociation.org.uk/2018/05/me-awareness-week-workwell-foundation-graded-exercise-for-me-cfs-is-detrimental-to-the-health-of-patients-and-should-not-be-recommended-07-may-2018/ The Workwell Foundation release an open letter to healthcare providers, detailing their concerns about GET.]
*2020, [[Opposition to Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust: "Coping with Coronavirus: Fatigue"]] - joint letter with over 20 UK organisations, professionals and politicians

==Funding==

==Talks and interviews==
*[http://youtu.be/XFz4CK0Js1M Video: Post-exertional malaise: How to do more with less], ''Staci Stevens, Vancouver BC Canada, May 2015''<ref name="Stevens20150524video" />
*[http://youtu.be/q_cnva7zyKM Video: A Realistic Approach to Exercise and Rehabilitation in ME/CFS], ''Mark VanNess, Bristol UK, Feb 2014''<ref name="VanNess20140205video" />
*[http://youtu.be/xIDFahiCySw Video: Cardio-Pulmonary Exercise Test (CPET)], ''Workwell Foundation, Mar 2014''<ref name="Workwell20140317video" />

==Online presence==
*PubMed
*[https://twitter.com/4WorkWell Twitter]
*Facebook
*[http://www.workwellfoundation.org Website]
*YouTube

==Learn more==
*[http://www.cortjohnson.org/blog/2013/07/30/busted-exercise-study-finds-energy-production-system-is-broken-in-chronic-fatigue-syndrome/ Busted! Exercise study finds exercise production system is broken in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome], ''Cort Johnson, Jul 2013''<ref name="JohnsonC20130730busted" />
*[http://www.workwellfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Functional-Outcomes-of-Anaerobic-Rehabilitation-in-a-Patient-With-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome.-Case-Report-With-1-Year-Follow-Up.pdf Functional outcomes of anaerobic rehabilitation in a patient with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Case report with 1-year follow up], ''Workwell Foundation, Dec 2015''<ref name="Workwell201512foar" />
*[http://www.workwellfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/When-Working-Out-Doesnt-Work-Out.pdf When working out doesn't work out], ''Workwell Foundation, Apr 2014''<ref name="Workwell201404wwodwo" />
*[http://www.workwellfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/A-Realistic-Approach-to-Exercise-for-CFS-patients.pdf A realistic approach to exercise for CFS patients], ''Workwell Foundation, Apr 2014''<ref name="Workwell201404rae" />

==See also==
*[[Two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test]]
*[[Post-exertional malaise]]
*[[Exercise]]
*[[Mark Vink]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Davenport2010">{{citation | last1 = Davenport | first1 = Todd E | authorlink1 = Todd Davenport | last2 = Stevens | first2 = Staci R | authorlink2 = Staci Stevens | last3 = VanNess | first3 = J Mark | authorlink3 = Mark VanNess | last4 = Snell | first4 = Christopher R | authorlink4 = Christopher Snell | last5 = Little | first5 = Tamara | authorlink5 = Tamara Little | title = Conceptual model for physical therapist management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | journal = Physical Therapy (APTA) | volume = 90 | issue = 4 | page = 602-614 | date = 31 Mar 2010 | pmid = 20185614 | doi = 10.2522/ptj.20090047
| url = http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/90/4/602.full }}</ref>
<ref name="Davenport2011">{{citation | last1 = Davenport | first1 = Todd E | authorlink1 = Todd Davenport | last2 = Stevens | first2 = Staci R | authorlink2 = Staci Stevens | last3 = Baroni | first3 = Katie | authorlink3 = Katie Baroni | last4 = VanNess | first4 = J Mark | author-link4 = Mark VanNess | last5 = Snell | first5 = Christopher R | authorlink5 = Christopher Snell | title = Diagnostic accuracy of symptoms characterising chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Disabil Rehabil | volume = 33 | issue= 19-20 | page = 1768-75 | date = 6 Jan 2011 | pmid = 21208154 | doi = 10.3109/09638288.2010.546936
| url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09638288.2010.546936 }}</ref>
<ref name="JohnsonC20130730busted">{{citation | last1 = Johnson | first1 = Cort | authorlink1 = Cort Johnson | title = Busted! Exercise Study Finds Energy Production System is Broken in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 30 Jul 2013
| url = http://www.cortjohnson.org/blog/2013/07/30/busted-exercise-study-finds-energy-production-system-is-broken-in-chronic-fatigue-syndrome/ }}</ref>
<ref name="Snell2005">{{citation | last1 = Snell | first1 = Christopher R | authorlink1 = Christopher Snell | last2 = VanNess | first2 = J Mark | author-link2 = Mark VanNess | last3 = Strayer | first3 = David R | authorlink3 = David Strayer | last4 = Stevens | first4 = Staci R | authorlink4 = Staci Stevens | title = Exercise capacity and immune function in male and female patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) | journal = In Vivo | volume = 19 | issue =2 |page = 387-390 | date = 2005 | pmid = 15796202
| url = http://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/19/2/387.full.pdf }}</ref>
<ref name="Snell2013">{{citation | last1 = Snell | first1 = Christopher R | authorlink1 = Christopher Snell | last2 = Stevens | first2 = Staci R | authorlink2 = Staci Stevens | last3 = Davenport | first3 = Todd E | authorlink3 = Todd Davenport | last4 = VanNess | first4 = J Mark | author-link4 = Mark VanNess | title = Discriminative Validity of Metabolic and Workload Measurements for Identifying People With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal = Physical Therapy (APTA) | volume = 93 | issue = 11 | page = 1484-1492 | date = 31 Oct 2013 | pmid = 23813081 | doi = 10.2522/ptj.20110368
| url = http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/93/11/1484 }}</ref>
<ref name="Stevens20150524video">{{citation | last1 = Stevens | first1 = Staci R | authorlink1 = Staci Stevens | last2 = ME/FM Society of British Columbia (Canada) | title = Video: Post-exertional malaise: How to do more with less | date = 24 May 2015 | place = Vancouver, BC, Canada
| url = http://youtu.be/XFz4CK0Js1M }}</ref>
<ref name="VanNess2010">{{citation | last1 = VanNess | first1 = J Mark | author-link1 = Mark VanNess | last2 = Stevens | first2 = Staci R | authorlink2 = Staci Stevens | last3 = Bateman | first3 = Lucinda | authorlink3 = Lucinda Bateman | last4 = Stiles | first4 = Travis L | authorlink4 = Travis Stiles | last5 = Snell | first5 = Christopher R | authorlink5 = Christopher Snell | title = Post-exertional malaise in women with chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = J Womens Health (Larchmt) | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | page = 239-244 | date = 4 Jan 2010 | pmid = 20095909 | doi = 10.1089/jwh.2009.1507
| url = http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jwh.2009.1507 }}</ref>
<ref name="VanNess20140205video">{{citation | last1 = VanNess | first1 = J Mark | author-link1 = Mark VanNess | title = Video: A Realistic Approach to Exercise and Rehabilitation in ME/CFS | date = 5 Feb 2014 | place = Bristol Watershed, UK
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_cnva7zyKM }}</ref>
<ref name="Workwell20140317video">{{citation | author = Workwell Foundation | title = Video: Cardio-Pulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) | date = 17 Mar 2014
| url = http://youtu.be/xIDFahiCySw }}</ref>
<ref name="Workwell201404rae">{{citation | last1 = VanNess | first1 = J Mark | author-link1 = Mark VanNess | last2 = Snell | first2 = Christopher R | authorlink2 = Christopher Snell | last3 = Stevens | first3 = Staci R | authorlink3 = Staci Stevens | title = A Realistic Approach to Exercise for CFS Patients | journal = The CFS Research Review | date = 2000 | volume = 1
| issue = 4 | pages = 3-8
| url = http://www.workwellfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/A-Realistic-Approach-to-Exercise-for-CFS-patients.pdf }}</ref>
<ref name="Workwell201404wwodwo">{{citation | last1 = Snell | first1 = Christopher R | authorlink1 = Christopher Snell | last2 = VanNess | first2 = J Mark | author-link2 = Mark VanNess | last3 = Stevens | first3 = Staci R | authorlink3 = Staci Stevens | title = When Working Out Doesn't Work Out | journal = The CFIDS Chronicle | volume = 17 |issue = 3 | pages = 6 | date = 2004
| url = http://www.workwellfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/When-Working-Out-Doesnt-Work-Out.pdf }}</ref>
<ref name="Workwell201512foar">{{citation | last1 = Stevens | first1 = Staci R | authorlink1 = Staci Stevens | last2 = Davenport | first2 = Todd E | authorlink2 = Todd Davenport
| display-authors = | title = Functional Outcomes of Anaerobic Rehabilitation in a Patient with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: case report with 1-year follow-up | journal = Bulletin of the IACFS/ME | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | page = 93-98 | date = 2010
| url = http://www.workwellfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Functional-Outcomes-of-Anaerobic-Rehabilitation-in-a-Patient-With-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome.-Case-Report-With-1-Year-Follow-Up.pdf }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Research initiatives]]
[[Category:American research initiatives]]
[[Category:Clinics]]
[[Category:American clinics]]
[[Category:California clinics]]

Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Volume 13, Issue 2-3, 2006

2026-11-14T09:21:41Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks in reference.

Titles and abstracts for the [[Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]], Volume 13, Issue 2-3, 2006.

==Volume 13, Issue 2-3, 2006==
*''Foreword''<ref>[[Elke Van Hoof]], [[Kenny De Meirleir]] & [[Neil McGregor]]. (2006). Foreword. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 13, Iss. 2-3, pp. xvii-xix. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v13n02_a</ref>
*''A [[Pediatric]] Case Definition for [[Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]] and [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]''<blockquote> "Abstract - For a diagnosis of [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS), most researchers use criteria that were developed by [[Fukuda criteria|Fukuda et al.]] (1994), with modifications suggested by [[Reeves criteria|Reeves et al.]] (2003). However, this case definition was established for adults rather than children. A [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Canadian Case Definition]] (ME/CFS; Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/CFS) has recently been developed, with more specific inclusion criteria (Carruthers et al., 2003). Again, the primary aim of this case definition is to diagnose adult CFS. A significant problem in the literature is the lack of both a pediatric definition of ME/CFS and a reliable instrument to assess it. These deficiencies can lead to criterion variance problems resulting in studies labeling children with a wide variety of symptoms as having ME/CFS. Subsequently, comparisons between articles become more difficult, decreasing the possibility of conducting a meta-analysis. This article presents recommendations developed by the International Association of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Pediatric Case Definition Working group for a ME/CFS pediatric case definition. It is hoped that this pediatric case definition will lead to more appropriate identification of children and adolescents with ME/CFS."<ref name="JasonL2006paed"/></blockquote>
*''[[Pediatric]] [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] and Munchausen-By-Proxy: A Case Study''<blockquote> "Abstract - Pediatric chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) posits even more challenges for professional caregivers in comparison with adult CFS samples. Most children with CFS display a decrease in school attendance and a decrease in social activities. As several conditions such as [[school phobia]], primary psychiatric disorders or family disturbance present the same characteristics, the diagnostic process appears more complex. Family disturbance, moreover, is often specified as [[trauma|child abuse]], neglect or even [[Fabricated Induced Illness|Munchausen-by-proxy]]. As skepticism is frequently associated with a diagnosis of CFS, patients and parents must fend for themselves, fighting allegations of child abuse and neglect. This case study illustrates what happens when such allegations are put forward."<ref>[[Elke Van Hoof|E. Van Hoof]], [[Pascale De Becker|P. De Becker]] & [[Kenny De Meirleir|K. De Meirleir]]. (2006). Pediatric Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Munchausen-By-Proxy: A Case Study. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 13, Iss. 2-3, pp. 45-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v13n02_02</ref></blockquote>
*''Psychosocial and Physical Impact of Chronic Fatigue in a Community-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents''<blockquote> "Abstract - Background: Few studies have examined the problem of chronic fatigue in children and adolescents and its potential impact on functioning. Chronic fatigue may have a negative impact on school functioning, family activities, psychological well-being, physical functioning, and severity of medical symptomatology. Objectives: This study compared psychosocial, family, and physical functioning between a randomly selected community based sample of 36 children and adolescents with chronic fatigue and a group of 21 children and adolescents without fatigue. Methods: Children and parents completed a comprehensive medical history questionnaire and questionnaires assessing psychological functioning, family functioning, and school attendance. Results: Results indicated that children with chronic fatigue tended to have more difficulties in overall physical and psychological functioning, as measured by the Child Health Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist. In addition, children in the chronic fatigue group experienced disruptions in a range of activities and reported more severe physical symptomatology when compared to children without fatigue. Conclusions: Findings suggest that children and adolescents with chronic fatigue may have a range of associated difficulties, including limitations in physical and psychosocial functioning and a negative impact on the ability to engage in normative activities."<ref>[[Susan Torres-Harding|Susan R. Torres-Harding]], Karen Jordan, [[Leonard Jason|Leonard A. Jason]] & Renee Arias. (2006). Psychosocial and Physical Impact of Chronic Fatigue in a Community-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 13, Iss. 2-3, pp. 55-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v13n02_03</ref></blockquote>
*''Prevalence of Pediatric [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] in a Community-Based Sample''<blockquote> "Abstract - Background: This study evaluated the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) among children and adolescents (ages 5 to 17) in an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse community population. Objectives: This investigation attempted to address limitations of previous studies by using a community-based sample and thoroughly evaluating each participant (i.e., using medical and psychological evaluations) to determine a proper diagnosis of CFS. Methods: A community-based sample of children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 were screened for symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome by telephone. Those reported to suffer from CFS-like symptoms were given medical and psychological evaluations to allow a determination of the CFS diagnosis. Results: The overall prevalence rate for the sample was 60 per 100,000 or .06%. The prevalence for the adolescents (aged 13 to 17) was 181 per 100,000 or .181%. Conclusions: The current prevalence estimate for CFS in adolescents is higher than previous estimates. CFS was more common in adolescents than pre-pubescent children.<ref>[[Karen Jordan|Karen M. Jordan]], Cheng-Fang Huang, [[Leonard Jason|Leonard A. Jason]], Judith Richman, Cynthia J. Mears, William McCready, [[Ben Katz|Ben Z. Katz]], Penny M. Ayers, Alfred Rademaker & Kari K. Taylor. (2006). Prevalence of Pediatric Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in a Community-Based Sample. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 13, Iss. 2-3, pp. 75-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v13n02_04</ref></blockquote>
*''Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Pediatric [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]: Things Parents Need to Know''<blockquote> "Abstract - In this volume, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in children and adolescents is specifically addressed. It is a topic long overdue. It is my sincere hope that the criteria presented here will begin a process of rigorous clinical testing and refinement so that pediatricians and other medical providers will come to have a reliable and accepted way of making the diagnosis of ME/CFS in a person under 18 years of age. This short review is meant for parents and other caregivers as a brief summary of the guidelines that may be of value. The primary role of these guidelines is to present a strict and rigorous definition that can be tried and tested. This summary is to make the process of diagnosis somewhat easier for parents and caregivers alike until the testing process is completed. Therefore, for more detailed symptom description and exclusionary illness description, I would refer the reader to the primary article. Professional caregivers and clinicians may make this article available to inform parents with a child/adolescent suffering from CFS."<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bell | first = David S. | authorlink = David Bell | last2 = Van Hoof | first2 = E. | authorlink2 = Elke Van Hoof | date = Jan 2006 | title = Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Pediatric Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Things Parents Need to Know | url =http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1300/J092v13n02_05|journal=Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|language=en|volume=13|issue=2-3 | pages = 79–88|doi=10.1300/J092v13n02_05|issn=1057-3321|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref></blockquote>
*''Recognizing Pediatric [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] in the Primary Care Practice: A Practicing Clinician's Approach''<blockquote> "Abstract - Pediatricians and primary care physicians may be uncomfortable diagnosing [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] in children because a good diagnostic tool has not been available. Deferring a diagnosis, however, may lead to apprehension, over-utilization of medical resources in a search for validity, a delay in treatment, and possibly inappropriate coping techniques. This case-based article discusses symptoms and signs seen in adolescent patients with CFS, evaluation of suspect cases, and both current and future diagnostic case definitions."<ref>[[Charles Lapp|Charles W. Lapp]]. (2006). Recognizing Pediatric CFS in the Primary Care Practice: A Practicing Clinician's Approach. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 13, Iss. 2-3, pp. 89-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v13n02_06</ref></blockquote>
*''[[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] in Children and Adolescents''<blockquote> "Abstract - Objective: An overview of the unique aspects of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in children and adolescents (CACFS) is herein provided for healthcare professionals who may be called upon to diagnose and/or treat this illness. Young age of onset, puberty, and interactions with peers and the educational system provide greater diagnostic and treatment challenges than found with adult onset CFS. Method: A review of diagnostic procedures and treatment protocols found in the contemporary literature is coupled with the professional experiences of the authors in treating CACFS to delineate the roles and responsibilities of family, healthcare providers and educators in diagnosing, treating and supporting the CACFS patient. Results: Areas discussed include: pathogenesis, patient evaluation, clinical evaluation, laboratory evaluation, treatment options, psychological issues, role of schools, and the roles of primary and tertiary care providers. Conclusion: CACFS can be diagnosed and treated with varying levels of success if all the professionals involved in the treatment program have a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities. Primary care physicians, pediatricians, other subspecialists, family members, social workers and educators, may all be called upon to participate in the treatment program of CACFS. While it is best to have one, compassionate physician in charge of care, the CACFS may benefit from the inclusion of specialized treatment options available from or through a tertiary care provider. To the extent possible, socialization, education and psychological support of the CACFS should be provided."<ref name=" Oleske, 2006"/></blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] for other Issues

==References==
<references>
<ref name="JasonL2006paed">{{citation | last1 = Jason | first1 = Leonard A | authorlink1 = Leonard Jason | last2 =Jordan | first2 = Karen | authorlink2 = Karen Jordan | last3 =Miike | first3 = Teruhisa | authorlink3 = Teruhisa Miike | last4 = Bell | first4 = David S | authorlink4 = David Bell | last5 = Lapp | first5 = Charles | author-link5 = Charles Lapp | last6 = Torres-Harding | first6 = Susan | authorlink6 = Susan Torres-Harding | last7 =Rowe | first7 = Kathy | authorlink7 = Kathy Rowe | last8 = Gurwitt | first8 = Alan | authorlink8 = Alan Gurwitt | last9 = De Meirleir | first9 = Kenny | authorlink9 = Kenny de Meirleir | last10 = Van Hoof | first10 = Elke LS | authorlink10 = Elke Van Hoof | title = A Pediatric Case Definition for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal =Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 13 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 1-44 | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1300/J092v13n02_01 }}</ref>
<ref name=" Oleske, 2006">
{{Citation | last1 = Oleske | first1 = James M. | authorlink1 = James Oleske | last2 =Friedman | first2 = Kenneth J. | authorlink2 = Kenneth Friedman | last3 = Kaufman | first3 = Kenneth R. | authorlink3 = Kenneth Kaufman | last4 = Palumbo | first4 = Donna | authorlink4 = Donna Palumbo | last5 = Sterling | first5 = Jonathan | authorlink5 = Jonathan Sterling | last6 = Evans | first6 = Terri Lynn | authorlink6 = Terri Evans | title = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Children and Adolescents | journal =Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 13 | issue = 2-3 | page = | date = 2006 | pmid = | doi = 10.1300/J092v13n02_07 }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Journal issues]][[Category:Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome issues]]

Template:Infobox book

2026-11-14T02:06:34Z

BeardedBaldy:Undo revision 246752 by BeardedBaldy (talk) I didn't make changes that worked as I intended, so reverting back earlier version.

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"label": "Published (deprecated)",
"type": "string",
"suggested": false,
"description": "No longer in use",
"example": "2020 (Elsevier)",
"deprecated": "For MEpedia, use publisher and publication date instead."
},
"publisher": {
"label": "Publisher",
"type": "string",
"description": "Name of publisher.",
"required": true
},
"isbn": {
"label": "ISBN",
"type": "string",
"description": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"suggested": true,
"example": "1-234-56789-0"
},
"isbn2": {
"label": "Additional ISBN",
"aliases": [
"isbn-10",
"isbn13",
"isbn-13"
],
"type": "string",
"description": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"suggested": true,
"example": "1-234-56789-0"
},
"exclude_cover": {
"type": "string",
"description": "\"yes\" if no image is present and adding this article to \"Category:Books with missing cover\" is not desired"
},
"italic title": {},
"infoboxwidth": {},
"width": {},
"caption": {
"label": "Caption for book cover",
"description": "A caption to display under the image of the book cover.",
"example": "Cover art.",
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"image_caption": {},
"editors": {},
"editor": {},
"authors": {},
"audio_read_by": {},
"title_orig": {},
"title_working": {},
"translators": {},
"translator": {},
"illustrators": {},
"illustrator": {
"label": "Illustrator",
"description": "Illustrator of the book.",
"type": "string",
"suggested": false
},
"cover_artist": {
"label": "Cover artist",
"description": "Illustrator who designed the cover art.",
"type": "string",
"suggested": false
},
"series": {},
"release_number": {},
"subjects": {},
"subject": {
"label": "Subject/topic (non-fiction)",
"description": "What the non-fiction book is about.",
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"genres": {},
"set_in": {},
"publisher2": {},
"pub_date": {
"label": "Publication date",
"description": "Year of publication.",
"type": "date",
"required": true,
"example": "2019"
},
"release_date": {},
"english_pub_date": {},
"english_release_date": {},
"media_type": {
"label": "Type of media (print, digital, or print+digital)",
"description": "Type of media (print, digital, or print+digital)",
"type": "string",
"suggested": true,
"example": "print"
},
"pages": {
"label": "Pages",
"description": "Number of pages in the book.",
"type": "number",
"suggested": true,
"example": "293"
},
"awards": {},
"award": {},
"isbn_note": {},
"ISBN_note": {},
"dewey": {},
"congress": {},
"last": {},
"first": {},
"location": {},
"oclc": {},
"image": {
"label": "Image file of book cover",
"description": "Image file of book cover.",
"type": "wiki-file-name",
"suggested": true,
"example": "File:A Clinician's Guide to Controversial Illnesses.png"
},
"image_size": {},
"alt": {},
"border": {},
"orig_lang_code": {},
"ISBN": {},
"preceded_by": {},
"preceded_by_quotation_marks": {},
"followed_by": {},
"followed_by_quotation_marks": {},
"native_wikisource": {},
"native_external_url": {},
"native_external_host": {},
"wikisource": {},
"external_url": {},
"external_host": {},
"website": {
"label": "Website",
"description": "Publisher's website about the book.",
"type": "url",
"suggested": true
},
"homepage": {},
"URL": {},
"notes": {},
"note": {}
},
"format": "block",
"paramOrder": [
"name",
"author",
"publisher",
"pub_date",
"isbn",
"isbn2",
"image",
"caption",
"country",
"language",
"pages",
"subject",
"genre",
"website",
"media_type",
"illustrator",
"cover_artist",
"italic title",
"exclude_cover",
"infoboxwidth",
"width",
"image_caption",
"editors",
"editor",
"authors",
"audio_read_by",
"title_orig",
"title_working",
"translators",
"translator",
"illustrators",
"series",
"release_number",
"subjects",
"genres",
"set_in",
"publisher2",
"release_date",
"english_pub_date",
"english_release_date",
"awards",
"award",
"isbn_note",
"ISBN_note",
"dewey",
"congress",
"last",
"first",
"location",
"oclc",
"image_size",
"alt",
"border",
"orig_lang_code",
"ISBN",
"preceded_by",
"preceded_by_quotation_marks",
"followed_by",
"followed_by_quotation_marks",
"native_wikisource",
"native_external_url",
"native_external_host",
"wikisource",
"external_url",
"external_host",
"homepage",
"URL",
"published",
"notes",
"note"
]
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>

Template:Infobox book

2026-11-14T02:01:37Z

BeardedBaldy:Undo revision 246753 by BeardedBaldy (talk) Fixing my mistakes.

{{Infobox
| italic title = {{{italic title|}}}
| bodyclass = card col-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-4 p-0
| bodystyle = {{#if:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width|}}}}}} |width:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width}}}}}} }}


| titlestyle = font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0.2em;
| title = <includeonly>{{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}{{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}{{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}{{{audio_read_by|}}}{{{title_orig|}}}{{{title_working|}}}{{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}{{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}{{{cover_artist|}}}{{{country|}}}{{{language|}}}{{{series|}}}{{{release_number|}}}{{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}{{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}{{{set_in|}}}{{{published|}}}{{{publisher|}}}{{{publisher2|}}}{{{pub_date|{{{release_date|}}}}}}{{{english_pub_date|{{{english_release_date|}}}}}}{{{media_type|}}}{{{pages|}}}{{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}{{{isbn_note|{{{ISBN_note|}}}}}}{{{dewey|}}}{{{congress|}}}| }}{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} <span class="Z3988"
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt={{urlencode:info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book}}&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle={{urlencode:{{{name|}}}}}{{#if:{{{author|}}} |&rft.author={{urlencode:{{{author}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{last|}}} |&rft.aulast={{urlencode:{{{last}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{first|}}} |&rft.aufirst={{urlencode:{{{first}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{pub_date|{{{release_date|}}}}}} |&rft.date={{urlencode:{{{pub_date|{{{release_date}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{publisher|}}} |&rft.pub={{urlencode:{{{publisher}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{location|}}} |&rft.place={{urlencode:{{{location}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{pages|}}} |&rft.pages={{urlencode:{{{pages}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{series|}}} |&rft.series={{urlencode:{{{series}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{oclc|}}} |&rft_id=info:oclcnum/{{{oclc}}}}}"></span></includeonly>


| imagestyle = {{#if:{{{image|}}}||display:none}}
| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{image|}}}|1}}|[ |{{main other|[[Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax]]}} }}{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |image={{{image|}}} |size={{{image_size|}}} |sizedefault=frameless |upright=1 |alt={{{alt|}}} |border={{{border|}}} |suppressplaceholder=yes}}| {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{lc:{{{exclude_cover|no}}}}}}}|yes | |{{main other|[[Category:Books with missing cover]]}} }}
}}
| caption = {{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}


| label1 = Editor{{#if:{{{editors|}}}|s}}
| data1 = {{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}

| label2 = Author{{#if:{{{authors|}}}|s}}
| data2 = {{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}

| label3 = Audio read by
| data3 = {{{audio_read_by|}}}

| label4 = Original title
| data4 = {{#if:{{{title_orig|}}} |{{#if:{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{lang|{{{orig_lang_code|}}} |''{{{title_orig}}}''}}|''{{{title_orig}}}''}} }}

| label5 = Working title
| data5 = {{#if:{{{title_working|}}} |''{{{title_working}}}''}}

| label6 = Translator{{#if:{{{translators|}}}|s}}
| data6 = {{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}

| label7 = Illustrator{{#if:{{{illustrators|}}}|s}}
| data7 = {{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}

| label8 = Cover artist
| data8 = {{{cover_artist|}}}

| label10 = Country
| data10 = {{{country|}}}

| label11 = Language
| data11 = {{{language|}}}

| label12 = Series
| data12 = {{{series|}}}

| label13 = {{longitem|Release number}}
| data13 = {{{release_number|}}}

| label14 = Subject{{#if:{{{subjects|}}}|s}}
| data14 = {{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}

| label15 = Genre{{#if:{{{genres|}}}|s}}
| data15 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P136|{{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}}}

| label16 = Set in
| data16 = {{{set_in|}}}

| label17 = Published
| data17 = {{{published|}}}

| label18 = Publisher
| data18 = {{{publisher|}}}{{#if:{{{publisher2|}}} |, {{{publisher2}}} }}

| label19 = {{longitem|Publication date}}
| data19 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P577|{{{pub_date|{{{release_date|}}}}}}}}

| label20 = {{longitem|Published in English}}
| data20 = {{{english_pub_date|{{{english_release_date|}}}}}}

| label21 = Media type
| data21 = {{{media_type|}}}

| label22 = Pages
| data22 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1104|{{{pages|}}}}}

| label23 = Award{{#if:{{{awards|}}}|s}}
| data23 = {{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}

| label30 = [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]
| data30 = {{#if:{{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}}
| {{#ifeq:{{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}}|FETCH_WIKIDATA
| {{#invoke:ISBNT|link|{{#property:P212}}}}[[Category:Pages using isbn values obtained from wikidata]]
| {{{isbn|{{{ISBN}}}}}} {{{isbn_note|{{{ISBN_note|}}}}}}
}}
}}

| label37 = Alternative ISBN
| data37 = {{{isbn2|{{{isbn2|}}}}}}

| label31 = [[OCLC#Identifiers and linked data|{{abbr|OCLC|Online Computer Library Center number}}]]
| data31 = {{#if:{{{oclc|}}} |[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/{{urlencode:{{{oclc}}}}} {{{oclc}}}]}}

| label32 = {{longitem|Dewey Decimal}}
| data32 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1036|{{{dewey|}}}}}

| label33 = [[Library of Congress Classification|{{abbr|LC Class|Library of Congress Classification}}]]
| data33 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1149|{{{congress|}}}}}

| label34 = Preceded by
| data34 = {{#if:{{{preceded_by|}}} |''{{{preceded_by|}}}''
| {{#if:{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label35 = Followed by
| data35 = {{#if:{{{followed_by|}}} |''{{{followed_by|}}}''
| {{#if:{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label36 = {{longitem|Original text}}
| data36 = {{#if:{{{native_wikisource|}}} | ''{{lang |{{{orig_lang_code|}}}
| [[s:{{#if:{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{{orig_lang_code|}}}:}}{{{native_wikisource|}}}|{{{title_orig|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]}}'' at {{#ifeq:{{#language:{{{orig_lang_code}}}}}|{{{orig_lang_code}}} |
| {{iso2lang|{{{orig_lang_code}}}}}}} [https://wikisource.org Wikisource]{{main other|[[Category:Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources]]}} | {{#if:{{{native_external_url|}}}
| ''{{lang |{{{orig_lang_code|}}}
| [{{{native_external_url|}}} {{{title_orig|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]}}'' {{#if:{{{native_external_host|}}} |at {{{native_external_host|}}} |online}}
}} }}

| label39 = {{#if:{{{native_wikisource|}}} |Translation |{{#if:{{{native_external_url|}}}|Translation|Text}} }}
| data39 = {{#if:{{{wikisource|}}} | ''[[s:{{{wikisource|}}}|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]'' at {{#if:{{{native_wikisource|}}} |Wikisource |[https://www.wikisource.org wikisource]}}{{main other|[[Category:Articles that link to Wikisource]]}} | {{#if:{{{external_url|}}}
| ''[{{{external_url|}}} {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]'' {{#if:{{{external_host|}}} |at {{{external_host|}}} |online}}
}} }}

| label38 = Website
| data38 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{#ifeq:{{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}
| FETCH_WIKIDATA
| {{#if:{{#property:P856}}|{{Url|1={{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P856|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} }} }}
|}}}}}}}}}}}

| belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid;font-size:90%;
| below = {{{notes|{{{note|}}}}}}

}}{{main other
| {{#if:{{{publisher|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{publisher2|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{pub_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{release_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{english_pub_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{english_release_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{isbn2|}}} |[[Category:Infobox book using deprecated parameters|i {{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox book with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox book]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| alt | audio_read_by | author | authors | award | awards | border | caption | congress | country | cover_artist | dewey | editor | editors | english_pub_date | english_release_date | exclude_cover | external_host | external_url | first | followed_by | followed_by_quotation_marks | genre | genres | homepage | illustrator | illustrators | image | image_caption | image_size | infoboxwidth | isbn | ISBN | isbn2 | isbn_note | ISBN_note | italic title | language | last | location | media_type | name | native_external_host | native_external_url | native_wikisource | note | notes | oclc | orig_lang_code | pages | preceded_by | preceded_by_quotation_marks | pub_date | published | publisher | publisher2 | release_date | release_number | series | set_in | subject | subjects | title_orig | title_working | translator | translators | URL | website | width | wikisource }}<noinclude>

{{Documentation}}
== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}
<templatedata>
{
"description": {
"en": "This adds a formatted table for presenting information about books.",
"sv": "Det här lägger till en formaterad tabell för att presentera information om böcker."
},
"params": {
"genre": {
"label": {
"en": "Genre (fiction)",
"sv": "Genre (skönlitteratur)"
},
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": {
"en": "Fiction genre.",
"sv": "Skönlitterär genre."
},
"suggested": true
},
"published": {
"label": "Published (deprecated)",
"type": "string",
"suggested": false,
"description": "No longer in use",
"example": "2020 (Elsevier)",
"deprecated": "For MEpedia, use publisher and publication date instead."
},
"isbn": {
"label": {
"en": "ISBN",
"sv": "ISBN"
},
"type": "string",
"description": {
"en": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"sv": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (föredra 1sta upplagan)"
},
"suggested": true,
"example": {
"en": "1-234-56789-0",
"sv": "1-234-56789-0"
}
},
"isbn2": {
"label": {
"en": "Additional ISBN",
"sv": "Ytterligare ISBN"
},
"aliases": [
"isbn-10",
"isbn13",
"isbn-13"
],
"type": "string",
"description": {
"en": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"sv": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (föredra 1sta utgåvan)"
},
"suggested": true,
"example": {
"en": "1-234-56789-0",
"sv": "1-234-56789-0"
}
},
"italic title": {},
"infoboxwidth": {},
"width": {},
"image_caption": {},
"editors": {},
"editor": {},
"authors": {},
"audio_read_by": {},
"title_orig": {},
"title_working": {},
"translators": {},
"translator": {},
"illustrators": {},
"series": {},
"release_number": {},
"subjects": {},
"genres": {},
"set_in": {},
"publisher2": {},
"release_date": {},
"english_pub_date": {},
"english_release_date": {},
"awards": {},
"award": {},
"isbn_note": {},
"ISBN_note": {},
"dewey": {},
"congress": {},
"last": {},
"first": {},
"location": {},
"oclc": {},
"image_size": {},
"alt": {},
"border": {},
"orig_lang_code": {},
"ISBN": {},
"preceded_by": {},
"preceded_by_quotation_marks": {},
"followed_by": {},
"followed_by_quotation_marks": {},
"native_wikisource": {},
"native_external_url": {},
"native_external_host": {},
"wikisource": {},
"external_url": {},
"external_host": {},
"homepage": {},
"URL": {},
"notes": {},
"note": {},
"författare": {
"label": {
"en": "Author(s)",
"sv": "Författare"
},
"description": {
"en": "Author(s) of the book (should link to their respective article if there is one).",
"sv": "Bokens författare (bör länka till deras respektive artiklar om de finns)."
},
"type": "line",
"required": true
},
"förlag": {
"label": {
"en": "Publisher",
"sv": "Förlag"
},
"description": {
"en": "Name of publisher.",
"sv": "Förlagets namn"
},
"type": "string",
"required": true
},
"språk": {
"label": {
"en": "Language",
"sv": "Språk"
},
"description": {
"en": "Language of (original) book. Full language name (not a language code).",
"sv": "(original)bokens språk. Hela språknamnet(inte en språkkod)"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"sidor": {
"label": {
"en": "Pages",
"sv": "Sidor"
},
"description": {
"en": "Number of pages in the book.",
"sv": "Antalet sidor i boken"
},
"example": {
"en": "293",
"sv": "293"
},
"type": "number",
"suggested": true
},
"land": {
"label": {
"en": "Country",
"sv": "Land"
},
"description": {
"en": "Country of (original) publication.",
"sv": "Land för (original)utgivning"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"rubrik": {
"label": {
"en": "Caption for book cover",
"sv": "Rubrik för bokomslag"
},
"description": {
"en": "A caption to display under the image of the book cover.",
"sv": "En rubrik som visas under bokens omslag."
},
"example": {
"en": "Cover art.",
"sv": "Bokomslag"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"bild": {
"label": {
"en": "Image file of book cover",
"sv": "Bildfil av bokomslag"
},
"description": {
"en": "Image file of book cover.",
"sv": "Bildfil av bokens omslag"
},
"example": {
"en": "File:A Clinician's Guide to Controversial Illnesses.png",
"sv": "File:A Clinician's Guide to Controversial Illnesses.png"
},
"type": "wiki-file-name",
"suggested": true
},
"utgivningsår": {
"label": {
"en": "Publication date",
"sv": "Utgivningsår"
},
"description": {
"en": "Year of publication.",
"sv": "År för utgivning"
},
"example": {
"en": "2019",
"sv": "2019"
},
"type": "date",
"required": true
},
"titel": {
"label": {
"en": "Title",
"sv": "Titel"
},
"description": {
"en": "Book title.",
"sv": "Boktitel"
},
"type": "string",
"required": true
},
"ämne": {
"label": {
"en": "Subject/topic (non-fiction)",
"sv": "Ämne/tema (fackliteratur)"
},
"description": {
"en": "What the non-fiction book is about.",
"sv": "Vad den fackliterära boken handlar om."
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"hemsida": {
"label": {
"en": "Website",
"sv": "Hemsida"
},
"description": {
"en": "Publisher's website about the book.",
"sv": "Utgivarens hemsida om boken."
},
"type": "url",
"suggested": true
},
"mediatyp": {
"label": {
"en": "Type of media (print, digital, or print+digital)",
"sv": "Mediatyp(tryckt, digital, eller tryckt+digital)"
},
"description": {
"en": "Type of media (print, digital, or print+digital)",
"sv": "Mediatyp(tryckt, digital, eller tryckt+digital)"
},
"example": {
"en": "print",
"sv": "print"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"illustratör": {
"label": {
"en": "Illustrator",
"sv": "Illustratör"
},
"description": {
"en": "Illustrator of the book.",
"sv": "Bokens illustratör"
},
"type": "string"
},
"omslagsillustratör": {
"label": {
"en": "Cover artist",
"sv": "Omslagsillustratör"
},
"description": {
"en": "Illustrator who designed the cover art.",
"sv": "Illustratören som designade omslaget."
},
"type": "string"
},
"utesluta_omslag": {
"description": {
"en": "\"yes\" if no image is present and adding this article to \"Category:Books with missing cover\" is not desired",
"sv": "\"Ja\" om det inte finns någon bild och det är oönskat att lägga till artikeln i \"Category:Books with missing cover\""
},
"type": "string"
}
},
"format": "block",
"paramOrder": [
"titel",
"författare",
"förlag",
"utgivningsår",
"isbn",
"isbn2",
"bild",
"rubrik",
"land",
"språk",
"sidor",
"ämne",
"genre",
"hemsida",
"mediatyp",
"illustratör",
"omslagsillustratör",
"italic title",
"utesluta_omslag",
"infoboxwidth",
"width",
"image_caption",
"editors",
"editor",
"authors",
"audio_read_by",
"title_orig",
"title_working",
"translators",
"translator",
"illustrators",
"series",
"release_number",
"subjects",
"genres",
"set_in",
"publisher2",
"release_date",
"english_pub_date",
"english_release_date",
"awards",
"award",
"isbn_note",
"ISBN_note",
"dewey",
"congress",
"last",
"first",
"location",
"oclc",
"image_size",
"alt",
"border",
"orig_lang_code",
"ISBN",
"preceded_by",
"preceded_by_quotation_marks",
"followed_by",
"followed_by_quotation_marks",
"native_wikisource",
"native_external_url",
"native_external_host",
"wikisource",
"external_url",
"external_host",
"homepage",
"URL",
"published",
"notes",
"note"
]
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>

Template:Infobox book

2026-11-14T01:20:59Z

BeardedBaldy:Trying things. Sorry.

{{Infobox
| italic title = {{{italic title|}}}
| bodyclass = card col-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-4 p-0
| bodystyle = {{#if:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width|}}}}}} |width:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width}}}}}} }}


| titlestyle = font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0.2em;
| title = <includeonly>{{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}{{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}{{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}{{{audio_read_by|}}}{{{title_orig|}}}{{{title_working|}}}{{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}{{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}{{{cover_artist|}}}{{{country|}}}{{{language|}}}{{{series|}}}{{{release_number|}}}{{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}{{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}{{{set_in|}}}{{{published|}}}{{{publisher|}}}{{{publisher2|}}}{{{pub_date|{{{release_date|}}}}}}{{{english_pub_date|{{{english_release_date|}}}}}}{{{media_type|}}}{{{pages|}}}{{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}{{{isbn_note|{{{ISBN_note|}}}}}}{{{dewey|}}}{{{congress|}}}| }}{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} <span class="Z3988"
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt={{urlencode:info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book}}&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle={{urlencode:{{{name|}}}}}{{#if:{{{author|}}} |&rft.author={{urlencode:{{{author}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{last|}}} |&rft.aulast={{urlencode:{{{last}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{first|}}} |&rft.aufirst={{urlencode:{{{first}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{pub_date|{{{release_date|}}}}}} |&rft.date={{urlencode:{{{pub_date|{{{release_date}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{publisher|}}} |&rft.pub={{urlencode:{{{publisher}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{location|}}} |&rft.place={{urlencode:{{{location}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{pages|}}} |&rft.pages={{urlencode:{{{pages}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{series|}}} |&rft.series={{urlencode:{{{series}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{oclc|}}} |&rft_id=info:oclcnum/{{{oclc}}}}}"></span></includeonly>


| imagestyle = {{#if:{{{image|}}}||display:none}}
| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{image|}}}|1}}|[ |{{main other|[[Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax]]}} }}{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |image={{{image|}}} |size={{{image_size|}}} |sizedefault=frameless |upright=1 |alt={{{alt|}}} |border={{{border|}}} |suppressplaceholder=yes}}| {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{lc:{{{exclude_cover|no}}}}}}}|yes | |{{main other|[[Category:Books with missing cover]]}} }}
}}
| caption = {{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}


| label1 = Editor{{#if:{{{editors|}}}|s}}
| data1 = {{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}

| label2 = Author{{#if:{{{authors|}}}|s}}
| data2 = {{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}

| label3 = Audio read by
| data3 = {{{audio_read_by|}}}

| label4 = Original title
| data4 = {{#if:{{{title_orig|}}} |{{#if:{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{lang|{{{orig_lang_code|}}} |''{{{title_orig}}}''}}|''{{{title_orig}}}''}} }}

| label5 = Working title
| data5 = {{#if:{{{title_working|}}} |''{{{title_working}}}''}}

| label6 = Translator{{#if:{{{translators|}}}|s}}
| data6 = {{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}

| label7 = Illustrator{{#if:{{{illustrators|}}}|s}}
| data7 = {{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}

| label8 = Cover artist
| data8 = {{{cover_artist|}}}

| label10 = Country
| data10 = {{{country|}}}

| label11 = Language
| data11 = {{{language|}}}

| label12 = Series
| data12 = {{{series|}}}

| label13 = {{longitem|Release number}}
| data13 = {{{release_number|}}}

| label14 = Subject{{#if:{{{subjects|}}}|s}}
| data14 = {{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}

| label15 = Genre{{#if:{{{genres|}}}|s}}
| data15 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P136|{{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}}}

| label16 = Set in
| data16 = {{{set_in|}}}

| label17 = Published
| data17 = {{{published|}}}

| label18 = Publisher
| data18 = {{{publisher|}}}{{#if:{{{publisher2|}}} |, {{{publisher2}}} }}

| label19 = {{longitem|Publication date}}
| data19 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P577|{{{pub_date|{{{release_date|}}}}}}}}

| label20 = {{longitem|Published in English}}
| data20 = {{{english_pub_date|{{{english_release_date|}}}}}}

| label21 = Media type
| data21 = {{{media_type|}}}

| label22 = Pages
| data22 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1104|{{{pages|}}}}}

| label23 = Award{{#if:{{{awards|}}}|s}}
| data23 = {{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}

| label30 = [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]
| data30 = {{#if:{{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}}
| {{#ifeq:{{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}}|FETCH_WIKIDATA
| {{#invoke:ISBNT|link|{{#property:P212}}}}[[Category:Pages using isbn values obtained from wikidata]]
| {{{isbn|{{{ISBN}}}}}} {{{isbn_note|{{{ISBN_note|}}}}}}
}}
}}

| label37 = Alternative ISBN
| data37 = {{{isbn2|{{{isbn2|}}}}}}

| label31 = [[OCLC#Identifiers and linked data|{{abbr|OCLC|Online Computer Library Center number}}]]
| data31 = {{#if:{{{oclc|}}} |[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/{{urlencode:{{{oclc}}}}} {{{oclc}}}]}}

| label32 = {{longitem|Dewey Decimal}}
| data32 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1036|{{{dewey|}}}}}

| label33 = [[Library of Congress Classification|{{abbr|LC Class|Library of Congress Classification}}]]
| data33 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1149|{{{congress|}}}}}

| label34 = Preceded by
| data34 = {{#if:{{{preceded_by|}}} |''{{{preceded_by|}}}''
| {{#if:{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label35 = Followed by
| data35 = {{#if:{{{followed_by|}}} |''{{{followed_by|}}}''
| {{#if:{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label36 = {{longitem|Original text}}
| data36 = {{#if:{{{native_wikisource|}}} | ''{{lang |{{{orig_lang_code|}}}
| [[s:{{#if:{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{{orig_lang_code|}}}:}}{{{native_wikisource|}}}|{{{title_orig|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]}}'' at {{#ifeq:{{#language:{{{orig_lang_code}}}}}|{{{orig_lang_code}}} |
| {{iso2lang|{{{orig_lang_code}}}}}}} [https://wikisource.org Wikisource]{{main other|[[Category:Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources]]}} | {{#if:{{{native_external_url|}}}
| ''{{lang |{{{orig_lang_code|}}}
| [{{{native_external_url|}}} {{{title_orig|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]}}'' {{#if:{{{native_external_host|}}} |at {{{native_external_host|}}} |online}}
}} }}

| label39 = {{#if:{{{native_wikisource|}}} |Translation |{{#if:{{{native_external_url|}}}|Translation|Text}} }}
| data39 = {{#if:{{{wikisource|}}} | ''[[s:{{{wikisource|}}}|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]'' at {{#if:{{{native_wikisource|}}} |Wikisource |[https://www.wikisource.org wikisource]}}{{main other|[[Category:Articles that link to Wikisource]]}} | {{#if:{{{external_url|}}}
| ''[{{{external_url|}}} {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]'' {{#if:{{{external_host|}}} |at {{{external_host|}}} |online}}
}} }}

| label38 = Website
| data38 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{#ifeq:{{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}
| FETCH_WIKIDATA
| {{#if:{{#property:P856}}|{{Url|1={{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P856|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} }} }}
|}}}}}}}}}}}

| belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid;font-size:90%;
| below = {{{notes|{{{note|}}}}}}

}}{{main other
| {{#if:{{{publisher|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{publisher2|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{pub_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{release_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{english_pub_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{english_release_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{isbn2|}}} |[[Category:Infobox book using deprecated parameters|i {{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox book with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox book]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| alt | audio_read_by | author | authors | award | awards | border | caption | congress | country | cover_artist | dewey | editor | editors | english_pub_date | english_release_date | exclude_cover | external_host | external_url | first | followed_by | followed_by_quotation_marks | genre | genres | homepage | illustrator | illustrators | image | image_caption | image_size | infoboxwidth | isbn | ISBN | isbn2 | isbn_note | ISBN_note | italic title | language | last | location | media_type | name | native_external_host | native_external_url | native_wikisource | note | notes | oclc | orig_lang_code | pages | preceded_by | preceded_by_quotation_marks | pub_date | published | publisher | publisher2 | release_date | release_number | series | set_in | subject | subjects | title_orig | title_working | translator | translators | URL | website | width | wikisource }}<noinclude>

{{Documentation}}
== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}
<templatedata>
{
"description": {
"en": "This adds a formatted table for presenting information about books.",
"sv": "Det här lägger till en formaterad tabell för att presentera information om böcker."
},
"params": {
"genre": {
"label": {
"en": "Genre (fiction)",
"sv": "Genre (skönlitteratur)"
},
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": {
"en": "Fiction genre.",
"sv": "Skönlitterär genre."
},
"suggested": true
},
"published": {
"label": "Published (deprecated)",
"type": "string",
"suggested": false,
"description": "No longer in use",
"example": "2020 (Elsevier)",
"deprecated": "For MEpedia, use publisher and publication date instead."
},
"isbn": {
"label": {
"en": "ISBN",
"sv": "ISBN"
},
"type": "string",
"description": {
"en": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"sv": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (föredra 1sta upplagan)"
},
"suggested": true,
"example": {
"en": "1-234-56789-0",
"sv": "1-234-56789-0"
}
},
"isbn2": {
"label": {
"en": "Additional ISBN",
"sv": "Ytterligare ISBN"
},
"aliases": [
"isbn-10",
"isbn13",
"isbn-13"
],
"type": "string",
"description": {
"en": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"sv": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (föredra 1sta utgåvan)"
},
"suggested": true,
"example": {
"en": "1-234-56789-0",
"sv": "1-234-56789-0"
}
},
"italic title": {},
"infoboxwidth": {},
"width": {},
"image_caption": {},
"editors": {},
"editor": {},
"authors": {},
"audio_read_by": {},
"title_orig": {},
"title_working": {},
"translators": {},
"translator": {},
"illustrators": {},
"series": {},
"release_number": {},
"subjects": {},
"genres": {},
"set_in": {},
"publisher2": {},
"release_date": {},
"english_pub_date": {},
"english_release_date": {},
"awards": {},
"award": {},
"isbn_note": {},
"ISBN_note": {},
"dewey": {},
"congress": {},
"last": {},
"first": {},
"location": {},
"oclc": {},
"image_size": {},
"alt": {},
"border": {},
"orig_lang_code": {},
"ISBN": {},
"preceded_by": {},
"preceded_by_quotation_marks": {},
"followed_by": {},
"followed_by_quotation_marks": {},
"native_wikisource": {},
"native_external_url": {},
"native_external_host": {},
"wikisource": {},
"external_url": {},
"external_host": {},
"homepage": {},
"URL": {},
"notes": {},
"note": {},
"förlag": {
"label": {
"en": "Publisher",
"sv": "Förlag"
},
"description": {
"en": "Name of publisher.",
"sv": "Förlagets namn"
},
"type": "string",
"required": true
},
"språk": {
"label": {
"en": "Language",
"sv": "Språk"
},
"description": {
"en": "Language of (original) book. Full language name (not a language code).",
"sv": "(original)bokens språk. Hela språknamnet(inte en språkkod)"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"sidor": {
"label": {
"en": "Pages",
"sv": "Sidor"
},
"description": {
"en": "Number of pages in the book.",
"sv": "Antalet sidor i boken"
},
"example": {
"en": "293",
"sv": "293"
},
"type": "number",
"suggested": true
},
"land": {
"label": {
"en": "Country",
"sv": "Land"
},
"description": {
"en": "Country of (original) publication.",
"sv": "Land för (original)utgivning"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"rubrik": {
"label": {
"en": "Caption for book cover",
"sv": "Rubrik för bokomslag"
},
"description": {
"en": "A caption to display under the image of the book cover.",
"sv": "En rubrik som visas under bokens omslag."
},
"example": {
"en": "Cover art.",
"sv": "Bokomslag"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"bild": {
"label": {
"en": "Image file of book cover",
"sv": "Bildfil av bokomslag"
},
"description": {
"en": "Image file of book cover.",
"sv": "Bildfil av bokens omslag"
},
"example": {
"en": "File:A Clinician's Guide to Controversial Illnesses.png",
"sv": "File:A Clinician's Guide to Controversial Illnesses.png"
},
"type": "wiki-file-name",
"suggested": true
},
"utgivningsår": {
"label": {
"en": "Publication date",
"sv": "Utgivningsår"
},
"description": {
"en": "Year of publication.",
"sv": "År för utgivning"
},
"example": {
"en": "2019",
"sv": "2019"
},
"type": "date",
"required": true
},
"titel": {
"label": {
"en": "Title",
"sv": "Titel"
},
"description": {
"en": "Book title.",
"sv": "Boktitel"
},
"type": "string",
"required": true
},
"ämne": {
"label": {
"en": "Subject/topic (non-fiction)",
"sv": "Ämne/tema (fackliteratur)"
},
"description": {
"en": "What the non-fiction book is about.",
"sv": "Vad den fackliterära boken handlar om."
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"hemsida": {
"label": {
"en": "Website",
"sv": "Hemsida"
},
"description": {
"en": "Publisher's website about the book.",
"sv": "Utgivarens hemsida om boken."
},
"type": "url",
"suggested": true
},
"mediatyp": {
"label": {
"en": "Type of media (print, digital, or print+digital)",
"sv": "Mediatyp(tryckt, digital, eller tryckt+digital)"
},
"description": {
"en": "Type of media (print, digital, or print+digital)",
"sv": "Mediatyp(tryckt, digital, eller tryckt+digital)"
},
"example": {
"en": "print",
"sv": "print"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"illustratör": {
"label": {
"en": "Illustrator",
"sv": "Illustratör"
},
"description": {
"en": "Illustrator of the book.",
"sv": "Bokens illustratör"
},
"type": "string"
},
"omslagsillustratör": {
"label": {
"en": "Cover artist",
"sv": "Omslagsillustratör"
},
"description": {
"en": "Illustrator who designed the cover art.",
"sv": "Illustratören som designade omslaget."
},
"type": "string"
},
"utesluta_omslag": {
"description": {
"en": "\"yes\" if no image is present and adding this article to \"Category:Books with missing cover\" is not desired",
"sv": "\"Ja\" om det inte finns någon bild och det är oönskat att lägga till artikeln i \"Category:Books with missing cover\""
},
"type": "string"
},
"author": {
"label": {
"en": "Author(s)",
"sv": "Författare"
},
"description": {
"en": "Author(s) of the book (should link to their respective article if there is one).",
"sv": "Bokens författare (bör länka till deras respektive artiklar om de finns)."
},
"type": "line",
"required": true
}
},
"format": "block",
"paramOrder": [
"titel",
"author",
"förlag",
"utgivningsår",
"isbn",
"isbn2",
"bild",
"rubrik",
"land",
"språk",
"sidor",
"ämne",
"genre",
"hemsida",
"mediatyp",
"illustratör",
"omslagsillustratör",
"italic title",
"utesluta_omslag",
"infoboxwidth",
"width",
"image_caption",
"editors",
"editor",
"authors",
"audio_read_by",
"title_orig",
"title_working",
"translators",
"translator",
"illustrators",
"series",
"release_number",
"subjects",
"genres",
"set_in",
"publisher2",
"release_date",
"english_pub_date",
"english_release_date",
"awards",
"award",
"isbn_note",
"ISBN_note",
"dewey",
"congress",
"last",
"first",
"location",
"oclc",
"image_size",
"alt",
"border",
"orig_lang_code",
"ISBN",
"preceded_by",
"preceded_by_quotation_marks",
"followed_by",
"followed_by_quotation_marks",
"native_wikisource",
"native_external_url",
"native_external_host",
"wikisource",
"external_url",
"external_host",
"homepage",
"URL",
"published",
"notes",
"note"
]
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>

Template:Infobox book

2026-11-14T00:56:56Z

BeardedBaldy:Added swedish language? Maybe this time?

{{Infobox
| italic title = {{{italic title|}}}
| bodyclass = card col-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-4 p-0
| bodystyle = {{#if:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width|}}}}}} |width:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width}}}}}} }}


| titlestyle = font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0.2em;
| title = <includeonly>{{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}{{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}{{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}{{{audio_read_by|}}}{{{title_orig|}}}{{{title_working|}}}{{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}{{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}{{{cover_artist|}}}{{{country|}}}{{{language|}}}{{{series|}}}{{{release_number|}}}{{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}{{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}{{{set_in|}}}{{{published|}}}{{{publisher|}}}{{{publisher2|}}}{{{pub_date|{{{release_date|}}}}}}{{{english_pub_date|{{{english_release_date|}}}}}}{{{media_type|}}}{{{pages|}}}{{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}{{{isbn_note|{{{ISBN_note|}}}}}}{{{dewey|}}}{{{congress|}}}| }}{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} <span class="Z3988"
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt={{urlencode:info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book}}&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle={{urlencode:{{{name|}}}}}{{#if:{{{author|}}} |&rft.author={{urlencode:{{{author}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{last|}}} |&rft.aulast={{urlencode:{{{last}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{first|}}} |&rft.aufirst={{urlencode:{{{first}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{pub_date|{{{release_date|}}}}}} |&rft.date={{urlencode:{{{pub_date|{{{release_date}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{publisher|}}} |&rft.pub={{urlencode:{{{publisher}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{location|}}} |&rft.place={{urlencode:{{{location}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{pages|}}} |&rft.pages={{urlencode:{{{pages}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{series|}}} |&rft.series={{urlencode:{{{series}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{oclc|}}} |&rft_id=info:oclcnum/{{{oclc}}}}}"></span></includeonly>


| imagestyle = {{#if:{{{image|}}}||display:none}}
| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{image|}}}|1}}|[ |{{main other|[[Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax]]}} }}{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |image={{{image|}}} |size={{{image_size|}}} |sizedefault=frameless |upright=1 |alt={{{alt|}}} |border={{{border|}}} |suppressplaceholder=yes}}| {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{lc:{{{exclude_cover|no}}}}}}}|yes | |{{main other|[[Category:Books with missing cover]]}} }}
}}
| caption = {{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}


| label1 = Editor{{#if:{{{editors|}}}|s}}
| data1 = {{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}

| label2 = Author{{#if:{{{authors|}}}|s}}
| data2 = {{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}

| label3 = Audio read by
| data3 = {{{audio_read_by|}}}

| label4 = Original title
| data4 = {{#if:{{{title_orig|}}} |{{#if:{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{lang|{{{orig_lang_code|}}} |''{{{title_orig}}}''}}|''{{{title_orig}}}''}} }}

| label5 = Working title
| data5 = {{#if:{{{title_working|}}} |''{{{title_working}}}''}}

| label6 = Translator{{#if:{{{translators|}}}|s}}
| data6 = {{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}

| label7 = Illustrator{{#if:{{{illustrators|}}}|s}}
| data7 = {{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}

| label8 = Cover artist
| data8 = {{{cover_artist|}}}

| label10 = Country
| data10 = {{{country|}}}

| label11 = Language
| data11 = {{{language|}}}

| label12 = Series
| data12 = {{{series|}}}

| label13 = {{longitem|Release number}}
| data13 = {{{release_number|}}}

| label14 = Subject{{#if:{{{subjects|}}}|s}}
| data14 = {{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}

| label15 = Genre{{#if:{{{genres|}}}|s}}
| data15 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P136|{{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}}}

| label16 = Set in
| data16 = {{{set_in|}}}

| label17 = Published
| data17 = {{{published|}}}

| label18 = Publisher
| data18 = {{{publisher|}}}{{#if:{{{publisher2|}}} |, {{{publisher2}}} }}

| label19 = {{longitem|Publication date}}
| data19 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P577|{{{pub_date|{{{release_date|}}}}}}}}

| label20 = {{longitem|Published in English}}
| data20 = {{{english_pub_date|{{{english_release_date|}}}}}}

| label21 = Media type
| data21 = {{{media_type|}}}

| label22 = Pages
| data22 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1104|{{{pages|}}}}}

| label23 = Award{{#if:{{{awards|}}}|s}}
| data23 = {{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}

| label30 = [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]
| data30 = {{#if:{{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}}
| {{#ifeq:{{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}}|FETCH_WIKIDATA
| {{#invoke:ISBNT|link|{{#property:P212}}}}[[Category:Pages using isbn values obtained from wikidata]]
| {{{isbn|{{{ISBN}}}}}} {{{isbn_note|{{{ISBN_note|}}}}}}
}}
}}

| label37 = Alternative ISBN
| data37 = {{{isbn2|{{{isbn2|}}}}}}

| label31 = [[OCLC#Identifiers and linked data|{{abbr|OCLC|Online Computer Library Center number}}]]
| data31 = {{#if:{{{oclc|}}} |[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/{{urlencode:{{{oclc}}}}} {{{oclc}}}]}}

| label32 = {{longitem|Dewey Decimal}}
| data32 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1036|{{{dewey|}}}}}

| label33 = [[Library of Congress Classification|{{abbr|LC Class|Library of Congress Classification}}]]
| data33 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1149|{{{congress|}}}}}

| label34 = Preceded by
| data34 = {{#if:{{{preceded_by|}}} |''{{{preceded_by|}}}''
| {{#if:{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label35 = Followed by
| data35 = {{#if:{{{followed_by|}}} |''{{{followed_by|}}}''
| {{#if:{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label36 = {{longitem|Original text}}
| data36 = {{#if:{{{native_wikisource|}}} | ''{{lang |{{{orig_lang_code|}}}
| [[s:{{#if:{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{{orig_lang_code|}}}:}}{{{native_wikisource|}}}|{{{title_orig|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]}}'' at {{#ifeq:{{#language:{{{orig_lang_code}}}}}|{{{orig_lang_code}}} |
| {{iso2lang|{{{orig_lang_code}}}}}}} [https://wikisource.org Wikisource]{{main other|[[Category:Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources]]}} | {{#if:{{{native_external_url|}}}
| ''{{lang |{{{orig_lang_code|}}}
| [{{{native_external_url|}}} {{{title_orig|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]}}'' {{#if:{{{native_external_host|}}} |at {{{native_external_host|}}} |online}}
}} }}

| label39 = {{#if:{{{native_wikisource|}}} |Translation |{{#if:{{{native_external_url|}}}|Translation|Text}} }}
| data39 = {{#if:{{{wikisource|}}} | ''[[s:{{{wikisource|}}}|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]'' at {{#if:{{{native_wikisource|}}} |Wikisource |[https://www.wikisource.org wikisource]}}{{main other|[[Category:Articles that link to Wikisource]]}} | {{#if:{{{external_url|}}}
| ''[{{{external_url|}}} {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]'' {{#if:{{{external_host|}}} |at {{{external_host|}}} |online}}
}} }}

| label38 = Website
| data38 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|{{#ifeq:{{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}
| FETCH_WIKIDATA
| {{#if:{{#property:P856}}|{{Url|1={{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P856|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} }} }}
|}}}}}}}}}}}

| belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid;font-size:90%;
| below = {{{notes|{{{note|}}}}}}

}}{{main other
| {{#if:{{{publisher|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{publisher2|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{pub_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{release_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{english_pub_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{english_release_date|}}} |}}{{#if:{{{isbn2|}}} |[[Category:Infobox book using deprecated parameters|i {{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox book with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox book]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| alt | audio_read_by | author | authors | award | awards | border | caption | congress | country | cover_artist | dewey | editor | editors | english_pub_date | english_release_date | exclude_cover | external_host | external_url | first | followed_by | followed_by_quotation_marks | genre | genres | homepage | illustrator | illustrators | image | image_caption | image_size | infoboxwidth | isbn | ISBN | isbn2 | isbn_note | ISBN_note | italic title | language | last | location | media_type | name | native_external_host | native_external_url | native_wikisource | note | notes | oclc | orig_lang_code | pages | preceded_by | preceded_by_quotation_marks | pub_date | published | publisher | publisher2 | release_date | release_number | series | set_in | subject | subjects | title_orig | title_working | translator | translators | URL | website | width | wikisource }}<noinclude>

{{Documentation}}
== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}
<templatedata>
{
"description": {
"en": "This adds a formatted table for presenting information about books.",
"sv": "Det här lägger till en formaterad tabell för att presentera information om böcker."
},
"params": {
"genre": {
"label": {
"en": "Genre (fiction)",
"sv": "Genre (skönlitteratur)"
},
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": {
"en": "Fiction genre.",
"sv": "Skönlitterär genre."
},
"suggested": true
},
"published": {
"label": "Published (deprecated)",
"type": "string",
"suggested": false,
"description": "No longer in use",
"example": "2020 (Elsevier)",
"deprecated": "For MEpedia, use publisher and publication date instead."
},
"isbn": {
"label": {
"en": "ISBN",
"sv": "ISBN"
},
"type": "string",
"description": {
"en": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"sv": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (föredra 1sta upplagan)"
},
"suggested": true,
"example": {
"en": "1-234-56789-0",
"sv": "1-234-56789-0"
}
},
"isbn2": {
"label": {
"en": "Additional ISBN",
"sv": "Ytterligare ISBN"
},
"aliases": [
"isbn-10",
"isbn13",
"isbn-13"
],
"type": "string",
"description": {
"en": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"sv": "ISBN format: \"1-234-56789-0\" (föredra 1sta utgåvan)"
},
"suggested": true,
"example": {
"en": "1-234-56789-0",
"sv": "1-234-56789-0"
}
},
"italic title": {},
"infoboxwidth": {},
"width": {},
"image_caption": {},
"editors": {},
"editor": {},
"authors": {},
"audio_read_by": {},
"title_orig": {},
"title_working": {},
"translators": {},
"translator": {},
"illustrators": {},
"series": {},
"release_number": {},
"subjects": {},
"genres": {},
"set_in": {},
"publisher2": {},
"release_date": {},
"english_pub_date": {},
"english_release_date": {},
"awards": {},
"award": {},
"isbn_note": {},
"ISBN_note": {},
"dewey": {},
"congress": {},
"last": {},
"first": {},
"location": {},
"oclc": {},
"image_size": {},
"alt": {},
"border": {},
"orig_lang_code": {},
"ISBN": {},
"preceded_by": {},
"preceded_by_quotation_marks": {},
"followed_by": {},
"followed_by_quotation_marks": {},
"native_wikisource": {},
"native_external_url": {},
"native_external_host": {},
"wikisource": {},
"external_url": {},
"external_host": {},
"homepage": {},
"URL": {},
"notes": {},
"note": {},
"författare": {
"label": {
"en": "Author(s)",
"sv": "Författare"
},
"description": {
"en": "Author(s) of the book (should link to their respective article if there is one).",
"sv": "Bokens författare (bör länka till deras respektive artiklar om de finns)."
},
"type": "line",
"required": true
},
"förlag": {
"label": {
"en": "Publisher",
"sv": "Förlag"
},
"description": {
"en": "Name of publisher.",
"sv": "Förlagets namn"
},
"type": "string",
"required": true
},
"språk": {
"label": {
"en": "Language",
"sv": "Språk"
},
"description": {
"en": "Language of (original) book. Full language name (not a language code).",
"sv": "(original)bokens språk. Hela språknamnet(inte en språkkod)"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"sidor": {
"label": {
"en": "Pages",
"sv": "Sidor"
},
"description": {
"en": "Number of pages in the book.",
"sv": "Antalet sidor i boken"
},
"example": {
"en": "293",
"sv": "293"
},
"type": "number",
"suggested": true
},
"land": {
"label": {
"en": "Country",
"sv": "Land"
},
"description": {
"en": "Country of (original) publication.",
"sv": "Land för (original)utgivning"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"rubrik": {
"label": {
"en": "Caption for book cover",
"sv": "Rubrik för bokomslag"
},
"description": {
"en": "A caption to display under the image of the book cover.",
"sv": "En rubrik som visas under bokens omslag."
},
"example": {
"en": "Cover art.",
"sv": "Bokomslag"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"bild": {
"label": {
"en": "Image file of book cover",
"sv": "Bildfil av bokomslag"
},
"description": {
"en": "Image file of book cover.",
"sv": "Bildfil av bokens omslag"
},
"example": {
"en": "File:A Clinician's Guide to Controversial Illnesses.png",
"sv": "File:A Clinician's Guide to Controversial Illnesses.png"
},
"type": "wiki-file-name",
"suggested": true
},
"utgivningsår": {
"label": {
"en": "Publication date",
"sv": "Utgivningsår"
},
"description": {
"en": "Year of publication.",
"sv": "År för utgivning"
},
"example": {
"en": "2019",
"sv": "2019"
},
"type": "date",
"required": true
},
"titel": {
"label": {
"en": "Title",
"sv": "Titel"
},
"description": {
"en": "Book title.",
"sv": "Boktitel"
},
"type": "string",
"required": true
},
"ämne": {
"label": {
"en": "Subject/topic (non-fiction)",
"sv": "Ämne/tema (fackliteratur)"
},
"description": {
"en": "What the non-fiction book is about.",
"sv": "Vad den fackliterära boken handlar om."
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"hemsida": {
"label": {
"en": "Website",
"sv": "Hemsida"
},
"description": {
"en": "Publisher's website about the book.",
"sv": "Utgivarens hemsida om boken."
},
"type": "url",
"suggested": true
},
"mediatyp": {
"label": {
"en": "Type of media (print, digital, or print+digital)",
"sv": "Mediatyp(tryckt, digital, eller tryckt+digital)"
},
"description": {
"en": "Type of media (print, digital, or print+digital)",
"sv": "Mediatyp(tryckt, digital, eller tryckt+digital)"
},
"example": {
"en": "print",
"sv": "print"
},
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"illustratör": {
"label": {
"en": "Illustrator",
"sv": "Illustratör"
},
"description": {
"en": "Illustrator of the book.",
"sv": "Bokens illustratör"
},
"type": "string"
},
"omslagsillustratör": {
"label": {
"en": "Cover artist",
"sv": "Omslagsillustratör"
},
"description": {
"en": "Illustrator who designed the cover art.",
"sv": "Illustratören som designade omslaget."
},
"type": "string"
},
"utesluta_omslag": {
"description": {
"en": "\"yes\" if no image is present and adding this article to \"Category:Books with missing cover\" is not desired",
"sv": "\"Ja\" om det inte finns någon bild och det är oönskat att lägga till artikeln i \"Category:Books with missing cover\""
},
"type": "string"
}
},
"format": "block",
"paramOrder": [
"titel",
"författare",
"förlag",
"utgivningsår",
"isbn",
"isbn2",
"bild",
"rubrik",
"land",
"språk",
"sidor",
"ämne",
"genre",
"hemsida",
"mediatyp",
"illustratör",
"omslagsillustratör",
"italic title",
"utesluta_omslag",
"infoboxwidth",
"width",
"image_caption",
"editors",
"editor",
"authors",
"audio_read_by",
"title_orig",
"title_working",
"translators",
"translator",
"illustrators",
"series",
"release_number",
"subjects",
"genres",
"set_in",
"publisher2",
"release_date",
"english_pub_date",
"english_release_date",
"awards",
"award",
"isbn_note",
"ISBN_note",
"dewey",
"congress",
"last",
"first",
"location",
"oclc",
"image_size",
"alt",
"border",
"orig_lang_code",
"ISBN",
"preceded_by",
"preceded_by_quotation_marks",
"followed_by",
"followed_by_quotation_marks",
"native_wikisource",
"native_external_url",
"native_external_host",
"wikisource",
"external_url",
"external_host",
"homepage",
"URL",
"published",
"notes",
"note"
]
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>

Template:Infobox book

2026-11-14T00:54:11Z

BeardedBaldy:Added swedish language? If I did it correctly.

Svenska:Indien

2026-11-14T00:12:55Z

BeardedBaldy:Translate to swedish.

[[File:India_flag.svg.png|320px|right|thumb|'''Indien''']]

'''Indien''' är ett land i södra [[:Category:Asia|Asien]]

==Medicinska riktlinjer==

==Hälsomyndighet==

==Statlig sjukförsäkring==

==Privat sjukförsäkring==

==Tillgång till vård==

==Social säkerhet och handikappförmåner==

==Patientvälgörenheter==

==Forskning==
* 2019, Chronic fatigue syndrome: identification of transcription factor (TFs) associated with gene expression for drug signature prediction (Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom: identifikation av transkriptionsfaktor (TFer) associerad med genuttryck för medicin signatur förutsägelse)<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Choudhari | first = Jyoti Kant | authorlink = Jyoti Choudhari | last2 = Verma | first2 = Mukesh Kumar | authorlink2 = Mukesh Verma | last3 = Sahariah | first3 = Biju Prava | authorlink3 = Biju Sahariah | date = Dec 2019 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: identification of transcription factor (TFs) associated with gene expression for drug signature prediction | url =http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7|journal=Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics|language=en|volume=8|issue=1 | pages = 23|doi=10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7|issn=2192-6662|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7 (Abstract)]

==Forskningsgrupper==

==Forskare==

==Kliniker==

==Nämnvärda patienter==

==Avlidna patienter==

==Vidare läsning==

==Se även==
*[[Ayurvedic medicine|Ayurvedisk medicin]]
*[[Alternative medicine|Alternativmedicin]]
*[[Bhupesh Prusty]]

==Referenser==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Asia]]
[[Category:India]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

India

2026-11-14T00:04:10Z

BeardedBaldy:Added internal link to "Asia" category.

{{Language links
|page_sv=Indien
}}
[[File:India_flag.svg.png|320px|right|thumb|'''India''']]

'''India''' is a country in South [[:Category:Asia|Asia]].

==Medical guidelines==

==National health department==

==Government health insurance==

==Private health insurance==

==Access to care==

==Social security and disability benefits==

==Patient charities==

==Research==
* 2019, Chronic fatigue syndrome: identification of transcription factor (TFs) associated with gene expression for drug signature prediction<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Choudhari | first = Jyoti Kant | authorlink = Jyoti Choudhari | last2 = Verma | first2 = Mukesh Kumar | authorlink2 = Mukesh Verma | last3 = Sahariah | first3 = Biju Prava | authorlink3 = Biju Sahariah | date = Dec 2019 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: identification of transcription factor (TFs) associated with gene expression for drug signature prediction | url =http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7|journal=Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics|language=en|volume=8|issue=1 | pages = 23|doi=10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7|issn=2192-6662|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7 (Abstract)]

==Research groups==

==Researchers==

==Clinicians==

==Notable patients==

==Deceased patients==

==Learn more==

==See also==
*[[Ayurvedic medicine]]
*[[Alternative medicine]]
*[[Bhupesh Prusty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Asia]]
[[Category:India]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

India

2026-11-13T23:59:07Z

BeardedBaldy:Corrected name spelling.

{{Language links
|page_sv=Indien
}}
[[File:India_flag.svg.png|320px|right|thumb|'''India''']]

'''India''' is a country in South Asia.

==Medical guidelines==

==National health department==

==Government health insurance==

==Private health insurance==

==Access to care==

==Social security and disability benefits==

==Patient charities==

==Research==
* 2019, Chronic fatigue syndrome: identification of transcription factor (TFs) associated with gene expression for drug signature prediction<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Choudhari | first = Jyoti Kant | authorlink = Jyoti Choudhari | last2 = Verma | first2 = Mukesh Kumar | authorlink2 = Mukesh Verma | last3 = Sahariah | first3 = Biju Prava | authorlink3 = Biju Sahariah | date = Dec 2019 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: identification of transcription factor (TFs) associated with gene expression for drug signature prediction | url =http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7|journal=Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics|language=en|volume=8|issue=1 | pages = 23|doi=10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7|issn=2192-6662|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7 (Abstract)]

==Research groups==

==Researchers==

==Clinicians==

==Notable patients==

==Deceased patients==

==Learn more==

==See also==
*[[Ayurvedic medicine]]
*[[Alternative medicine]]
*[[Bhupesh Prusty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Asia]]
[[Category:India]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

India

2026-11-13T23:54:34Z

BeardedBaldy:

{{Language links
|page_sv=Indien
}}
[[File:India_flag.svg.png|320px|right|thumb|'''India''']]

'''India''' is a country in South Asia.

==Medical guidelines==

==National health department==

==Government health insurance==

==Private health insurance==

==Access to care==

==Social security and disability benefits==

==Patient charities==

==Research==
* 2019, Chronic fatigue syndrome: identification of transcription factor (TFs) associated with gene expression for drug signature prediction<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Choudhari | first = Jyoti Kant | authorlink = Jyoti Choudhari | last2 = Verma | first2 = Mukesh Kumar | authorlink2 = Mukesh Verma | last3 = Sahariah | first3 = Biju Prava | authorlink3 = Biju Sahariah | date = Dec 2019 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: identification of transcription factor (TFs) associated with gene expression for drug signature prediction | url =http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7|journal=Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics|language=en|volume=8|issue=1 | pages = 23|doi=10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7|issn=2192-6662|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7 (Abstract)]

==Research groups==

==Researchers==

==Clinicians==

==Notable patients==

==Deceased patients==

==Learn more==

==See also==
*[[Ayurvedic medicine]]
*[[Alternative medicine]]
*[[Bupesh Prusty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Asia]]
[[Category:India]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

India

2026-11-13T23:54:07Z

BeardedBaldy:Localization.

[[File:India_flag.svg.png|320px|right|thumb|'''India''']]

'''India''' is a country in South Asia.

==Medical guidelines==

==National health department==

==Government health insurance==

==Private health insurance==

==Access to care==

==Social security and disability benefits==

==Patient charities==

==Research==
* 2019, Chronic fatigue syndrome: identification of transcription factor (TFs) associated with gene expression for drug signature prediction<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Choudhari | first = Jyoti Kant | authorlink = Jyoti Choudhari | last2 = Verma | first2 = Mukesh Kumar | authorlink2 = Mukesh Verma | last3 = Sahariah | first3 = Biju Prava | authorlink3 = Biju Sahariah | date = Dec 2019 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: identification of transcription factor (TFs) associated with gene expression for drug signature prediction | url =http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7|journal=Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics|language=en|volume=8|issue=1 | pages = 23|doi=10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7|issn=2192-6662|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13721-019-0203-7 (Abstract)]

==Research groups==

==Researchers==

==Clinicians==

==Notable patients==

==Deceased patients==

==Learn more==

==See also==
*[[Ayurvedic medicine]]
*[[Alternative medicine]]
*[[Bupesh Prusty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Asia]]
[[Category:India]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

India

2026-11-13T23:53:28Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks in ref.

Svenska:Myalgisk encefalomyelit

2026-11-13T23:34:47Z

BeardedBaldy:Relocate lang links.

[[File:Linda Crowhurst.JPG|thumb|[[Linda Crowhurst]] är gift med [[Greg Crowhurst]]; de bor i Belfast, [[Northern Ireland|Nordirland]]. Greg är Lindas heltidsvårdgivare eftersom hon är [[Severe and very severe ME|väldigt svårt sjuk i ME]]. Per Juni 2018 har Linda varit sjuk i 25 år. Bildkälla: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1z5O_cgQ7I Wasteland (video)] som visuellt dokumenterar Lindas väldigt svåra ME. Greg la up en [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVsOeZjhMFY YouTube video 2006 (lades upp igen 2007)] där Linda pratar om sin sjukdom och visar sina [[sv:Nervsystem|neurologiska]] symptom som är den första kända offentliga visuella dokumentationen av väldigt svår ME. Hon är nu sängbunden, kan knappt röra sig och kan inte mata sig själv.]]

[[File:Jenny Spotlia.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Jennie Spotila]] är en amerikansk ME patient som insjuknade den 6e Oktober 1994. Jennie är [[Severe and very severe ME|handikappad, mestadels hembunden, och använder en rullstol]] men har varit en [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]] förespråkare i många år. Hon skriver bloggen [[Occupy M.E.]] Hon tjänade satt i styrelsen för [[Solve ME/CFS Initiative|CFIDS Association of America]] (Amerikas CFIDS Förbund) och vittnade inför [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Advisory Committee|CFSAC]]]]

'''Myalgisk encefalomyelit''' (ME) är en kronisk, [[sv:Inflammation|inflammatorisk]], fysisk och [[sv:Nervsystem|neurologisk]] och immun-förmedlad sjukdom med symptom som involverar många kroppssystem. Den blir ofta utlöst av en [[sv:Virusinfektion|virusinfektion]] eller en [[sv:Influensaliknande sjukdom|influensaliknande sjukdom]].<ref name="ICC2011primer" /><ref name="CDC-causes" /> ME för med sig symptom i [[sv:Centrala nervsystemet|centrala nervsystemet]] (CNS), [[sv:Autonoma nervsystemet|autonoma nervsystemet]] (ANS), [[immune system|immunsystemet]], [[sv:Kardiovaskulära systemet|kardiovaskulära systemet]], [[endocrine system|endokrina systemet]], [[digestive system|matsmältningssystemet]], och [[musculoskeletal system|muskuloskeletala systemet]].<ref name="ICC2011primer" /><ref name="CDC-symptoms" />

Myalgisk encefalomyelit klassades först som en [[sv:nervsystem|neurologisk]] sjukdom av [[World Health Organization|Världshälsoorganisationen]] (WHO) 1969 med publiceringen av [[World Health Organization#icd8|Världshälsoorganisationens ICD-8]] manual.<ref name="ICD-8">{{Cite book |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70934/ICD_10_1969_eng_v2a.pdf | title=Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death Based on the Recommendations of the Eighth Revision Conference | last = World Health Organization | first = | authorlink = World Health Organization|publisher=WHO| year = 1969|isbn=|editor-link=|edition=8th|volume=2|location=Geneva | page = 173|chapter=|quote=Encephalomyelitis (chronic),<br>(myalgic, benign) 323}}</ref>

ME har förekommit i både [[Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis|epidemiska]] och [[List of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome outbreaks|sporadisk]] former.

Det kännetecknande symptomet för myalgisk encefalomyelit är enligt [[Centers for Disease Control|CDC]] [[post-exertional malaise|ansträngningsutlöst försämring]] (PEM), vilket är försämringen av ME/CFS-symptom efter minimal fysisk, mental, eller emotionell [[exertion|ansträngning]].<ref name="CDC-doctors">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/index.html | title = Information for Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = Dec 27, 2021 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref><ref name="Friedman2021">{{Cite journal | title = Our Evolving Understanding of ME/CFS | date = Mar 2021|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/57/3/200/htm|journal=Medicina|volume=57|issue=3|pages=200 | last = Friedman | first = Kenneth J. | authorlink = Kenneth Friedman | last2 = Murovska | first2 = Modra | authorlink2 = Modra Murovska | last3 = Pheby | first3 = Derek F.H. | authorlink3 = Derek Pheby | last4 = Zalewski | first4 = Paweł | authorlink4 = Paweł Zalewski|language=en|doi=10.3390/medicina57030200|pmc=|pmid=33652622|access-date=|issn=1648-9144|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /><ref name="Speight2013">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sjmms.net/article.asp?issn=1658-631X;year=2013;volume=1;issue=1;spage=11;epage=13;aulast=Speight | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: Review of history, clinical features, and controversies | last = Speight | first = Nigel | authorlink=Nigel Speight | date = 2013|pages=11-13|doi=10.4103/1658-631x.112905|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=|volume=1|issue=1|journal=Saudi J Med Med Sci}}</ref><ref name="CDC-symptoms" /> Andra viktiga symptom inkluderar [[muscle fatigability|muskeltrötthet]], [[sleep dysfunction|sömnstörning]], plus antingen [[orthostatic intolerance|ortostatisk intolerans]] eller [[cognitive dysfunction|kognitiv dysfunktion]]. Ortostatisk intolerans är dysfuntion i [[sv:autonoma nervsystemet|autonoma nervsystemet]] som orsakar en försämring av symptom när man står eller sitter upprätt, och kan inkludera att känna sig [[syncope|svimfärdig]], [[dizziness|svindel]], svaghetskänsla, [[blurred vision|suddig syn]], [[postural orthostatic tachycardia|postural ortostatisk takykardi]] (POTS), sänkt[[heart rate variability|hjärtfrekvensvariabilitet]] på natten, och intolerans mot både [[body temperature|kyla och värme]].

Andra vanliga ME/CFS-symptom inkluderar [[myalgia|muskelsmärta]], [[neuralgia|nervsmärta]], stelhet i nacke och ryggrad, och sensoriska symptom inkluderande [[sensitivity to light|känslighet mot ljus]], [[hyperacusis|ljud]], [[touch|beröring]], [[paresthesia|stickning eller domning i huden]] och [[hyperaesthesia|hyperestesi]] (hudkänslighet och smärta, och [[allodynia|allodyni]]). Det finns en progressiv form av ME, men den är ovanligare än den remitterande typen.<ref name="Howes2015">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.meassociation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/fulltext_pmr-v2-id10521.pdf | title=Progressive Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) or A New Disease? A Case Report | last = Howes | first = S | authorlink = Sandra Howes | last2 = Goudsmit | first2 = EM | authorlink2 = Ellen Goudsmit | date = Jul 7, 2015 |journal=Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - International|volume=2|issue=6|pages=1052|doi=}}</ref>

Bland vuxna är ME [[female predominant diseases|vanligare bland kvinnor]] än män.<ref name="CDC-causes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/about/possible-causes.html | title = Possible Causes {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2019-01-18 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> [[Onset of ME/CFS|Ny debut av ME]] har [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|observerats i barn]]<ref name="CDC-children">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/me-cfs-children/index.html | title = ME/CFS in Children {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2019-01-18 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> och i vuxna vanligen mellan 40-60 års ålder.<ref name="what-is">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/about/index.html | title = What is ME/CFS? {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2019-01-18 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> [[Inger Johanne Bakken|Bakken]] et. al noterar två ålderstoppar för [[sv:CFS/ME|CFS/ME]]; åldersgrupp 10 till 19 år och en andra topp i åldersgruppern 30 till 39 år.<ref name="Bakken2014">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bakken | first1 = Inger Johanne | authorlink1 = Inger Johanne Bakken | last2 = Tveito | first2 = Kari | authorlink2 = Kari Tveito | last3 = Gunnes | first3 = Nina | authorlink3 = Nina Gunnes | last4 = Ghaderi | first4 = Sara | authorlink4 = Sara Ghaderi | last5 = Stoltenberg | first5 = Camilla | authorlink5 = Camilla Stoltenberg | last6 = Trogstad | first6 = Lill | authorlink6 = Lill Trogstad | last7 = Håberg | first7 = Siri Eldevik | authorlink7 = Siri Håberg | last8 = Magnus | first8 = Per | authorlink8 = Per Magnus | date = 2014-10-01 | title = Two age peaks in the incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a population-based registry study from Norway 2008-2012|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0167-5|journal=BMC Medicine|volume=12|issue=1|pages=167|doi=10.1186/s12916-014-0167-5|issn=1741-7015|pmc=4189623|pmid=25274261}}</ref>

Det finns inga godkända farmakologiska behandlingar för ME någonstans i världen, bortsett ifrån [[Argentina]], som har godkänt immunmodulatorn [[Ampligen]] (rintatolimod) för [[Severe and very severe ME|svår ME/CFS]] från 23e Augusti, 2016.<ref name="Hemispherx">{{Cite news | title = Hemispherx Biopharma Announces Major Breakthrough: Approval for Commercial Sale of Rintatolimod (U.S. Tradename: Ampligen®) to Treat Severe Cases of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) in the Argentine Republic|url=http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/08/23/866212/0/en/Hemispherx-Biopharma-Announces-Major-Breakthrough-Approval-for-Commercial-Sale-of-Rintatolimod-U-S-Tradename-Ampligen-to-Treat-Severe-Cases-of-Myalgic-Encephalomyelitis-Chronic-Fat.html|work=GlobeNewswire News Room|access-date=2018-08-12|language=en-US | first = | last = Hemispherx Biopharma, Inc | date = Aug 23, 2016|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref>

==Historia==
Myalgisk encefalomyelit klassificerades först som en [[sv:Nervsystem|neurologisk]] sjukdom av [[World Health Organization|Världshälsoorganisationen]] 1969, med publiceringen av [[World_Health_Organization#icd8|ICD-8]] manualen.<ref name="ICD-8" />

[[File:Hillary Johnson.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Hillary Johnson]] är en [[United States|amerikansk]] journalist och trots sin egen sjukdom, skrev hon boken [[Osler's Web]] (Oslers nät) som är den historiska redogörelsen för de tidiga åren av en "ny" sjukdom som hade ett utbrott i [[1984 Incline Village chronic fatigue syndrome outbreak|Inclinebyn]] som hon delade samma symptom med. Sjukdomen blev känd som [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] (CFS). Johnson spenderade nio år på att undersöka utbrottet och [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]'s vägran att erkänna en förödande sjukdom (menande att drabbade i Inclinebyn hade [[mass hysteria|"masshysteri"]]) som kan spridas genom tillfällig kontakt och hon medverkar i dokumentären [[Forgotten Plague]] (Glömd Epidemi).]]

Världshälsoorganisationens [[World Health Organization#icd8|ICD-8]] manual inkluderade inga alternativa namn för myalgisk encefalomyelit, men andra encefalomyelit-sjukdomar klassificerades under samma kod; namn på utmattnings-relaterade sjukdomar lades inte till i några senare revideringar.<ref name="ICD-8" /><ref name="icd10-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/G93 | title = G93 Other diseases of the nervous system - ICD-10 Version:2016 | last = World Health Organization | first = | authorlink = World Health Organization | date = 2016 | website = World Health Organization|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> Det alternativa namnet [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] (CFS) användes inte vid den här tiden; det föreslogs 1987 av [[Centers for Disease Control]] (USA:s nationella folkhälsomyndighet), vilket antog [[Holmes criteria| nya diagnostiska kriterier]] följande år.<ref name="IOM-full" />{{Rp|29}}

I ICD-9, som publicerades 1989, använder inlägget för myalgisk encefalomyelit koden 323.9:<ref name="ICD-9">{{Cite book |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/40492/9241540052_eng_v2_p1.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y| title = Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death : based on the recommendations of the ninth revision conference, 1975, and adopted by the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly, 1975 revision: alphabetic index | first = | last = World Health Organization & International Conference for the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases|publisher=World Health Organization | year = 1978|isbn=9241540044|editor-link=|edition=9th|volume=2|location=Geneva | page = 182|chapter=|quote=}}</ref>

{{Main article | page_name =History of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

ME har förekommit i både epidemisk och sporadisk form sedan åtminstone 1930-talet, men har sannolikt förekommit mycket längre innan den formellt namngavs. Det första dokumenterade utbrottet av [[epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis|epidemist myalgisk encefalomyelit]] var [[1934 Los Angeles atypical polio outbreak|1934 i Los Angeles]] och troddes vara ett utbrott av atypisk [[polio]]. Efter utbrottet i [[Akureyri]] på Island 1946, fick sjukdomen namnet [[1948-49 Akureyri outbreak|''Akureyri Disease'']] (Akureyrisjukan) eller ''Icelandic disease'' (Isländska sjukan) genom en stor del av 1940- och 50-talen. Den benämndes som ME efter Londons [[Royal Free Hospital outbreak|utbrott i Royal Free Hospital]] 1955. Andra namn inkluderar godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit och [[Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis|epidemisk neuromyasteni]].

Efter utbrottet i [[1984 Incline Village chronic fatigue syndrome outbreak|Inclinebyn]] i Nevada 1984, benämndes och omdefinierades sjukdomen som [[sv:kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] (CFS). Det senaste utbrottet av myalgisk encefalomyelit orsakades av [[2019-2022 Coronavirus pandemic outbreak|Coronaviruspandemin 2019-2022]].

==Sjukdomens namn==
{{Main article |page_name = Names of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}
[[File:Myalgic Encephalomyelitis awareness.png|thumb|right|alt=Poster of breakdown of parts of the name myalgic encephalomyelitis]]
* '''Myalgi''' - från eller relaterad till [[myalgia|myalgi]] (muskelsmärta).<ref name="Terminology" />

* '''Encefalit''': Syftar till inflammation i [[brain|hjärnan]].<ref name="Terminology" />

* '''-Myelit''': inflammation i [[spinal cord|ryggmärgen]].<ref name="Terminology" />

Namnet '''myalgisk encefalomyelit''' användes först 1956 i en artikel i tidsskriften ''Lancet'' för att beskriva upptäckterna från [[1955 Royal Free Hospital outbreak|utbrottet 1955 på Royal Free Hospital]] i London, Storbritannien.<ref name="MyalgicEncephalomyelitis-first-coines">{{Cite journal | journal = Lancet|volume=1|issue= | pages = 789–790 | date = 1956 | title = A new clinical entity?|url=https://mecfsj.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/lancet_e383a9e383b3e382bbe38383e383881956_me.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Terminology" /><ref name="Ramsay1965">{{Cite journal | last = Ramsay | first = A. Melvin | authorlink = Melvin Ramsay | date = 1965-10-30 | title = Hysteria and “Royal Free Disease.”|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1847119/|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=5469|pages=1062|doi=|issn=0007-1447|pmc=1847119|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
Benämningen myalgisk encefalomyelit är ett teleskopord av flera nyckeltecken och symptom på sjukdomen: myalgi (muskelsmärta), encefalit(inflammation i hjärnan), myelit (inflammation i ryggmärgen).<ref name="Terminology">{{Cite web|url=https://www.investinme.org/Article%20010-Encephalopathy%20Hooper.shtml | title = The Terminology of ME & CFS | first = Malcolm | last = Hooper | authorlink = Malcolm Hooper}}</ref><ref name="Smith1989">{{Cite book | title = Understanding M.E.: The Phenomenon of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Acute Onset Post Viral Fatigue Syndrome | page = 20 | last = Smith | first = David G | authorlink = David Smith | date = 1989}}</ref> Det [[sv:Centrala nervsystemet|centrala nervsystemet]] (hjärna och ryggmärg) är inflammerade.<ref name="Terminology"/>

===Godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit===
''Godartad'' myalgisk encefalomyelit var termen som användes av [[World Health Organization|Världshälsoorganisationen]] från 1969,<ref name="ICD-8" /> där prefixet "godartad" användes för att denotera att M.E. inte var dödlig. Prefixet godartad släpptes senare eftersom M.E. kan [[causes of death|vara dödlig]], t.ex. [[Merryn Crofts]] och [[Sophia Mirza]]s dödsfall.<ref name="Terminology" /><ref name="Vindication" /><ref name="ICD-11">{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/569175314 | title = 8E49 Postviral fatigue syndrome {{!}} ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics | last = World Health Organization | first = | authorlink = World Health Organization | date = |website=World Health Organization|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2022-03-19|quote='''8E49 Postviral fatigue syndrome'''<br />Other disorders of the nervous system<br />Inclusions<br/>chronic fatigue syndrome<br/>myalgic encephalomyelitis<br />Exclusions<br/>Fatigue (MG22)}}</ref>

[[Merryn Crofts]] hade [[Severe and very severe ME#verysevere|väldigt svår ME]], var sängbunden och oförmögen att äta. Merryn vägde mindre än 38 kg när hon dog, och var bara 21 år gammal. Merryns dödsattest var det andra i [[United Kingdom|Storbritannien]] som tillskrev ett dödsfall till ME.<ref name="Vindication">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-44969741 | title = 'Vindication' for woman who wanted ME on death certificate | first = Jim | last = Taylor| authorlink = Jim Taylor | publisher=BBC Radio 5 Live | date = Jul 27, 2018}}</ref>

===Sjukdom med tusen namn===

Myalgisk Encefalomyelit har kallats ''"sjukdomen med tusen namn"''.<ref name="Bell1991">{{Cite book | last = Bell | first = David S. | authorlink = David Bell | title = Chronic Fatigue/Immune Dysfunction Syndrome. CFIDS: The disease of a thousand names|location = Lyndonville, NY|publisher=Pollard Publications | date = 1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Chronic_Fatigue_immune_Dysfunction_Syndr.html?id=QYvkugAACAAJ|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/cfidsdiseaseofth00bell|archive-date=2010-02-16}}</ref> Andra namn som använts eller föreslagits i genom myalgisk encefalomyelits historia inkluderar [[atypical polio|atypisk polio]], [[Icelandic disease|Isländska sjukan]], godartad ME, [[epidemic neuromyasthenia|epidemisk neuromyastenia]], [[sv:kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]], [[Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|Kronisk trötthets- och immundysfunktionssjukdom]], och [[systemic exertion intolerance disease|systemisk ansträngningsintoleranssjukdom]] (SEID).<ref name="Bell1991" /><ref name="IOM-full" /> Det har lett till mycket förvirring eftersom en mängd olika namn har använts vid olika tillfällen för att beskriva distinkta utbrott, liksom en större och potentiellt mer heterogen population av sporadiska fall, definierade av en stor mängd [[Definitions of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|diagnostiska kriterier]]. Vissa namn har betonat specifika symptom eller patologi, inkluseive kroniskt trötthetssyndrom och myalgisk encefalomyelit.<ref name="Terminology" />

En undersökning av [[The MEAction Network]] 2016 fann att majoriteten av patienter föredrar namnet ME över andra namn, inklusive kroniskt trötthetssyndrom.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.meaction.net/2016/08/07/meaction-rfi-poll-report-1-of-3/ | title = #MEAction RFI Poll Report (Part 1 of 3) - #MEAction | date = 2016-08-07|work=#MEAction|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

Myalgisk encefalomyelit (ME) var originalnamnet på [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] (CFS); namnen används ibland utbytbart eller med akronymen [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]].<ref name="Smith1989" />

==Början==
{{Main article |page_name =Onset of ME/CFS}}

Enligt Dr [[Byron Hyde]], efter en inkubationstid av 4 till 7 dagar, medför generellt prodromalfasen en [[sv:Influensaliknande sjukdom|influensaliknande sjukdom]] med [[sv:låggradig feber|låggradig feber]].<ref name="Evans2018" /> I de flesta, men inte alla, fall är en [[infection|infektion]] eller infektionsprocess uppenbar.<ref name="Evans2018">{{Cite journal | last = Evans | first = Meredyth | authorlink = Meredyth Evans | last2 = Jason | first2 =Leonard | authorlink2 = Leonard Jason | date = 2018 | title = Onset patterns of chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/Onset%20patterns%20of%20chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome%20and%20myalgic%20encephalomyelitis.pdf | journal=Research on Chronic diseases|volume=2|issue=1|pages=2-3|quote=|via=}}</ref> Två till sju dagar senare, påbörjas en kronisk fas, kännetecknad av en mätbar oklar förändring i funktionen av det centrala nervsystemet. Det är denna andra, ihållande fas som mest kännetecknar ME.<ref name="Nightingale">{{Citation | title = The Nightingale Research Foundation Definition of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (M.E.)|pages=|language=en|title-link=Nightingale Research Foundation definition | date = 2016 | publisher=IACFS/ME | last = Hyde | first = Byron | authorlink = Byron Hyde|others=|oclc=|quote=|location=}}</ref><ref name="Evans2018" />

==Tecken och symptom==
Myalgisk encefalomyelit är en [[neurological disorder|neurologisk sjukdom]] som påverkar flera kroppssystem, vilket orsakar en omfattande kombination av symptom.<ref name="ICC" /> Symptoms can range from mild to very severe and can include:

<div style="column-count:2;">
* [[ataxia|ataxi (koordinationssvårigheter)]]
* [[cognitive dysfunction|kognitiv dysfunktion]]
* [[Chronic fatigue|utmattning]]
* [[gastrointestinal|gastrointestinala]] symptom
* [[headache|huvudvärk]]
*[[sv:låggradig feber|låggradig feber]], [[Temperature dysregulation|temperatur instabilitet]]
*[[muscle|muskel]] [[Muscle weakness|svag]]- och [[Muscle fatigability|trötthet]]
*[[myalgia|myalgi (muskelsmärta)]]
*stelhet i nacke och [[spinal cord|ryggmärg]]
*[[neuralgia|neuralgi (nervsmärta)]]
*[[Orthostatic intolerance|ortostatisk intolerans]]
*[[post-exertional malaise|ansträngningsutlöst försämring]]
*känslighet för [[Temperature sensitivity|värme eller kyla]]
*känslighet för [[Light sensitivity|ljus]], [[Hyperacusis|ljud]] och/eller [[Allodynia|beröring]]
*[[sleep dysfunction|sömnstörning]]<ref name="ICC">{{Cite journal | last = Carruthers | first = Bruce M. | authorlink = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = Marjorie I. | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = Nancy G. | author-link4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = Gordon | author-link5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = Terry | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = Donald | author-link7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = A.C. Peter | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = Nigel | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = Rosamund | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = Lucinda | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Baumgarten-Austrheim | first12 = Barbara | authorlink12 = Barbara Baumgarten-Austrheim | last13 = Bell | first13 = David | author-link13 = David Bell | last14 = Carlo-Stella | first14 = Nicoletta | author-link14 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last15 = Chia | first15 = John | author-link15 = John Chia | last16 = Darragh | first16 = Austin | author-link16 = Austin Darragh | last17 = Jo | first17 = Daehyun | author-link17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = Donald | author-link18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = Alan | author-link19 = Alan Light | last20 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first20 = Sonya | author-link20 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last21 = Mena | first21 = Ismael | author-link21 = Ismael Mena | last22 = Mikovits | first22 = Judy | author-link22 = Judy Mikovits | last23 = Miwa | first23 = Kunihisa | author-link23 = Kunihisa Miwa | last24 = Murovska | first24 = Modra | author-link24 = Modra Murovska | last25 = Pall | first25 = Martin | author-link25 = Martin Pall | last26 = Stevens | first26 = Staci | author-link26 = Staci Stevens | date = 2011-08-22 | title=Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=270|issue=4|pages=327–338|doi=10.1111/j.1365q-2796.2011.02428.x|issn=0954-6820|pmc=3427890|pmid=21777306|via=}}</ref>
</div>
[[File:ME CFS.png|alt=Myalgic encephalomyelitis is an acquired neurological disease with complex global dysfunctions. Pathological dysregulation of the nervous, immune and endocrine systems, with impaired cellular energy metabolism and ion transport are prominent features. - International Consensus Criteria|thumb|upright=1.6|left]]

Symptomuppvisning och allvarlighetsgrad kan variera avsevärt från dag till dag eller till och med från timme till timme.<ref name="CDC-symptoms" /><ref name="Primer2014">{{Citation | date = 2014 |url=https://www.massmecfs.org/images/pdf/Primer_2014.pdf | title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Primer for Clinical Practitioners | last1 = ((International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis)) | author-link = International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | last2 = Friedberg | first2 = Fred | authorlink2 = Fred Friedberg | last3 = Bateman | first3 = Lucinda | authorlink3 = Lucinda Bateman | last4 = Bested | first4 = Alison C | authorlink4 = Alison Bested | last5 = Davenport | first5 = Todd | authorlink5 = Todd Davenport | last6 = Friedman | first6 = Kenneth J | authorlink6 = Kenneth Friedman | last7 = Gurwitt | first7 = Alan R | authorlink7 = Alan Gurwitt | last8 = Jason | first8 = Leonard A | authorlink8 = Leonard Jason | last9 = Lapp | first9 = Charles W | authorlink9 = Charles Lapp | last10 = Stevens | first10 = Staci R | authorlink10 = Staci Stevens | last11 = Underhill | first11 = Rosemary A | authorlink11 = Rosemary Underhill | last12 = Vallings | first12 = Rosamund | authorlink12 = Rosamund Vallings|location=Chicago, USA|publisher= International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis |quote=The illness can vary from mild to severe, with symptoms that may fluctuate significantly from hour to hour and day to day.}}</ref> Överansträngning kan förvärra alla symptom, och [[post-exertional malaise|ansträngningsutlöst försämring]] kan ofta [[Delayed onset of post-exertional symptoms|fördröjas med 24 timmar eller mer]].<ref name="CDC-symptoms" /> USA:s [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) påpekar att känslighet för ljud, ljus och [[multiple chemical sensitivity|kemikalier]] kan tvinga patienter att dra sig tillbaka från samhället.<ref name="P2P2016">{{Cite web|url=https://prevention.nih.gov/programs-events/pathways-to-prevention/workshops/me-cfs | title = ME/CFS - Pathways to Prevention - Advancing the Research on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | last = | first = | date = Dec 8, 2016 | website = [[National Institutes of Health]]|access-date=2022-03-28|quote=Effects of the illness can range from moderate to debilitating, and can substantially impact everyday functioning. Routine daily activities such as cooking meals, brushing teeth, and caring for children become difficult. Additionally, sensitivity to environmental factors (e.g., noise, light, chemicals) may force many individuals with ME/CFS into seclusion or withdrawal from society.|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|language=en}}</ref>

==Ansträngningsutlöst försämring==
{{Main article | page_name =Post-exertional malaise}}

[[post-exertional malaise|ansträngningsutlöst försämring]], som är ett kärnsymptom< är intoleransen mot tidigare triviala mentala eller fysiska ansträngningar som att närvara vid ett barns skolevengemang, gå ärenden eller handla mat, ta en dusch eller borstatänderna; detta orsakar en försämring av symptomen, och en försämring av hälsan från ihållande eller upprepad ansträngning.<ref name="ICC2011primer" /><ref name="CDC-symptoms" />

[[File:J Brea TED.JPG|200px|thumb|right|[[Jen Brea|Jennifer Brea]] är en amerikan som studerade på Harvard; på en resa till [[Kenya]] insjuknade hon i vad som så småningom diagnostiserades som [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]]. Brea började uppleva [[sv:Nervsystem|neurologiska]] problem. Hennes neurolog diagnostiserade henne med "somaotoforma störningar" ([[hysteria|hysteri]]). Hon kollapsade på väg hem från hans kontor. [[Severe and very severe ME|Jen var tvungen att använda en rllstol]] för att hålla uppe benen på grund av [[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|POTS]] eftersom hennes blood samlas i benen. Se hennes TED Talk ''[https://www.ted.com/talks/jen_brea_what_happens_when_you_have_a_disease_doctors_can_t_diagnose What happens when you have a disease doctors can't diagnose]'']]

Vissa studier visar att patienter som har varit sjuka länge är sannolikare att ha [[Severe and very severe ME|svår ME/CFS]]. ME/CFS blir ofta allvarligare när patienter försöker [[pushing through symptoms|tränga sig igenom]] sina symptom och fortsätter att upprepade gånger överstiga sina personliga ''fysiska'' eller ''kognitiva'' [[energy limit|begränsningar]], t.ex. genom att försöka fortsätta arbeta, vilket vanligtvis innebär [[anaerobic|anaerob]] aktivitet.<ref name="Vink2015LA"/><ref name="Vink2019">{{Cite journal | last = Vink | first = Mark | author-link = Mark Vink | last2 = Vink-Niese | first2 = Alexandra| authorlink2 = Alexandra Vink-Niese | date = 2019-09-20 | title = Work Rehabilitation and Medical Retirement for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients. A Review and Appraisal of Diagnostic Strategies|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/9/4/124|journal=Diagnostics|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=124|doi=10.3390/diagnostics9040124|issn=2075-4418 |access-date=|quote=People with ME/CFS often feel under pressure to continue working when they first become ill or when their symptoms worsen. Unfortunately, trying to push through this illness is counterproductive, potentially causing longer sickness absences and slower recovery.}}</ref>

==Kliniska Upptäckter==
{{Main article|1=List of abnormal findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis|label1=List of abnormal findings}}

[[File:Alem Matthee.png|200px|thumb|right|[[Alem Matthees]] är en [[Australia|Australisk]] ME patient som lämnade in en FOI (Freedom Of Information, Informationsfrihet) begäran från [[PACE trial|PACE prövningen]]. [[Severe and very severe ME|Till stor personlig kostnad för sin hälsa]] överklagade han avslaget av datan och vann. Datan bevisade att resultaten som publicerats i [[The Lancet|''The Lancet'']] var osanna. Alems hälsa led betydligt delvis på grund av ansträngningarna som krävdes för FOI begäran och domstolen]]

Även om det inte finns någon definitiv [[biomarker|biomarkör]] har flera tecken och symptom ofta observerats i klinisk miljö:<div style="column-count:2;">

*hög [[:Category:Antibodies|antikroppstiters]] till specifika infektioner (inklusive [[Epstein-Barr virus|EBV]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Schmaling | first = K.B. | authorlink = Karen Schmaling | last2 = Jones | first2 = J.F. | authorlink2 = James Jones | date = Jan 1996 | title = MMPI profiles of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8730646|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=40|issue=1 | pages = 67–74|issn=0022-3999|pmid=8730646}}</ref> [[Human herpesvirus 6|HHV-6]],<ref name="Cuende1997">{{cite journal| last = Cuende | first = José | authorlink = José Cuende | last2 = Civeira | first2 = Maria |authorlink2 = Maria Civeria | last3 = Diez | first3 = Nieves | authorlink3 = Nieves Diez | last4 = Prieto | first4 = Jesus | authorlink4 = Jesus Prieto | title=[High prevalence without reactivation of herpes virus 6 in subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome]. | journal=An Med Interna | year= 1997 | volume= 14 | issue= 9 | pages = 441-4 | pmid=9453750 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9453750}}</ref><ref name="Komaroff2006">{{cite journal | last=Komaroff | first = AL | authorlink = Anthony Komaroff | title=Is human herpesvirus-6 a trigger for chronic fatigue syndrome? | journal=J Clin Virol | year= 2006 | volume= 37 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages = S39-46 | pmid=17276367 | doi=10.1016/S1386-6532(06)70010-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17276367}}</ref> och [[Coxsackie B virus|Coxsackie B]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Landay | first = AL | authorlink = Alan Landay | date = September 1991 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: clinical condition associated with immune activation | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1679864|journal=Lancet|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Chia2005">{{Cite journal | last = Chia | first = John | authorlink = John Chia | date = November 2005 | title = The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1770761/|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> among others)

*[[Hormone|hormon]]imbalans<ref name="Ruiz-Núñez, 2018">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ruiz-Núñez | first1 = Begoña | authorlink1 = Begoña Ruiz-Núñez | last2 = Tarasse | first2 = Rabab | authorlink2 = Rabab Tarasse | last3 = Vogelaar | first3 = Emar F. | authorlink3 = Emar Vogelaar | last4 = Janneke Dijck-Brouwer | first4 = D.A. | authorlink4 = Janneke Dijck-Brouwer | last5 =Muskiet | first5 = Frits A. J. | authorlink5 = Frits Muskiet | title = Higher Prevalence of “Low T3 Syndrome” in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Case–Control Study | url = https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffendo.2018.00097 | journal = Frontiers in Endocrinology | volume = 9 | issue = | page = 97 | date = 2018 | pmid = 29615976 | doi = 10.3389/fendo.2018.00097}}</ref>

*[[Immune system|immunologiska abnormaliteter]]<ref name="ICC" /><ref name="Brenu2014">{{Cite journal | last = Brenu | first = Ekua Weba | author-link = Ekua Brenu | last2 = Huth | first2 = Teilah K. | author-link2 = Teilah Huth | last3 = Hardcastle | first3 = Sharni L. | author-link3 = Sharni Hardcastle | last4 = Fuller | first4 = Kirsty | authorlink4 = Kirsty Fuller | last5 = Kaur | first5 = Manprit | authorlink5 = Manprit Kaur | last6 = Johnston | first6 = Samantha | author-link6 = Samantha Johnston | last7 = Ramos | first7 = Sandra B. | author-link7 = Sandra Ramos | last8 = Staines | first8 = Don R. | author-link8 = Donald Staines | last9 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first9 = Sonya M. | author-link9 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | date = Apr 2014 | title = Role of adaptive and innate immune cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343819|journal=International Immunology|volume=26|issue=4|pages=233–242|doi=10.1093/intimm/dxt068|issn=1460-2377|pmid=24343819}}</ref><ref name="CDC-etiology"/>

*[[Natural Killer Cell (NKC) function|låg funktion av naturliga mördarceller]]<ref name="Brenu2014" />

*låg [[magnesium|magnesiumnivå]] i röda blodkroppar<ref name="Cox1991">{{Cite journal | title = Red blood cell magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1672392|journal=Lancet (London, England) | date = 1991-03-30|issn=0140-6736|pmid=1672392 | pages = 757–760|volume=337|issue=8744 | first = I.M. | last=Cox | first2 = M.J. | last2 = Campbell | authorlink2 = Michael Campbell | first3 = D. | last3 = Dowson}}</ref>

*[[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|Postural ortostatisk takykardi]] (POTS)<ref name="ICC2011primer" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ammes.org/overlapping-conditions/ | title = Overlapping Conditions – American ME and CFS Society|website=ammes.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-12}}</ref>

*[[Post-exertional malaise|fysisk och mental ansträngning, sensorisk stimulans orsakar återfall]] (PEM)<ref name="ICC2011primer" /><ref name="Arroll2014">{{Cite journal | last = Arroll | first = Megan A. | authorlink = Megan Arroll | last2 = Attree | first2 = Elizabeth A. | authorlink2 = Elizabeth Attree | last3 = O'Leary | first3 = John M. | authorlink3 = John O'Leary | last4 = Dancey | first4 = Christine P. | authorlink4 = Christine Dancey | date = 2014-04-03 | title = The delayed fatigue effect in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21641846.2014.892755|journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior |language=en|volume=2|issue=2 | pages = 57–63|doi=10.1080/21641846.2014.892755|issn=2164-1846}}</ref><ref name="CDC-symptoms">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/symptoms-diagnosis/symptoms.html | title = Symptoms {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2018-05-18 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref>
</div>

==Diagnos==
[[File:Tom Kindlon.png|300px|thumb|[[Tom Kindlon]] blev [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|sjuk vid 16 år ålder]] och tillfrisknade aldrig. Han är en förespråkare för ME/CFS med publicerade arbeten på Research Gate och PubMed. Kindlon bor i [[Ireland|Irland]] och är assisterande ordförande i [[Irish ME/CFS Association]] (Irländska ME/CFS Föreningen). Tom och andra analyserade PACE prövningen och bevisade att dess publicerade resultat var osanna. Han använder en [[Severe and very severe ME|rullstol och hans heltidsvårdare]] är hans mamma, Vera]]

{{Main article | page_name =Definitions of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

Det finns flera föreslagna kriterier för diagnos av ME, inklusive de [[International Consensus Criteria|Internationella konsensuskriterierna]] (ICC) och [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Kanadakriterierna]] (CCC). Originalkriterierna som utvecklades av [[Melvin Ramsay]], [[Ramsay definition|Ramsaydefinitionen]], används idag inte för diagnos av ME.

===Generellt accepterade kriterier för ME/CFS och ME-diagnos===

*[[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Kanadakriterierna]] (CCC)<ref name="Carruthers, 2003">{{Citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = Bruce M. | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | authorlink2 = Anil Kumar Jain | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | authorlink4 = Daniel Peterson | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | authorlink5 = Nancy Klimas | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | authorlink6 = Martin Lerner | last7 = Bested | first7 = Alison C. | authorlink7 = Alison Bested | last8 = Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | authorlink8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip | authorlink9 = Pradip Joshi | last10 = Powles | first10 = AC Peter | authorlink10 = A C Peter Powles | last11 = Sherkey | first11 = Jeffrey A. | authorlink11 = Jeffrey Sherkey | last12 = van de Sande | first12 = Marjorie I. | authorlink12 = Marjorie van de Sande | title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols | journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 7-115 | date = 2003 | pmid = | doi = 10.1300/J092v11n01_02 | url = http://phoenixrising.me/wp-content/uploads/Canadian-definition.pdf }}</ref> En diagnos av måttliga till svåra former av [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]] görs precist med dessa kriterier. Vuxna kan diagnostiseras vid 6 månader medan pediatriska fall diagnostiseras vid tre månader.

*[[International Consensus Criteria|Internationella Konsensuskriterierna]] (ICC)<ref name="ICC" /><ref name="ICC2011primer">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16 = sv:Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | authorlink19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20 = Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22 = John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24 = Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012
| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf }}</ref> Dessa kriterier diagnostiserar myalgisk encefalomyelit (ME) precist. Det finns inga krav på att individen ska ha symptom en speciferad tid för diagnos,till skillnad från CCC, [[Fukuda criteria|Fukuda]], och [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|SEID]], som alla kräver 6 månader för vuxna.

*[[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease]] (Systemisk Ansträngningsintoleranssjukdom, SEID)<ref name="IOM-full">{{Cite book | last = Institute of Medicine | first = | authorlink = Institute of Medicine | date = 2015 | title = Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness.|location = Washington, DC|publisher =The National Academies Press|doi=10.17226/19012 | url = http://iom.nationalacademies.org/Reports/2015/ME-CFS.aspx}}</ref> ME/CFS ([[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|SEID]]) diagnostiseras precist när [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease#Diagnostic Criteria|kärnsymptomen]] möts. [[Institute of Medicine report|Rapporten från Institute of Medicine]] som helhet är en redogörelse av den medicinska literaturen som fanns tillgänglig vid tiden för publicering (2015). Vuxna kan diagnostiseras vid 6 månader medan pediatriska fall diagnostiseras vid tre månader.

===Andra diagnoskriterier===

Flera, alltför breda kriterier har föreslagits och används. Dessa kriterier fångar sannolikt vissa patienter med sjukdomen som karakteriseras i den medicinska literaturen om [[Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis|epidemisk ME]], exkluderar andra, och inkluderar även ett brett spektrum av andra odiagnostiserade tillstånd inklusive cancer, depression, och ett antal [[autoimmune disease|autoimmuna sjukdomar]]. Storbritanniens [[Oxford criteria|Oxfordkriterier för kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] är den bredaste och sannolikt minst insiktsfulla definitionen och har slutat användas på grund av risken för att många olika utmattande sjukdomar ska [[misdiagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|feldiagnostiseras]] som [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]].<ref name="P2PPreview2015">{{Cite journal | last = Haney | first = Elizabeth | authorlink = Elizabeth Haney | last2 = Smith | first2 = M.E. Beth | authorlink2 = Beth Smith | last3 = McDonagh | first3 = Marian | authorlink3 = Marian McDonagh | last4 = Pappas | first4 = Miranda | authorlink4 = Miranda Pappas | last5 = Daeges | first5 = Monica | authorlink5 = Monica Daeges | last6 = Wasson | first6 = Ngoc | authorlink6 = Ngoc Wasson | last7 = Nelson | first7 = Heidi D. | authorlink7 = Heidi Nelson | date = Jun 16, 2015 | title = Diagnostic Methods for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Systematic Review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop | url = http://annals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.7326/M15-0443|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=162|issue=12 | pages = 834|doi=10.7326/m15-0443|issn=0003-4819|via=}}</ref> USA:s [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|folkhälsomyndighets]] (CDC) [[Fukuda criteria|Fukudakriterier]], som använts sedan 1994, är också alltför breda. Rapporten från Institute of Medicine utvecklade kriterierna för [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|Systemisk Ansträngningsintoleranssjukdom]] (SEID) och även om den kan diagnostisera ME-patienter [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease#Diagnostic criteria|med kärnsymptomen]],<ref name="IOM-flowchart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2015/MECFS/MECFS_DiagnosticAlgorithm | title = Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness - Diagnostic Algorithm | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2015 | website = nationalacademies.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="IOM-clinicians">{{Cite web|url=http://iom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2015/MECFS/MECFScliniciansguide.pdf | title=Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Redefining an Illness: Clinicians' Guide | last = | first = | date = 2015 | website = National Academies|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref> beskriver den inte alla symptom upplevs av de som lider av ME. Symptom som [[sv:Nervsystem|neurologiska]], [[Immune system|immun]]/[[Gastrointestinal|gastrointestinal]]/urogenital nedsättning, och försämring av [[Portal:Energy metabolism|energiomsättning]]/[[Ion transportation|jontransport]]; dessa [[International Consensus Criteria#Criteria|symptom är nödvändiga för en diagnos]] under [[International Consensus Criteria|ICC]].<ref name="ICC" /> [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|CCC]] kräver neurologiska, [[sv:Autonoma nervsystemet|autonoma]], neuroendokrina, immuna, och [[myalgia|myalgiska]] symptom för att möta [[Canadian Consensus Criteria#Definition|sina diagnostiska kriterier för ME/CFS]]<ref name="Carruthers, 2003" />

===Differentialdiagnos===

Tecknen och symptomen av myalgisk encefalomyelit kan likna andra sjukdomar, inklusive cancer, [[multiple sclerosis|multipel skleros]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]], [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)|Hashimotos sjukdom (hypotyreos]], [[diabetes]], [[brucellosis|brucellos]], [[anemia|anemi]] och andra.<ref name="CDC-differentialdiagnosis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/other-conditions.html | title = Other Conditions for Evaluation {{!}} Information for Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = Jul 12, 2018 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref><ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /> Medicinska standardtester behövs för att skilja mellan ME och dessa andra sjukdomar, och ytterligare testning kan också behövas.<ref name="IOM-clinicians" /><ref name="CDC-differentialdiagnosis"/><ref name="CDC-medicaltests">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/evaluation.html | title = Evaluation {{!}} Information for Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = Apr 28, 2021 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2022-04-01}}</ref>

==Förlopp och prognos==
{{Main article|page_name =Prognosis for myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

[[prognosis for myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|Prognosen för myalgisk encefaolymelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] (ME/CFS) anses vara dålig, med bara en liten minoritet (en medianuppskattning på 5%) som återgår till samma funktionsnivå som före sjukdomen.<ref name="Cairns2005">{{Cite journal | last = Cairns | first = R. | last2 = Hotopf | first2 = M. | date = Jan 2005 | title = A systematic review describing the prognosis of chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699087|journal=Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England)|volume=55|issue=1|pages=20–31|doi=10.1093/occmed/kqi013|issn=0962-7480|pmid=15699087}}</ref> Majoriteten av patienter förblir märkbart försvagade. En betydande förbättring noteras dock i uppskattningsvis 40% av patienterna<ref name="Joyce1997">{{Cite journal | last= Joyce | first = J. | authorlink = John Joyce | last2 = Hotopf | first2 = M. | last3 = Wessely | first3 = S. | date = Mar 1997 | title = The prognosis of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9093600|journal=QJM: monthly journal of the Association of Physicians|volume=90|issue=3|pages=223–233|issn=1460-2725|pmid=9093600|doi=|pmc=|quote= | authorlink2 = Matthew Hotopf|access-date= | authorlink3 = Simon Wessely|via=}}</ref> och prognosen för [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|ungdomar]] anses vara bättre än för vuxna.<ref name="CDC-prognosis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/presentation-clinical-course/prognosis.html | title = Prognosis {{!}} Presentation and Clinical Course {{!}} Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2018-07-10 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref name="Rowe2017>{{Cite journal | last = Rowe | first = Peter C. | authorlink = Peter Rowe | last2 = Underhill | first2 = Rosemary A. | authorlink2 = Rosemary Underhill | last3 = Friedman | first3 = Kenneth J. | authorlink3 = Kenneth Friedman | last4 = Gurwitt | first4 = Alan | authorlink4 = Alan Gurwitt | last5 = Medow | first5 = Marvin S. | authorlink5 = Marvin Medow | last6 = Schwartz | first6 = Malcolm S. | authorlink6 = Malcolm Schwartz | last7 = Speight | first7 = Nigel | authorlink7 = Nigel Speight | last8 = Stewart | first8 = Julian M. | authorlink8 = Julian Stewart | last9 = Vallings | first9 = Rosamund | authorlink9 = Rosamund Vallings | date = 2017 | title=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis and Management in Young People: A Primer |url =https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2017.00121/full|journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics|language=English|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fped.2017.00121|issn=2296-2360}}</ref>

==Patofysiologi==
[[File:Vanessa Li.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vanessa Li]] bodde i Hong Kong, Storbitannien och USA. Hon insjuknade i en [[sv:Influensaliknande|influensaliknande sjukdom]] när hon åkte skidor i [[Italy|Italien]] och tillfrisknade aldrig.Vanessa grundade en folkfinansiering för [[Microbe Discovery Project]]. Hon hade [[Severe and very severe ME|olidlig smärta, led av andningsproblem, och sporadisk förlamning]] i 15 år- Hon tog sitt eget liv 2015]]

{{Main article | page_name =List of abnormal findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis}}

ME är en multisystem-sjukdom. Ett flertal biologiska abnormaliteter har hittats i flera kroppssystem, men ingen gemensam, central orsak eller mekanism har klargjorts än.

===Centrala nervsystemet===
[[File:Sophia mirza.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sophia Mirza]] var en [[Severe and very severe ME|väldigt svårt sjuk]] ME-patient som bodde i Storbritannien. Sophia dog inte långt efter ett tvångsintrång i hennes mammas hem och att hon blivit tvångsinlagd på ett mentalsjukhus 2003. En oberoende neuropatolog upptäckte att Sophias [[spine|ryggrad]] var kraftigt inflammerad. Hennes dödsattest var det första i Storbritannien som tillskrev ett dödsfall till CFS.<ref name="Vink2015LA">{{Cite journal | last = Vink | first = Mark | authorlink = Mark Vink | date = 2015-09-10 | title = The Aerobic Energy Production and the Lactic Acid Excretion are both Impeded in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282133390_The_Aerobic_Energy_Production_and_the_Lactic_Acid_Excretion_are_both_Impeded_in_Myalgic_EncephalomyelitisChronic_Fatigue_Syndrome|journal=Journal of Neurology and Neurobiology (ISSN 2379-7150)|volume=1|doi=10.16966/2379-7150.112}}</ref>]]
{{Main article |page_name =sv:Centrala nervsystemet}}
===Autonoma nervsystemet===
{{Main article |page_name =sv:Autonoma nervsystemet}}
===Kardiovaskulär===
{{Main article |page_name =Cardiovascular system}}
===Mag-tarmsystemet===
{{Main article |page_name = Gastrointestinal system}}
===Immunsystemet===
{{Main article |page_name =Immune system}}
=== Muskuloskeletala systemet ===
{{Main article |page_name =Muscle}}
=== Perifera nervsystemet ===
{{Main article |page_name =Peripheral nervous system}}

==Könsskillnader==
[[File:Florence Nightingale.png|200px|thumb|right|[[Florence Nightingale]] var en brittisk pionjär inom modern vård. Nightingale var stationerad i Krim när hon utvecklade "Krim feber" (en bakteriell infektion numera känd som [[brucellosis|brucellos]]) och återhämtade sig aldrig. Hon förblev [[Severe and very severe ME|mestadels sängunden]] resten av sitt liv. Även om ME och CFS inte var definierade under hennes livstid tror många nutida läkare och historiker att hon utvecklade ME/CFS som ett resultat av kronisk brucellosinfektion]]

{{Main article |page_name = Sex differences in myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

En norsk [[sv:CFS/ME|CFS/ME]]-studie visar att sjukdomen drabbar alla åldrar, med två toppar i åldrarna 10-19 år och 30-39 år; den är vanligare bland kvinnor än män.<ref name="Bakken2014" /> Forskning av [[Open Medicine Foundation]] citerade i sitt forskningsarbete, [[Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome|''Metabolic fetures of chronic fatigue syndrome'']] (Metaboliska drag i kroniskt trötthetssyndrom) som studerade svår [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|CFS]], fann att sjukdomen är olika i män och kvinnor, men det är inte relaterat till testosteron eller östrogen. [[Michael VanElzakker]] noterar att det finns [[Michael VanElzakker#Male and female differences i neuropathic pain|könsskillnader i neuropatisk smärta]]. En studie av Brittiska och Nederländska grupper fann att "yngre barn hade mer jämlik könsbalansering jämfört med ungdomar och vuxna."<ref name="Collin2015">{{Cite journal | last = Collin | first = Simon M. | authorlink = Simon Collin | last2 = Nuevo | first2 = Roberto | authorlink2 = Roberto Nuevo | last3 = van de Putte | first3 = Elise M. | authorlink3 = Elise van de Putte | last4 = Nijhof | first4 = Sanne L. | authorlink4 = Sanne Nijhof | last5 = Crawley | first5 = Esther | authorlink5 = Esther Crawley | date = 2015-10-28 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is different in children compared to in adults: a study of UK and Dutch clinical cohorts|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26510728|journal=BMJ open|volume=5|issue=10| pages = e008830|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008830|issn=2044-6055|pmid=26510728|via=}}</ref>

==Riskfaktorer och potentiella orsaker==
{{Main article | page_name =Epidemiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

===Genetiska risker===

Myalgisk encefalomyelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom har rapporterats gå i familjer. Även om ME och CFS inte anses vara ärftliga sjukdomar finns bevis för genetiska anlag.<ref name="Schlauch, 2016" /><ref name="Dibble2020">{{Cite journal | title = Genetic risk factors of ME/CFS: a critical review | date = 2020-08-03|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7530519/|journal=Human Molecular Genetics|volume=29|issue=R1|pages=R117–R124 | last = Dibble | first = Joshua J | author-link = Joshua Dibble | last2 = McGrath | first2 = Simon J | authorlink2 = Simon McGrath | last3 = Ponting | first3 = Chris P | authorlink3 = Chris Ponting|doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa169|pmc=7530519|pmid=32744306|access-date=|issn=0964-6906|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Hajdarevic2022">{{Cite journal | title = Genetic association study in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) identifies several potential risk loci | date = 2022-05-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159122000782|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=102|issue=|pages=362–369 | last = Hajdarevic | first = Riad | authorlink = Riad Hajdarevic | last2 = Lande | first2 = Asgeir | authorlink2 = Asgeir Lande | last3 = Mehlsen | first3 = Jesper | authorlink3 = Jesper Mehlsen | last4 = Rydland | first4 = Anne | authorlink4 = Anne Rydland | last5 = Sosa | first5 = Daisy D. | authorlink5 = Daisy Sosa | last6 = Strand | first6 = Elin B. | authorlink6 = Elin Strand | last7 = Mella | first7 = Olav | authorlink7 = Olav Mella | last8 = Pociot | first8 = Flemming | authorlink8 = Flemming Pociot | last9 = Fluge | first9 = Øystein | authorlink9 = Øystein Fluge | last10 = Lie | first10 = Benedicte A. | authorlink10 = Benedicte Lie | last11 = Viken | first11 = Marte K.| authorlink11 = Marte Viken | language=en|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.010|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0889-1591|quote=|via=}}</ref>

{{Main article|page_name = Genetics of chronic fatigue syndrome}}

===Möjliga orsaker===

Även om riskfaktorer för myalgisk encefalomyelit har identifierats har inget enskilt [[Vagus nerve infection hypothesis|definitivt virus]]hittats i alla fall, vilket har lett till påståendet att ME är ett gemensamt slutmål för en mängd olika infektioner.<ref name="Rasa2018">{{Cite journal | last = Rasa | first = Santa | authorlink = Santa Rasa | last2 = Nora-Krukle | first2 = Zaiga | authorlink2 = Zaiga Nora-Krukle | last3 = Henning | first3 = Nina | authorlink3 = Nina Henning | last4 = Eliassen | first4 = Eva | authorlink4 = Eva Eliassen | last5 = Shikova | first5 = Evelina | authorlink5 = Evelina Shikova | last6 = Harrer | first6 = Thomas | authorlink6 = Thomas Harrer | last7 = Scheibenbogen | first7 = Carmen | authorlink7 = Carmen Scheibenbogen | last8 = Murovska | first8 = Modra | authorlink8 = Modra Murovska | last9 = Prusty | first9 = Bhupesh K. | authorlink9 = Bhupesh Prusty | last10 = European Network on ME/CFS (EUROMENE) | first10 = | authorlink10 = EUROMENE | date = 2018-10-01 | title = Chronic viral infections in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)|url=https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-018-1644-y|journal=Journal of Translational Medicine|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.1186/s12967-018-1644-y|issn=1479-5876|pmc=|pmid=30285773|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Magnus2015">{{Cite journal | last = Magnus | first = Per | authorlink = Per Magnus | last2 = Gunnes | first2 = Nina | authorlink2 = Nina Gunnes | last3 = Tveito | first3 = Kari | authorlink3 = Kari Tveito | last4 = Bakken | first4 = Inger Johanne | authorlink4 = Inger Bakken | last5 = Ghaderi | first5 = Sara | authorlink5 = Sara Ghaderi | last6 = Stoltenberg | first6 = Camilla | authorlink6 = Camilla Stoltenberg | last7 = Hornig | first7 = Mady | authorlink7 = Mady Hornig | last8 = Lipkin | first8 = W. Ian | authorlink8 = Ian Lipkin | last9 = Trogstad | first9 = Lill | authorlink9 = Lill Trogstad | date = 2015-11-17 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is associated with pandemic influenza infection, but not with an adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26475444/|journal=Vaccine|volume=33|issue=46 | pages = 6173–6177|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.018|issn=1873-2518|pmid=26475444}}</ref> Det är fortfarande möjligt att ME involverar en kombination av både miljö- och genetiska faktorer. Olika teorier försöker kombinera den kända datan till rimliga förklaringar.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Underhill | first = R.A. | authorlink = Rosemary Underhill | date = 2015 | title=Myalgic encephalomyelitis, chronic fatigue syndrome: An infectious disease|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26604026|journal=Medical Hypotheses|volume=85|issue=6 | pages = 765–773|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.011|issn=1532-2777|pmid=26604026|via=}}</ref><ref name="Schlauch, 2016">{{Cite journal| last1 = Schlauch | first1 = Karen A. | authorlink1 = Karen Schlauch | last2 = Khaiboullina | first2 = Svetlana F. | authorlink2 = Svetlana Khaiboullina | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 =Rawat | first4 = Shanti | authorlink4 = Shanti Rawat | last5 = Petereit | first5 = J | authorlink5 = Juli Petereit | last6 = Rizvanov | first6 = Albert A | authorlink6 = Albert Rizvanov | last7 = Blatt | first7 = Nataliya | authorlink7 = Nataliya Blatt | last8 = Mijatovic | first8 = Tatjana | authorlink8 = Tatjana Mijatovic | last9 = Kulick | first9 = D | authorlink9 = Doina Kulick | last10 = Palotás | first10 = András | authorlink10 = András Palotás | last11 = Lombardi | first11 = Vincent C. | authorlink11 = Vincent Lombardi | title = Genome-wide association analysis identifies genetic variations in subjects with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2015208 | journal = Translational Psychiatry | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | page = e730 | date = 2016 | pmid = | doi = 10.1038/tp.2015.208 }}</ref> Flera teorier föreslår att ME är en ett olämpligt immunsvar på en infektion, en teori som stärks av observationen att det ibland finns en familjehistoria av [[autoimmune disease|autoimmuna sjukdomar]].<ref name="Sotzny, 2018">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sotzny | first1 = Franziska | authorlink1 = Franziska Sotzny | last2 = Blanco | first2 = Julià | authorlink2 = Julià Blanco | last3 = Capelli | first3 = Enrica | authorlink3 = Enrica Capelli | last4 = Castro-Marrero | first4 = Jesús | authorlink4 = Jesús Castro-Marrero | last5 =Steiner | first5 = Sophie | authorlink5 = Sophie Steiner | last6 = Murovska | first6 = Modra | authorlink6 = Modra Murovska | last7 = Scheibenbogen | first7 = Carmen | authorlink7 = Carmen Scheibenbogen| title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – Evidence for an autoimmune disease | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568997218300880 | journal = Autoimmunity Reviews | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | page = 601-609 | date = 2018 | pmid = | doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=564532390371988&id=564526123705948 | title = Klimas ME CFS Genes Study | last = | first = | date = Nov 23, 2015 | website = facebook.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref> Det förekommer också ett skifte från [[Th1]]-typen av [[T cells|T-hjälparceller]], som bekämpar infektion, till [[Th2]]-typen, som är mer aktiv i [[allergy|allergi]] och mer sannolik att angripa kroppen.<ref>{{Cite journal | date = 2015-03-01 | title = Cytokine expression provides clues to the pathophysiology of Gulf War illness and myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043466614006024|journal=Cytokine|language=en|volume=72|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.019|issn=1043-4666}}</ref><ref name="Hardcastle2014">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.m-hikari.com/bmgt/bmgt2014/bmgt1-4-2014/hardcastleBMGT1-4-2014.pdf | title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and the Potential Role of T Cells | last = Hardcastle | first = S.L. | authorlink = Sharni Hardcastle | last2 = Brenu | first2 = E.W. | authorlink2 = Ekua Brenu | last3 = Staines | first3 = D.R. | authorlink3 = Donald Staines | last4 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first4 = S. | authorlink4 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik| date = 2014 |journal=Biological Markers and Guided Therapy|volume=1|issue=1=|pages=25|doi=10.12988/bmgt.2014.3122}}</ref>

[[File:Naomi Whittingham .png|300px|thumb|[[sv:Naomi Whittingham|Naomi Whittingham]] bor i Storbritannien med [[Severe and very severe ME|ett svårt fall av ME]] Naomi insjuknade vid [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|12 års ålder]] med ett vanligt virus och återhämtade sig aldrig. Hon bekämpar ME genom att göra intervjuer, skriver bloggen [[A Life Hidden]] (Ett Gömt Liv), och stödjer sin bror [[Tom Whittingham]]s maratonfond som samlar ihop till [[ME Research UK]] (ME Forskning Storbritannien)]]

===Virus===
{{Main article |page_name = Virus}}

Andra teorier beskriver ME som ett immunsvar på en kronisk infektion. Kopplingen mellan [[Coxsackie B]], [[Human herpesvirus 6|Humant herpesvirus 6]], och [[HHV-7]] virusen<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bell | first = E.J. | last2 = McCartney | first2 = R.A. | last3 = Riding | first3 = M.H. | authorlink3 = Miriam Ridingdate = 1988 | title = Coxsackie B viruses and myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2841461|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=81|issue=6|pages=329–331|doi=10.1177/014107688808100609|issn=0141-0768|pmid=2841461|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://solvecfs.org/ramsay-research-team-5-the-potential-role-of-hhv-6-in-mecfs/ | title = Ramsay Research Team 5 – The Potential Role of HHV-6 in ME/CFS - Solve ME/CFS Initiative | last = | first = | date = 2016-12-16|work=Solve ME/CFS Initiative|access-date=2018-09-08|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|publisher=VOLKMEDIA|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Chapenko2012">{{Cite journal | last = Chapenko | first = Svetlana | authorlink = Svetlana Chapenko | last2 = Krumina | first2 = Angelika | authorlink2 = Angelika Krumina | last3 = Logina | first3 = Inara | authorlink3 = Inara Logina | last4 = Rasa | first4 = Santa | authorlink4 = Santa Rasa | last5 = Chistjakovs | first5 = Maksims | authorlink5 = Maksims Chistjakovs | last6 = Sultanova | first6 = Alina | authorlink6 = Alina Sultanova | last7 = Viksna | first7 = Ludmila | authorlink7 = Ludmila Viksna | last8 = Murovska | first8 = Modra | authorlink8 = Modra Murovska | date = 2012 | title = Association of active human herpesvirus-6, -7 and parvovirus b19 infection with clinical outcomes in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22927850|journal=Advances in Virology|volume=|pages=205085|doi=10.1155/2012/205085|issn=1687-8647|pmid=22927850|via=}}</ref> tyder på potentiell viral medvärkan, åtminstone i vissa individer. Vissa forskare har uppgett att bevis från [[epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis|epidemsk myalgisk encefalomyelit]] visar starkt på ett enterovirus, men i de flesta utbrott kunde inget virus isoleras.<ref name="Chia2005"/><ref name="Hanson2021">{{Cite journal | title = The Enterovirus Theory of Disease Etiology in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Critical Review | date = 2021 | url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmed.2021.688486|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|volume=8|issue= | pages = 688486 | last = O'Neal | first = Adam J. | authorlink = | authorlink = Adam O'Neal | last2 = Hanson | first2 = Maureen R. | authorlink2 = Maureen Hanson|doi=10.3389/fmed.2021.688486/abstract|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=2296-858X|quote=|via=}}</ref>

===Bakterier===
{{Main article |page_name = Bacteria}}

Andra trot att ME ibland kan orsakas av kronisk infektion av spiroketbakterier, som [[lyme disease|borrelia]]. Andra bakterier som har varit inblandade i ME är [[chlamydia pneumoniae]].<ref name="Tovey2018">{{Cite journal | date = 2018-09-05 | last = Tovey | first = JE | authorlink = John Tovey | title = Chlamydia pneumoniae infection a treatable cause of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/01/chlamydia-pneumoniae-infection-treatable-cause-chronic-fatigue-syndrome|journal=The BMJ|language=en|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.prohealth.com/library/new-me-cfs-study-at-stanford-dr-montoya-to-test-for-scores-of-infections-27346 | title = New ME/CFS Study at Stanford: Dr. Montoya to test for scores of Infections - Prohealth | date = 2010-06-04|work=Prohealth|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Proteiner relaterade till flera infektioner har hittats i de oligoklonala banden av ME-patienter.<ref name="Nicholson2009">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.bjmp.org/content/role-chronic-bacterial-and-viral-infections-neurodegenerative-neurobehavioral-psychiatric-au | title = Role of Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative, Neurobehavioral, Psychiatric, Autoimmune and Fatiguing Illnesses: Part 1 | first = Garth L. | last=Nicolson | authorlink = Garth Nicolson | first2 = Jörg | last2 = Haier | authorlink2 = Jörg Haier | date = 2009|journal=British Journal of Medical Practitioners|volume=2|issue=4|pages = 20-28|doi=|pmid=}}</ref>

[[vagus nerve infection hypothesis|Hypotesen om vagusnervinfektion]] (VNIH) förklarar varför så många olika infektionsstarter kan vara skyldiga. [[Vagus nerve|Vagus nerven]] går från hjärnstammen och genom kroppen och påverkar många kroppssystem.{{citation needed|date=2023-11-17}}

===Överföring via blod===
{{Main article|Blood donation}}

På grund av oklarheten kring sjukdomens orsak får ME och CFS-patienter inte donera blood eller organ i [[United Kingdom|Storbritannien]] (även efter tillfrisknande),<ref name="BloodUK">{{Cite web | url = https://my.blood.co.uk/KnowledgeBase | title = Knowledgebase|website=My Donor Record - Health, Eligibility & Travel | last = | first = | authorlink = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref> det mesta av [[Canada|Kanade]],<ref name="Wilson2014">{{Cite journal | title = The Use of Preliminary Scientific Evidence in Public Health: A Case Study of XMRV | date = 2014-04-08 | url = https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001623|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=11|issue=4| pages = e1001623 | last = Wilson | first = Kumanan | authorlink = Kumanan Wilson | last2 = Atkinson | first2 = Katherine | authorlink2 = Katherine Atkinson | last3 = Keelan | first3 = Jennifer| authorlink3 = Jennifer Keelan | language=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001623|pmc=PMC3979645|pmid=24714396|issn=1549-1676}}</ref> [[Australia|Australien]],<ref name="RedCrossAus">{{cite web | url = https://www.lifeblood.com.au/faq/eligibility/medical-conditions-and-procedures/chronic-fatigue-syndrome| website = Australian Red Cross|title = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|access-date=2023-11-17}}</ref><ref name="donate">{{Cite web|url = https://www.donateblood.com.au/faq/chronic-fatigue-syndrome |title=Chronic fatigue syndrome – I have/had chronic fatigue syndrome. Can I donate?|access-date=2022-05-25|website = Australian Red Cross}}</ref> [[New Zealand|Nya Zeeland]] (så länge symptom finns), och för tillfället även i [[United States|USA]]<ref name="post">{{Cite web | url = http://voices.washingtonpost.com/checkup/2010/12/red_cross_bars_chronic_fatique.html | title = Red Cross bars chronic fatigue patients from donating blood | last = Stein | first = Rob | authorlink = Rob Stein | date = Dec 3, 2010 | website = Washington Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref><ref name="USblood">{{Cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/03/AR2010120305888.html | title = Chronic fatigue patients barred from blood donation|publisher=Washington Post | last = Stein | first = Rob | authorlink = Rob Stein | date = 2010-12-03|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="NZblood">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzblood.co.nz/Give-blood/Donating/Detailed-eligibility-criteria#C | title = Detailed eligibility criteria|website=NZ Blood|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref>

I USA råder Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies (tidigare American Association of Blood Banks) att man antingen accepterar eller skjuter upp ME/CFS-donatorer baserat på "klinisk bedömning av donatorns hälsotillstånd".<ref name="AABBOct2012">{{Cite web | last = American Association of Blood Banks | url = https://www.aabb.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/regulatory/eid/xmrvfactsheet.pdf?sfvrsn=cd162fa3_2 | date = October 2012 | title = Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) and other Polytropic Murine Leukemia Viruses (pMLV)|pages = 3 |quote=An updated AABB Association Bulletin #12-05 (November 2012) states that individual collectors of blood and cellular therapy products should accept or defer donors with a history of CFS based on their clinical judgment of the donor's health status.|access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref> Patientvälgörenheter avråder ME/CFS-patienter från att donera blood,<ref name="MassBlood2015">{{Cite web | url = https://www.massmecfs.org/research/recent-research/19-xmrv/237-aabbs-recommendation-on-cfidsme-and-blood-donation | title = AABB's recommendation on ME/CFS and blood donation | date = Nov 25, 2015 |website=[[Massachusetts ME/CFS & FM Association]]|access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>

==Behandlingar==
[[File:Karina Hansen.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Karina Hansen]] blev sjuk [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|som en vuxen tonåring]] och är [[Severe and very severe ME|svårt sjuk]] i ME. Hon tvångsinstitutionaliserad i 3 1/2 år eftersom det [[Denmark|Danska]] vårdsystemet betecknar ME som psykosomatiskt. Karina är nu hemma med sin familj och hon fick kort välgångsönskare från jorden runt. Karinas fall i Högsta Domstolen och återvändande hem visades i dokumentärfilmen [[Unrest|''Unrest'']]]]

{{Main article |page_name=Treatments|Potential treatments for myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

Det finns inget botemedel för ME och inget land har godkännt farmakologisk behandling mot sjukdomen, bortsett från [[Argentina]] som har godkänt [[Ampligen]] som behandling mot svår ME/CFS.<ref name="Hemispherx" /> Ampligens effektivitet är dock under debatt.<ref name="FDA-2009">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2009/11/30/daily23.html | title = FDA rejects Hemispherx’s chronic fatigue drug Ampligen | website = bizjournals.com|access-date=2018-08-12 | date =Dec 2, 2009 | last = George | first = John| authorlink = John George | archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> Andra läkemedel har använts receptfritt mot ME med varierande effektivitet i vissa patienter.<ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /><ref name="ICC" />

Behandlingar mot sömnproblem, huvudvärk, smärta eller andra symptom används av vissa läkare för vissa patienter, men de behandlar symptom snarare än ME självt.<ref name="ICC" />

Det är inte väl utforskat eller dokumenterat hur framgångsrik behandling av symptom är i ME.

Ett immunmodulatorläkemedel kallat [[Rituximab]] har misslyckats i en fas III-studie.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://simmaronresearch.com/2017/11/norwegian-rituximab-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-trial-fails/ | title = Norwegian Rituximab Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Trial Fails - Simmaron Research | last = Johnson | first = Cort | authorlink = Cort Johnson | date = 2017-11-26|work=Simmaron Research|access-date=2018-09-07|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|language=en-US}}</ref> Den antivirala [[Valganciclovir]] misslyckades i en kontrollerad niomånaders studie av ME patienter som testat positivt för virusinfektioner med Herpes Simplex 6 och Epstein Barr virus.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Montoya | first = Jose G. | authorlink = Jose Montoya | last2 = Kogelnik | first2 = Andreas M. | authorlink2 = Andreas Kogelnik | last3 = Bhangoo | first3 = Munveer | authorlink3 = Munveer Bhangoo | last4 = Lunn | first4 = Mitchell R. | authorlink4 = Mitchell Lunn | last5 = Flamand | first5 = Louis | authorlink5 = Louis Flamand | last6 = Merrihew | first6 = Lindsey E. | authorlink6 = Lindsey Merrihew | last7 = Watt | first7 = Tessa | authorlink7 = Tessa Watt | last8 = Kubo | first8 = Jessica T. | authorlink8 = Jessica Kubo | last9 = Paik | first9 = Jane | authorlink9 = Jane Paik | date = Dec 2013 | title = Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of valganciclovir in a subset of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23959519|journal=Journal of Medical Virology|volume=85|issue=12|pages=2101–2109|doi=10.1002/jmv.23713|issn=1096-9071|pmid=23959519|pmc=|quote= |access-date=|via=}}</ref>

==Epidemiologi==
{{Main article |page_name = Epidemiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome}}

ME har återfunnits jorden runt, i åtminstone 75 [[sv:Lista över utbrott av myalgisk encefalomyelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|epidemier]] som dokumenterats i publicerade artiklar från 1930-talet till 1980-talet.<ref name="HFME">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hfme.org/methemedicalfacts.htm | title = M.E.: The medical facts | last = Bassett | first = Jodi | authorlink=Jodi Bassett | date = Sep 2010 | website = The Hummingbirds' Foundation for M.E.|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref> Epidemier kan ofta inträffa i instängda platser, som skolor och sjukhus.

Som observerats i många autoimmuna sjukdomar är ME vanligare bland kvinnor än män; den genomsnittliga könsproportionen är 2-3 kvinnor för varje man.<ref name="Bakken2014" /> För barn är könsskillnaden ungefär jämlik.<ref name="Collin2015" />

==Komorbiditeter==
[[File:Chronically_Hopeful_Char_Profile_Pic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Char, skribent på [[Chronically Hopeful]], måste använda solglasögon på grund av ljuskänslighet ([[photophobia|fotofobi]]) och brusreducerande hörselskydd på grund av ljudkänslighet ([[hyperacusis|hyperakusi]])]]
{{main article|Comorbidities of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis}}

Kliniker har observerat flera predisponerande tillstånd, komorbiteter, överlappande tillstånd, och ökad risk för sekundära sjukdomar i patienter med ME.<ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /><ref name="CDC-symptoms" /> Men eftersom inga storskaliga [[Epidemiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|epidemiologiska]] studier, genetiska studier, eller familjestudier har utförts, finns det lite som kan sägas definitivt om graden eller de underliggande biologiska anledningarna för dessa potentiellt relaterade tillstånd.Överlappande [[:Category:Definitions|diagnostiska kriterier]] och bristen på [[Diagnostic biomarker|biomarkörer]] i många av tillstånden bidrar till förvirringen och den diagnostiska osäkerheten. Dessutom kan vissa tillstånd, som [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|postural ortostatisk takykardisyndrom]] (POTS), [[neurally mediated hypotension|neurallt medierad hypotoni]] (NMH), idiopatisk [[intracranial hypertension|intrakraniell hypertoni]] (IIH/IH) och [[fibromyalgia|fibromyalgi]] (FM/FMS), förekomma eller vara komorbida med ett flertal tillstånd, inklusive ME.<ref name="CDC-etiology">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/presentation-clinical-course/etiology-pathophysiology.html | title = Etiology and Pathophysiology {{!}} Presentation and Clinical Course {{!}} Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2018-11-08 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-17}}</ref><ref name="Dankaerts2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dovepress.com/the-link-between-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-fibromyalgia-and-peer-reviewed-article-JPR | title = The link between idiopathic intracranial hypertension, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome: exploration of a shared pathophysiology | last = Dankaerts | first = Wim | authorlink = Wim Dankaerts | last2 = Bruyninckx | first2 = Frans | authorlink2 = Frans Bruyninckx | date = 2018-12-10 | website = Journal of Pain Research|language=English|access-date=2019-02-17 | last3 = Stalmans | first3 = Ingeborg | authorlink3 = Ingeborg Stalmans | last4 = Vansant | first4 = Greet | authorlink4 = Greet Vansant | last5 = Rasschaert | first5 = Ricky | authorlink5 = Ricky Rasschaert | last6 = Hulens | first6 = Mieke | authorlink6 = Mieke Hulens}}</ref>

Följande är syndrom och sjukdomar som har associerats med eller blivit feldiagnostiserade som ME:
<div style="column-count:2;">
*[[fibromyalgia|fibromyalgi]]<ref name="CDC-comorbid">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/comorbid-conditions.html | title = Comorbid Conditions {{!}} Diagnosis {{!}} Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2018-11-08 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref>
* [[Lyme disease|Borrelia]] och [[Chronic lyme disease|kronisk borrelia]]<ref name="ICC" />
*[[Intracranial hypertension|idiopatisk intrakraniell hypertoni]]<ref name="Dankaerts2018" />
*[[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome| postural ortostatisk takykardisyndrom]]<ref name="ICC" /><ref name="Hoad2008">{{Cite journal | last = Hoad | first = A. | authorlink = | last2 = Spickett | first2 = G. | authorlink2 = Gavin Spickett‎ | last3 = Elliott | first3 = J. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Newton | first4 = J. | authorlink4 = Julia Newton | date = 2008 | title = Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome is an under-recognized condition in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805903|journal=QJM: monthly journal of the Association of Physicians|volume=101|issue=12 | pages = 961–965|doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcn123|issn=1460-2393|pmid=18805903|quote=|via=}}</ref>
*[[irritable bowel syndrome|irritabel tarmsyndrom]]<ref name="CDC-comorbid" /><ref name="Carruthers, 2003" />
*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)|Hashimotos sjukdom (hypotyreos)]]<ref name="CDC-differentialdiagnosis" />
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|Ehlers-Danlos syndrom]]<ref name="CDC-differentialdiagnosis" />
*[[Sjögren's syndrome|Sjögrens syndrom]]<ref name="CDC-differentialdiagnosis" />
*[[multiple chemical sensitivity|doft- och kemikalieöverkänslighet]]<ref name="CDC-comorbid" /><ref name="ICC2011primer" />
</div>

En svensk studie av 234 ME/CFS-patienter som mötte [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Kanadakriterierna]] fann att 13.2% hade bråck i halsmandlarna som var allvarliga nog att anses vara en [[Chiari malformation|Chiari missbildning]]. 49% hade hypermobilitet och 20% mötte kriterierna för hEDS (Ehlers-Danlos syndrom med hypermobilitet), medan 96% hade fibromyalgis triggerpunktsmärta, med 67% som mötte de diagnostiska kriterierna för fibromyalgi.<ref name="Bragee2020">{{Cite journal | last = Bragée | first = Björn | authorlink = sv:Björn Bragée | last2 = Michos | first2 = Anastasios | authorlink2 = Anastasios Michos | last3 = Drum | first3 = Brandon | authorlink3 = Brandon Drum | last4 = Fahlgren | first4 = Mikael | authorlink4 = Mikael Fahlgren | last5 = Szulkin | first5 = Robert | authorlink5 = Robert Szulkin | last6 = Bertilson | first6 = Bo C. | authorlink6 = Bo Bertilsson | date = 2020 | title=Signs of Intracranial Hypertension, Hypermobility, and Craniocervical Obstructions in Patients With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2020.00828/full|journal=Frontiers in Neurology|language=English|volume=11|issue=|pages=|doi=10.3389/fneur.2020.00828|issn=1664-2295|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>

== Nämnvärda studier ==
{{Main article |page_name = Notable studies}}
På grund av bristande [[funding|finansiering]] av regeringar världen runt har det gjorts begränsad biologisk forskning av [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]]. Det finns studier som visar inblandning av [[sv:Nervsystem|Nervsystemet]], [[metabolic|metaboliska]] drag, och andra abnormaliteter.
* 2016, [[Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome]] (Metaboliska drag i kroniskt trötthetssyndrom)
* 2016, [[CDC Multi-site Clinical Assessment of CFS]] (CDC utvärdering av CFS på flera platser)
* 2019, [[Evidence of widespread metabolite abnormalities in Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment with whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2019) Mueller, et al|Evidence of widespread metabolite abnormalities in Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment with whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy]] (Bevis för vidsträckt metabolitabnormaliteter i Myalgisk encephalomyelit/kroniskt trötthetssyndrom: utvärdering av hela hjärnan med magnetisk resonansmyelografi (2019) Mueller, et al )
* [[List of abnormal findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis|Lista över abnormala upptäckter i kroniskt trötthetssyndrom och myalgisk encefalomyelit]]

==Nyheter och artiklar==
*2015, [http://theargusreport.com/us-nih-report-calls-uk-definition-mecfs-scrapped/ US NIH Report Calls for UK Definition of ME/CFS to be Scrapped] (Amerikansk NIH Rapport kräver att Storbritanniens ME/CFS definition ska slopas - The Argus Report
* 2014, [[Brains of People With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Offer Clues About Disorder - New York Times: Well (2014)|Brains of People With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Offer Clues About Disorder]] (Hjärnor hos personer med kroniskt trötthetssyndrom erbjuder ledtrådar om sjukdomen)
*2010, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/03/AR2010120305888.html Chronic fatigue patients barred from blood donation] (Patienter med kronisk trötthet hindrade från att donera blod) - Washington Post
*1987, [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/28/science/fatigue-virus-has-experts-more-baffled-and-skeptical-than-ever.html Fatigue 'Virus' Has Experts More Baffled And Skeptical Than Ever] (Utmattnings-'virus' gör experter mer fröbryllade och skeptiska än någonsin) - The New York Times

== Se även ==
* [[sv:kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]]
* [[Misdiagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|Feldiagnos av myalgisk encefalomyelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]]
* [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]]
* [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|Pediatrisk myalgisk encefalomyelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]]
* [[Severe and very severe ME|Svår och väldigt svår ME]]
*[[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|Systemisk ansträngningsintoleranssjukdom]]

== Vidare läsning ==
*[https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/about/index.html Vad är ME/CFS?] - CDC
*[https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/other-conditions.html Diagnos - Andra villkor för utvärdering] - CDC
*[https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/evaluation.html Utvärdering] - medicinska tester som krävs för att utesluta andra sjukdomar än ME/CFS -CDC
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x M.E. Internationella koncensuskriterierna]

== Referenser ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Diagnoses]]
[[Category:Disease names]]
[[Category:Disease names and definitions]]
[[Category:Neurological diseases and disorders]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Svenska:Låggradig feber

2026-11-13T23:32:29Z

BeardedBaldy:Translation to swedish.

En '''låggradig feber''' (LGF) är när en persons kroppstemperatur är en aning högre än den normala intervallen, men inte hög nog för att kvalificera som feber. En låggradig feber definieras vanligtvis som en kroppstemperatur mellan 37.5°C (99.5°F) och 38.3°C (100.9°F).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Affronti|first = M. | authorlink = Mario Affronti | last2 = Mansueto | first2 = P. | authorlink2 = Pasquale Mansueto | last3 = Soresi | first3 = M. | authorlink3 = Maurizio Soresi | last4 = Abbene | first4 = A.M. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Affronti | first5 = A. | authorlink5 = Andrea Affronti | last6 = Valenti | first6 = M. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Giannitrapani | first7 = L. | authorlink7 = Lydia Giannitrapani | last8 = Montalto | first8 = G. | authorlink8 = Giuseppe Montalto | date = Feb 2010 | title = Low-grade fever: how to distinguish organic from non-organic forms|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02256.x|journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice|language=en|volume=64|issue=3 | pages = 316–321|doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02256.x|quote=|via=}}</ref> En oral temperatur på minst 38.3 grader klassificeras vanligtvis som feber av okänd ursprung, som i sig själv exkluderar ME/CFS.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Fever of unexplained origin: report on 100 cases|date=Feb 1961 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13734791/|journal=Medicine|volume=40| last = Petersdorf | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Petersdorf | last2 = Beeson | first2 = Paul | authorlink2 = Paul Beeson | language=en|doi=10.1097/00005792-196102000-00001|pmid=13734791|issn=0025-7974}}</ref>

==Presentation==

==Förekomst==
*2001, I en Belgisk studie rapporterade 45.7% av patienter som mötte [[Fukuda criteria|Fukudakriterierna]] och 56.5% av patienter som mötte [[Holmes criteria|Holmeskriterierna]] låggradig feber, i en grupp av 2073 [[chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]]-patienter.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = De Becker | first = Pascale | authorlink = Pascale De Becker | last2 = McGregor | first2 = Neil | authorlink2 = Neil McGregor | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | date = December 2001 | title = A definition‐based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=250|issue=3|pages=234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|quote=|via=}}</ref>

==Symptomigenkänning==
*I [[Holmes criteria|Holmeskriterierna]], är '''mild feber''' (oral temperatur mellan 37.5°C eller 99.5°F och 38.6°C eller 101.5°F, om mätt av patienten) ett alternativt kriterium för diagnos, under sektionen '''Minor Symptom Criteria''' (Mindre Symptomkriterier). Det förekommer också som ett alternativt kriterium under sektionen '''Minor Physical Criteria'''(Mindre Fysiska Kriterier) som '''låggradig feber''' (oral temperatur mellan 37.6°C eller 99.7°F och 38.6°C eller 101.5°F, eller rektal temperatur mellan 37.8°C eller 100°F och 38.8°C eller 102°F) som har dokumenterats av en läkare vid minst två tillfällen med minst en månads mellanrum.<ref>[http://www.cfids-me.org/holmes1988.html The 1988 Holmes Definition for CFS]</ref>

*Återkommande feberkänslor ses som neuroendokrina symptom på ME/CFS i [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Kanadakriterierna]].

==Nämnvärda studier==

==Möjliga orsaker==

==Möjliga behandlingar==

==Se även==

==Vidare läsning==

==Referenser==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Endocrine signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Immune signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Low-grade fever

2026-11-13T22:58:11Z

BeardedBaldy:Removed "classified as an oral temperature that is" from opening paragraph, to be more consistent with what is written in the referenced article.

{{Language links
|page_sv=Låggradig feber
}}
A '''low-grade fever''' (LGF) is when a person's body temperature is slightly higher than normal range but not high enough to qualify as a fever. A low-grade fever is often defined as a body temperature between 99.5°F (37.5°C) and 100.9°F (38.3°C).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Affronti|first = M. | authorlink = Mario Affronti | last2 = Mansueto | first2 = P. | authorlink2 = Pasquale Mansueto | last3 = Soresi | first3 = M. | authorlink3 = Maurizio Soresi | last4 = Abbene | first4 = A.M. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Affronti | first5 = A. | authorlink5 = Andrea Affronti | last6 = Valenti | first6 = M. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Giannitrapani | first7 = L. | authorlink7 = Lydia Giannitrapani | last8 = Montalto | first8 = G. | authorlink8 = Giuseppe Montalto | date = Feb 2010 | title = Low-grade fever: how to distinguish organic from non-organic forms|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02256.x|journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice|language=en|volume=64|issue=3 | pages = 316–321|doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02256.x|quote=|via=}}</ref> An oral temperature of 38.3 or above is usually classified as Fever of Unknown Origin, which by itself excludes ME/CFS.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Fever of unexplained origin: report on 100 cases|date=Feb 1961 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13734791/|journal=Medicine|volume=40| last = Petersdorf | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Petersdorf | last2 = Beeson | first2 = Paul | authorlink2 = Paul Beeson | language=en|doi=10.1097/00005792-196102000-00001|pmid=13734791|issn=0025-7974}}</ref>

==Presentation==

==Prevalence==
*In a 2001 Belgian study, 45.7% of patients meeting the [[Fukuda criteria]] and 56.5% of patients meeting the [[Holmes criteria]], in a cohort of 2073 [[chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients, reported low-grade fever.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = De Becker | first = Pascale | authorlink = Pascale De Becker | last2 = McGregor | first2 = Neil | authorlink2 = Neil McGregor | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | date = December 2001 | title = A definition‐based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=250|issue=3|pages=234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|quote=|via=}}</ref>

==Symptom recognition==
*In the [[Holmes criteria]], a '''mild fever''' (oral temperature between 37.5°C or 99.5°F and 38.6°C or 101.5°F, if measured by the patient) is an optional criteria for diagnosis, under the section ''Minor Symptom Criteria''. It also appears as an optional criteria for diagnosis under the section ''Minor Physical Criteria'' as a '''low-grade fever''' (oral temperature between 37.6°C or 99.7°F and 38.6°C or 101.5°F, or rectal temperature between 37.8°C or 100°F and 38.8°C or 102°F) that has been documented by a physician on at least two occasions, at least one month apart.<ref>[http://www.cfids-me.org/holmes1988.html The 1988 Holmes Definition for CFS]</ref>

*Recurrent feelings of feverishness are regarded as a neuroendocrine symptom of ME/CFS in the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]].

==Notable studies==

==Possible causes==

==Potential treatments==

==See also==

==Learn more==

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Endocrine signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Immune signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

Low-grade fever

2026-11-13T22:46:15Z

BeardedBaldy:

{{Language links
|page_sv=Låggradig feber
}}
A '''low-grade fever''' (LGF) is when a person's body temperature is slightly higher than normal range but not high enough to qualify as a fever. A low-grade fever is often classified as an oral temperature that is defined as a body temperature between 99.5°F (37.5°C) and 100.9°F (38.3°C).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Affronti|first = M. | authorlink = Mario Affronti | last2 = Mansueto | first2 = P. | authorlink2 = Pasquale Mansueto | last3 = Soresi | first3 = M. | authorlink3 = Maurizio Soresi | last4 = Abbene | first4 = A.M. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Affronti | first5 = A. | authorlink5 = Andrea Affronti | last6 = Valenti | first6 = M. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Giannitrapani | first7 = L. | authorlink7 = Lydia Giannitrapani | last8 = Montalto | first8 = G. | authorlink8 = Giuseppe Montalto | date = Feb 2010 | title = Low-grade fever: how to distinguish organic from non-organic forms|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02256.x|journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice|language=en|volume=64|issue=3 | pages = 316–321|doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02256.x|quote=|via=}}</ref> An oral temperature of 38.3 or above is usually classified as Fever of Unknown Origin, which by itself excludes ME/CFS.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Fever of unexplained origin: report on 100 cases|date=Feb 1961 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13734791/|journal=Medicine|volume=40| last = Petersdorf | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Petersdorf | last2 = Beeson | first2 = Paul | authorlink2 = Paul Beeson | language=en|doi=10.1097/00005792-196102000-00001|pmid=13734791|issn=0025-7974}}</ref>

==Presentation==

==Prevalence==
*In a 2001 Belgian study, 45.7% of patients meeting the [[Fukuda criteria]] and 56.5% of patients meeting the [[Holmes criteria]], in a cohort of 2073 [[chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients, reported low-grade fever.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = De Becker | first = Pascale | authorlink = Pascale De Becker | last2 = McGregor | first2 = Neil | authorlink2 = Neil McGregor | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | date = December 2001 | title = A definition‐based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=250|issue=3|pages=234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|quote=|via=}}</ref>

==Symptom recognition==
*In the [[Holmes criteria]], a '''mild fever''' (oral temperature between 37.5°C or 99.5°F and 38.6°C or 101.5°F, if measured by the patient) is an optional criteria for diagnosis, under the section ''Minor Symptom Criteria''. It also appears as an optional criteria for diagnosis under the section ''Minor Physical Criteria'' as a '''low-grade fever''' (oral temperature between 37.6°C or 99.7°F and 38.6°C or 101.5°F, or rectal temperature between 37.8°C or 100°F and 38.8°C or 102°F) that has been documented by a physician on at least two occasions, at least one month apart.<ref>[http://www.cfids-me.org/holmes1988.html The 1988 Holmes Definition for CFS]</ref>

*Recurrent feelings of feverishness are regarded as a neuroendocrine symptom of ME/CFS in the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]].

==Notable studies==

==Possible causes==

==Potential treatments==

==See also==

==Learn more==

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Endocrine signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Immune signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

Low-grade fever

2026-11-13T22:45:59Z

BeardedBaldy:Localization.

A '''low-grade fever''' (LGF) is when a person's body temperature is slightly higher than normal range but not high enough to qualify as a fever. A low-grade fever is often classified as an oral temperature that is defined as a body temperature between 99.5°F (37.5°C) and 100.9°F (38.3°C).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Affronti|first = M. | authorlink = Mario Affronti | last2 = Mansueto | first2 = P. | authorlink2 = Pasquale Mansueto | last3 = Soresi | first3 = M. | authorlink3 = Maurizio Soresi | last4 = Abbene | first4 = A.M. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Affronti | first5 = A. | authorlink5 = Andrea Affronti | last6 = Valenti | first6 = M. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Giannitrapani | first7 = L. | authorlink7 = Lydia Giannitrapani | last8 = Montalto | first8 = G. | authorlink8 = Giuseppe Montalto | date = Feb 2010 | title = Low-grade fever: how to distinguish organic from non-organic forms|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02256.x|journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice|language=en|volume=64|issue=3 | pages = 316–321|doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02256.x|quote=|via=}}</ref> An oral temperature of 38.3 or above is usually classified as Fever of Unknown Origin, which by itself excludes ME/CFS.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Fever of unexplained origin: report on 100 cases|date=Feb 1961 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13734791/|journal=Medicine|volume=40| last = Petersdorf | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Petersdorf | last2 = Beeson | first2 = Paul | authorlink2 = Paul Beeson | language=en|doi=10.1097/00005792-196102000-00001|pmid=13734791|issn=0025-7974}}</ref>

==Presentation==

==Prevalence==
*In a 2001 Belgian study, 45.7% of patients meeting the [[Fukuda criteria]] and 56.5% of patients meeting the [[Holmes criteria]], in a cohort of 2073 [[chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients, reported low-grade fever.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = De Becker | first = Pascale | authorlink = Pascale De Becker | last2 = McGregor | first2 = Neil | authorlink2 = Neil McGregor | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | date = December 2001 | title = A definition‐based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=250|issue=3|pages=234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|quote=|via=}}</ref>

==Symptom recognition==
*In the [[Holmes criteria]], a '''mild fever''' (oral temperature between 37.5°C or 99.5°F and 38.6°C or 101.5°F, if measured by the patient) is an optional criteria for diagnosis, under the section ''Minor Symptom Criteria''. It also appears as an optional criteria for diagnosis under the section ''Minor Physical Criteria'' as a '''low-grade fever''' (oral temperature between 37.6°C or 99.7°F and 38.6°C or 101.5°F, or rectal temperature between 37.8°C or 100°F and 38.8°C or 102°F) that has been documented by a physician on at least two occasions, at least one month apart.<ref>[http://www.cfids-me.org/holmes1988.html The 1988 Holmes Definition for CFS]</ref>

*Recurrent feelings of feverishness are regarded as a neuroendocrine symptom of ME/CFS in the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]].

==Notable studies==

==Possible causes==

==Potential treatments==

==See also==

==Learn more==

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Endocrine signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Immune signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

Low-grade fever

2026-11-13T22:41:04Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks in refs.

Canadian Consensus Criteria

2026-11-13T22:26:38Z

BeardedBaldy:Grammar corrections.

[[File:ME CFS symptoms CCC.png|frameless|upright = 0.75|right|Simplified Canadian Consensus Criteria for ME/CFS.]]
The [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Canadian consensus criteria]] (CCC) or the '''Canadian working definition''' are a proposed clinical criteria for [[ME/CFS]], published in 2003, and frequently used as a case definition in research.<ref name="Carruthers, 2003">{{Citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = Bruce M. | author-link1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | author-link2 = Anil Kumar Jain | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | author-link3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | author-link4 = Daniel Peterson | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | author-link5 = Nancy Klimas | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | author-link6 = Martin Lerner | last7 = Bested | first7 = Alison C. | author-link7 = Alison Bested | last8 = Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | author-link8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip | author-link9 = Pradip Joshi | last10 = Powles | first10 = AC Peter | author-link10 = A C Peter Powles | last11 = Sherkey | first11 = Jeffrey A. | author-link11 = Jeffrey Sherkey | last12 = van de Sande | first12 = Marjorie I. | author-link12 = Marjorie van de Sande | title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols | journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 7-115 | date = 2003 | pmid = | doi = 10.1300/J092v11n01_02 | url = http://www.meresearch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/2003-Carruthers-Canadian-Definition-JCFS.pdf }}</ref> The Canadian definition is the strictest diagnostic criteria, selecting a smaller group of patients than the [[Fukuda criteria]] and a more severely impaired population.<ref>http://www.meaction.net/2015/12/10/norwegian-researchers-ask-what-exactly-is-m-e/</ref> Adults are diagnosed after a minimum of six months of illness and children after a minimum of three months.

==Definition==

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Canadian Consensus Criteria''' for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/<wbr>Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/Canadian_ME_Overview_A4.pdf | title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Clinical Case Definition and Guidelines for Medical Practitioners - An Overview fo the Canadian Consensus Document | date = | access-date = | website = Invest in ME Research | last = Carruthers | first = Bruce | author-link = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = Marjorie | author-link2 = Marjorie van de Sande | archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | page = 4 |quote = Physical or mental exertion often causes debilitating malaise and/or fatigue, generalized pain, deterioration of cognitive functions, and worsening of other symptoms that may occur immediately after activity or be delayed. Patients experience rapid muscle fatigue and lack endurance.}}</ref>
| colspan="3" |A patient with [[ME/CFS]] will meet the criteria for fatigue, [[post-exertional malaise]] and/or [[Chronic fatigue |fatigue]], [[sleep dysfunction]] and [[pain]]; have two or more [[Nervous system|neurological]]/[[Cognitive dysfunction |cognitive]] manifestations and one or more symptoms from two of the categories of (a) [[Autonomic nervous system|autonomic]], (b) [[Neuroendocrine symptoms|neuroendocrine]] and (c) [[:Category:Immune signs and symptoms|immune manifestations]]; and adhere to [[#item7|item 7]].
|-
| style="background-color: Orange;color:black;text-shadow:none" |1
|'''[[Chronic fatigue |Fatigue]]'''<br />Required
|The patient must have a significant degree of new onset, unexplained, persistent, or recurrent physical and mental [[fatigue]] that [[Substantial reduction or impairment in the ability to engage in pre-illness levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities|substantially reduces activity level]].
|-
| style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none" |2
|'''[[Post-exertional malaise |Post-Exertional Malaise]] and/or Post-Exertional Fatigue'''<br />Required
|There is an inappropriate [[lack of stamina|loss of physical and mental stamina]], rapid [[Muscle fatigability|muscular]] and [[cognitive dysfunction |cognitive fatigability]], [[Post-exertional malaise |post-exertional malaise]] and/or post-exertional fatigue and a tendency for other associated symptoms within the patient’s cluster of symptoms to worsen.
There is a [[Recovery period is prolonged, usually taking 24 hours or longer|pathologically slow recovery period – usually 24 hours or longer]].
|-
| style="background-color: Plum;color:black;text-shadow:none" |3
|[[Sleep dysfunction |'''Sleep Dysfunction''']] (*) <br />Required
|There is [[unrefreshing sleep]] or sleep quantity or rhythm disturbances such as [[reversed or chaotic diurnal sleep rhythms]]. Note that patients without sleep dysfunction can still meet the diagnostic criteria if their illness began with an infection — see [[#star|(*)]] below.
|-
| style="background-color: Tomato;color:black;text-shadow:none" |4
|[[Pain |'''Pain''']] (*) <br />Required
|There is a significant degree of [[myalgia]]. Pain can be experienced in the [[Myalgia|muscles]], and/or [[Arthralgia|joints]], and is often widespread and migratory in nature. Often there are significant [[headache]]s of new type, pattern or severity. Note that patients without pain can still meet the diagnostic criteria if their illness began with an infection — see [[#star|(*)]] below.
|-
| style="background-color:LightGreen;color:black;text-shadow:none" |5
|'''[[Nervous system|Neurological]] / [[Cognitive dysfunction |Cognitive Manifestations]]'''<br />Two or more
|'''<u>Two or more</u>''' of the following difficulties should be present:
* [[Confusion]]
* [[concentration deficit|Impairment of concentration]] and [[Memory problems|short-term memory consolidation]]
* [[Disorientation]]
* [[Difficulty with information processing|Difficulty with information processing]], categorizing and word retrieval ([[word-finding problems]])
* Perceptual and sensory disturbances (for example [[spatial instability]] and [[spacial disorientation |disorientation]] and [[inability to focus vision]])

[[Ataxia]], [[muscle weakness]] and [[fasciculation]]s are common. There may be [[#overloadnote |overload<sup>1</sup> phenomena]]: [[cognitive overload]], [[sensory overload]] (for example [[photophobia]] and [[Hyperacusis|hypersensitivity to noise]]) and/or [[emotional overload]], which may lead to [[#crashnote |crash<sup>2</sup> periods]] and/or [[anxiety]].
|-
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: CornflowerBlue;color:black;text-shadow:none" |6
| rowspan="5" |'''At Least <u>One</u> Symptom From <u>Two</u> of the Following Three Categories'''<br />(autonomic, neuroendocrine, immune)
|At Least <u>One</u> Symptom From <u>Two</u> of the Following Three Categories:
|- class="dark" style="background-color: #f1f1f1;"
|(a) '''Autonomic Manifestations'''
* [[Orthostatic intolerance]] (either [[neurally mediated hypotension]], [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] or [[Orthostatic hypotension |delayed orthostatic hypotension]])
* [[Light-headedness]]
* [[Extreme pallor]]
* [[Nausea]] and [[irritable bowel syndrome]]
* [[Urinary frequency]] and [[bladder dysfunction]]
* [[Heart palpitation]]s with or without [[arrhythmia|cardiac arrhythmia]]s
* [[Exertional dyspnea]]
|- class="dark" style="background-color: #f1f1f1;"
|(b) '''Neuroendocrine Manifestations'''
* [[thermostatic instability|Loss of thermostatic stability]] ([[subnormal body temperature]] and marked [[diurnal fluctuation]])
* [[Sweating episodes]], recurrent feelings of [[low-grade fever|feverishness]]
* [[cold hands and feet|cold extremities]] (cold hands and feet)
* [[temperature sensitivity|Intolerance of extremes of heat and cold]]
* Marked [[weight change]] ([[Anorexia (appetite loss)|anorexia]] or [[abnormal appetite]])
* [[Loss of adaptability]] and [[worsening of symptoms with stress]]
|- class="dark" style="background-color: #f1f1f1;"
|(c) '''Immune Manifestations'''
* [[Tender lymph nodes]]
* Recurrent [[sore throat]]
* Recurrent [[flu-like symptoms]]
* [[Malaise |General malaise]]
* New [[food sensitivities]], medication sensitivities and/or [[chemical sensitivities]]
|-
|
|-
| style="background-color: HotPink;color:black;text-shadow:none" |<span id="item7">7</span>
|'''The Illness Persists for at Least Six Months'''<br />Required
|It usually has a [[#starstar|distinct onset, (**)]] although it may be gradual. Preliminary diagnosis may be possible earlier. Three months is appropriate for [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome |children]].
|}
To be included, the symptoms must have begun or have been significantly altered after the onset of this illness. It is unlikely that a patient will suffer from all symptoms in criteria 5 & 6. The disturbances tend to form symptom clusters that may fluctuate and change over time. [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome |Children]] often have numerous prominent symptoms but their order of severity tends to vary from day to day.

<span id="star">'''(*)'''</span> There is a small number of patients who have no pain or sleep dysfunction, but no other diagnosis fits except ME/CFS. A diagnosis of ME/CFS can be entertained when this group has an infectious illness type onset.

<span id="starstar">'''(**)'''</span> Some patients have been unhealthy for other reasons prior to the onset of ME/ CFS and lack detectable triggers at onset or have more gradual or insidious onset.

<span id="overloadnote">1</span>[[Sensory overload|"Overload"]] refers to hypersensitivities to stimuli that have changed from pre-illness status.

<span id="crashnote">2</span> [[crash|"Crash"]] refers to a temporary period of immobilizing physical and /or cognitive fatigue.

==Idiopathic chronic fatigue==
People with [[chronic fatigue]] (lasting at least six months) but not meeting the criteria for ME/CFS should be diagnosed with [[idiopathic chronic fatigue]] instead.

==Authors==
[[Bruce Carruthers]], [[Anil Kumar Jain]], [[Kenny de Meirleir]], [[Daniel Peterson]], [[Nancy Klimas]], [[A Martin Lerner]], [[Alison Bested]], [[Pierre Flor-Henry]], [[Pradip Joshi]], [[A C Peter Powles]], [[Jeffrey Sherkey]], [[Marjorie van de Sande]]<ref>http://sacfs.asn.au/download/consensus_overview_me_cfs.pdf</ref>

==Diagram of ME/CFS symptoms==
[[File:ME CFS symptoms CCC.png|550px|thumb|center|Simplified diagram of ME/CFS Canadian consensus criteria symptoms]]

==See also==
*[[Case Definition Comparison - Graph 1]]
*[[Definitions of ME and CFS]]
*[[International Consensus Criteria]]

=== Generally accepted criteria for diagnosis===
*Canadian consensus criteria (CCC).<ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /> A diagnosis of moderate and severe forms of [[ME/CFS]] are accurately made using these criteria. Adults can be diagnosed at 6 months while pediatric cases are diagnosed at three months.
*[[International Consensus Criteria|International consensus criteria]] (ICC).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last = Carruthers | first = Bruce M. | author-link = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = Marjorie I. | author-link2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | author-link3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = Nancy G. | author-link4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = Gordon | author-link5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = Terry | author-link6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = Donald | author-link7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = A.C. Peter | author-link8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = Nigel | author-link9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = Rosamund | author-link10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = Lucinda | author-link11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Baumgarten-Austrheim | first12 = Barbara | author-link12 = Barbara Baumgarten-Austrheim | last13 = Bell | first13 = David | author-link13 = David Bell | last14 = Carlo-Stella | first14 = Nicoletta | author-link14 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last15 = Chia | first15 = John | author-link15 = John Chia | last16 = Darragh | first16 = Austin | author-link16 = Austin Darragh | last17 = Jo | first17 = Daehyun | author-link17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = Donald | author-link18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = Alan | author-link19 = Alan Light | last20 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first20 = Sonya | author-link20 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last21 = Mena | first21 = Ismael | author-link21 = Ismael Mena | last22 = Mikovits | first22 = Judy | author-link22 = Judy Mikovits | last23 = Miwa | first23 = Kunihisa | author-link23 = Kunihisa Miwa | last24 = Murovska | first24 = Modra | author-link24 = Modra Murovska | last25 = Pall | first25 = Martin | author-link25 = Martin Pall | last26 = Stevens | first26 = Staci | author-link26 = Staci Stevens | date = 2011-08-22 | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|journal = Journal of Internal Medicine |language = en | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–338|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|issn = 0954-6820|pmc = 3427890|pmid = 21777306|via = }}</ref> These criteria will accurately diagnose [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] (ME). There is no requirement that the individual have symptoms for a specified period of time for diagnosis, as opposed to CCC, [[Fukuda criteria|Fukuda]], and [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease |SEID]], which all require 6 months in adults.
*[[CDC Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 2017 diagnostic criteria]] - originally known as the [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease |Systemic exertion intolerance disease]] (SEID) criteria<ref name="CDC-symptoms">{{Cite web |url = https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/symptoms-diagnosis/symptoms.html | title = Symptoms {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] | date = Jan 27, 2021|access-date = 2021-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://iom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2015/MECFS/MECFScliniciansguide.pdf | title = Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Redefining an Illness | last = Clayton | first = Ellen Wright | date = 2015 | website = National Academies| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date = | author-link = Ellen Wright Clayton | last2 = Alegria | first2 = Margarita | author-link2 = Margarita Alegria | author-link3 = Lucinda Bateman | author-link4 = Lily Chu | author-link5 = Charles Cleeland | author-link6 = Ronald Davis | author-link7 = Betty Diamond | author-link8 = Theodore Ganiats | author-link9 = Betsy Keller | last3 = Bateman | first3 = Lucinda | last4 = Chu | first4 = Lily | last5 = Cleeland | first5 = Charles | last6 = Davis | first6 = Ronald | last7 = Diamond | first7 = Betty | last8 = Ganiats | first8 = Theodore | last9 = Keller | first9 = Betsy | last10 = Klimas | first10 = Nancy | author-link10 = Nancy Klimas | last11 = Lerner | first11 = A. Martin | author-link11 = Martin Lerner | last12 = Mulrow | first12 = Cynthia | author-link12 = Cynthia Mulrow | last13 = Natelson | first13 = Benjamin | author-link13 = Benjamin Natelson | last14 = Rowe | first14 = Peter | author-link14 = Peter Rowe | last15 = Shelanski | first15 = Michael | author-link15 = Michael Shelanski}}</ref> ME/CFS ([[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease |SEID]]) is accurately diagnosed when the [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease#Diagnostic criteria|core symptoms]] are met. The [[Institute of Medicine report]] as a whole is a comprehensive review of the medical literature available at time of publication (2015). Adults can be diagnosed at 6 months while pediatric cases are diagnosed at three months.

==Learn more==
*[http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/Canadian_ME_Overview_A4.pdf A Clinical Case Definition and Guidelines for Medical Practitioners - An Overview of the Canadian Consensus Document]<ref name=":0" /> (the above 7 criteria are listed on page 2 of this document).
*[http://www.meresearch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/2003-Carruthers-Canadian-Definition-JCFS.pdf Canadian Consensus Report - ''Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols'']<ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /> (full version of the Canadian consensus criteria).
*An Overview of the Canadian Consensus Document in French - [http://iacfsme.org/Portals/0/pdf/Abrege%20du%20C.c.%20sur%20EM-SFC.PDF Encéphalomyélite myalgique/syndrome de fatigue chronique: Définition clinique et lignes directrices à l’intention des médecins, Abrégé du Consensus canadien]<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://iacfsme.org/Portals/0/pdf/Abrege%20du%20C.c.%20sur%20EM-SFC.PDF | title = Encéphalomyélite myalgique /syndrome de fatigue chronique: Définition cliniqueet lignes directricesà l’intention des médecins - Abrégé duConsensus canadien | last = Carruthers | first = Bruce | author-link = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = Marjorie | author-link2 = Marjorie van de Sande | date = | website = IACFS/ME | language = fr | archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date = }}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Definitions]]
[[Category:Seminal works]]
[[Category:Secondary sources]]

Svenska:Halsont

2026-11-13T22:18:12Z

BeardedBaldy:Translation to swedish.

Kroniskt '''halsont''' är ett vanligt symptom som rapporterats i [[sv:ME/CFS|myalgisk encefalomyelit/kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] (ME/CFS). Det är en ett av en rad influensaliknande symptom som är väldigt vanliga för ME/CFS-patienter.<ref name="Nisenbaum, 2004"/>

==Presentation==
Halsont är speciellt vanligt i början av sjukdomen, då influensaliknande symptom ofta uppkommer. Halsont förekommer oftast på morgonen vid uppvaknandet, eller under [[post-exertional malaise|ansträngningsutlöst försämring]] (PEM). Vissa patienter ser halsont som ett varningstecken som tyder på att de ska minska sin aktivitet.

En bakterie- eller virusinfektion hittas sällan.<ref>Verrillo - Sore throat</ref>

==Förekomst==
*1995, [[sv:Katrina Berne|Katrina Berne]], PhD, rapporterar en förekomst av 50-90% för kroniskt halsont i [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Berne | first = Katrina | authorlink = Katrina Berne | date = Dec 1, 1995 | title = Running on Empty: The Complete Guide to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFIDS)|edition= 2nd |url= https://www.amazon.co.uk/Running-Empty-Complete-Chronic-Syndrome/dp/0897931912/ |publisher= Hunter House | page = 58 |isbn= 978-0897931915}}</ref>
*2001, I en Belgisk studie rapporterade 74.1% av patienter som mötte [[Fukuda criteria|Fukudakriterierna]] och 84.1% av patienter som mötte [[Holmes criteria|Holmeskriterierna]] att de hade halsont, i en grupp av 2073 [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|CFS]]-patienter.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = De Becker | first=Pascale | authorlink = Pascale De Becker | last2 = McGregor | first2 = Neil | authorlink2 = Neil McGregor | last3 = De Meirleir | first3=Kenny | author-link3 = Kenny De Meirleir | date = December 2001 | title = A definition‐based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=250|issue=3|pages=234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|quote=|via=}}</ref>

==Symptomigenkänning==
*Finns med i [[Fukuda criteria|Fukudakriterierna]], [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Kanadakriterierna]], [[International Consensus Criteria|Internationella konsensuskriterierna]].
*I [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Kanadakriterierna]] är kroniskt halsont ett alternativt kriterium för diagnos under sektionen ''Immune Manifestations'' (Immunuttryck).<ref>[http://sacfs.asn.au/download/consensus_overview_me_cfs.pdf ''A Clinical Case Definition and Guidelines for Medical Practitioners: An Overview of the Canadian Consensus Document''] Pg 8. 2005.</ref>
*I [[Fukuda criteria|Fukudakriterierna]] kan symptomen av halsont användas som hjälp vid diagnostisering.<ref>[http://www.cfids-me.org/cdcdefine.html The CDC (Fukuda 1994) Definition for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]</ref>
*I [[Holmes criteria|Holmeskriterierna]] är halsont ett alternativt kriterium för diagnos under sektionen ''Minor Symptom Criteria'' (Mindre Symptomkriterier).<ref>[http://www.cfids-me.org/holmes1988.html The 1988 Holmes Definition for CFS]</ref>

==Nämnvärda studier==

==Möjliga orsaker==

==Möjliga behandlingar==
*Örtteer
*Varm citron och honung
*Halsspray och halstablett
*[[Zinc|Zink]]

==Se även==

==Vidare läsning==

==Referenser==
<references>
<ref name="Nisenbaum, 2004">
{{Citation | last1 = Nisenbaum | first1 = R | authorlink1 = Rosane Nisenbaum| last2 = Reyes | first2 = M | authorlink2 = Michele Reyes | last3 = Unger | first3 = ER | authorlink3 = Elizabeth Unger | last4 = Reeves | first4 = W | authorlink4 = William Reeves | title = Factor analysis of symptoms among subjects with unexplained chronic fatigue: what can we learn about chronic fatigue syndrome? | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022399903000394?via%3Dihub | journal = J Psychosom Res. | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | page = 171-8 | date = Feb 2004 | pmid = 15016574
| doi = 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00039-4 }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Pain signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Oral signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Immune signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Digestive signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Sore throat

2026-11-13T21:41:17Z

BeardedBaldy:

{{Language links
|page_sv=Halsont
}}
A chronic '''sore throat''' is a commonly reported symptom in [[ME/CFS|myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome]] ([[ME/CFS]]). It forms part of a range of flu-like symptoms that are very common in ME/CFS patients.<ref name="Nisenbaum, 2004"/>

==Presentation==
Sore throats can be particularly common during the initial onset of the illness, which often presents with flu-like symptoms. A sore throat usually appears most commonly in the morning upon waking, or during [[post-exertional malaise]]. Some patients see a sore throat as a warning sign to reduce their activity.

A bacterial or viral infection is rarely found.<ref>Verrillo - Sore throat</ref>

==Prevalence==
*1995, [[Katrina Berne]], PhD, reported a prevalence of 50-90% for chronic sore throat in [[ME/CFS]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Berne | first = Katrina | authorlink = Katrina Berne | date = Dec 1, 1995 | title = Running on Empty: The Complete Guide to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFIDS)|edition= 2nd |url= https://www.amazon.co.uk/Running-Empty-Complete-Chronic-Syndrome/dp/0897931912/ |publisher= Hunter House | page = 58 |isbn= 978-0897931915}}</ref>
*2001, In a Belgian study, 74.1% of patients meeting the [[Fukuda criteria]] and 84.1% of patients meeting the [[Holmes criteria]], in a cohort of 2073 [[chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients, reported sore throat.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = De Becker | first=Pascale | authorlink = Pascale De Becker | last2 = McGregor | first2 = Neil | authorlink2 = Neil McGregor | last3 = De Meirleir | first3=Kenny | author-link3 = Kenny De Meirleir | date = December 2001 | title = A definition‐based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=250|issue=3|pages=234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|quote=|via=}}</ref>

==Symptom recognition==
*Features in the [[Fukuda criteria]], [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]], [[International Consensus Criteria]]
*In the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]], recurrent sore throat is an optional criteria for diagnosis, under the section ''Immune Manifestations.''<ref>[http://sacfs.asn.au/download/consensus_overview_me_cfs.pdf ''A Clinical Case Definition and Guidelines for Medical Practitioners: An Overview of the Canadian Consensus Document''] Pg 8. 2005.</ref>
*In the [[Fukuda criteria]], the symptom of sore throat can be used to help form a diagnosis.<ref>[http://www.cfids-me.org/cdcdefine.html The CDC (Fukuda 1994) Definition for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]</ref>
*In the [[Holmes criteria]], a sore throat is an optional criteria for diagnosis, under the section ''Minor Symptom Criteria''.<ref>[http://www.cfids-me.org/holmes1988.html The 1988 Holmes Definition for CFS]</ref>

==Notable studies==

==Possible causes==

==Potential treatments==
*Herbal teas
*Hot lemon and honey
*Throat spray or lozenges
*[[Zinc]]

==See also==

==Learn more==

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Nisenbaum, 2004">
{{Citation | last1 = Nisenbaum | first1 = R | authorlink1 = Rosane Nisenbaum| last2 = Reyes | first2 = M | authorlink2 = Michele Reyes | last3 = Unger | first3 = ER | authorlink3 = Elizabeth Unger | last4 = Reeves | first4 = W | authorlink4 = William Reeves | title = Factor analysis of symptoms among subjects with unexplained chronic fatigue: what can we learn about chronic fatigue syndrome? | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022399903000394?via%3Dihub | journal = J Psychosom Res. | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | page = 171-8 | date = Feb 2004 | pmid = 15016574
| doi = 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00039-4 }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Pain signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Oral signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Immune signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Digestive signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

Sore throat

2026-11-13T21:40:56Z

BeardedBaldy:Localization.

A chronic '''sore throat''' is a commonly reported symptom in [[ME/CFS|myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome]] ([[ME/CFS]]). It forms part of a range of flu-like symptoms that are very common in ME/CFS patients.<ref name="Nisenbaum, 2004"/>

==Presentation==
Sore throats can be particularly common during the initial onset of the illness, which often presents with flu-like symptoms. A sore throat usually appears most commonly in the morning upon waking, or during [[post-exertional malaise]]. Some patients see a sore throat as a warning sign to reduce their activity.

A bacterial or viral infection is rarely found.<ref>Verrillo - Sore throat</ref>

==Prevalence==
*1995, [[Katrina Berne]], PhD, reported a prevalence of 50-90% for chronic sore throat in [[ME/CFS]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Berne | first = Katrina | authorlink = Katrina Berne | date = Dec 1, 1995 | title = Running on Empty: The Complete Guide to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFIDS)|edition= 2nd |url= https://www.amazon.co.uk/Running-Empty-Complete-Chronic-Syndrome/dp/0897931912/ |publisher= Hunter House | page = 58 |isbn= 978-0897931915}}</ref>
*2001, In a Belgian study, 74.1% of patients meeting the [[Fukuda criteria]] and 84.1% of patients meeting the [[Holmes criteria]], in a cohort of 2073 [[chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients, reported sore throat.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = De Becker | first=Pascale | authorlink = Pascale De Becker | last2 = McGregor | first2 = Neil | authorlink2 = Neil McGregor | last3 = De Meirleir | first3=Kenny | author-link3 = Kenny De Meirleir | date = December 2001 | title = A definition‐based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=250|issue=3|pages=234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|quote=|via=}}</ref>

==Symptom recognition==
*Features in the [[Fukuda criteria]], [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]], [[International Consensus Criteria]]
*In the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]], recurrent sore throat is an optional criteria for diagnosis, under the section ''Immune Manifestations.''<ref>[http://sacfs.asn.au/download/consensus_overview_me_cfs.pdf ''A Clinical Case Definition and Guidelines for Medical Practitioners: An Overview of the Canadian Consensus Document''] Pg 8. 2005.</ref>
*In the [[Fukuda criteria]], the symptom of sore throat can be used to help form a diagnosis.<ref>[http://www.cfids-me.org/cdcdefine.html The CDC (Fukuda 1994) Definition for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]</ref>
*In the [[Holmes criteria]], a sore throat is an optional criteria for diagnosis, under the section ''Minor Symptom Criteria''.<ref>[http://www.cfids-me.org/holmes1988.html The 1988 Holmes Definition for CFS]</ref>

==Notable studies==

==Possible causes==

==Potential treatments==
*Herbal teas
*Hot lemon and honey
*Throat spray or lozenges
*[[Zinc]]

==See also==

==Learn more==

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Nisenbaum, 2004">
{{Citation | last1 = Nisenbaum | first1 = R | authorlink1 = Rosane Nisenbaum| last2 = Reyes | first2 = M | authorlink2 = Michele Reyes | last3 = Unger | first3 = ER | authorlink3 = Elizabeth Unger | last4 = Reeves | first4 = W | authorlink4 = William Reeves | title = Factor analysis of symptoms among subjects with unexplained chronic fatigue: what can we learn about chronic fatigue syndrome? | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022399903000394?via%3Dihub | journal = J Psychosom Res. | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | page = 171-8 | date = Feb 2004 | pmid = 15016574
| doi = 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00039-4 }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Pain signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Oral signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Immune signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Digestive signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

Sore throat

2026-11-13T21:39:13Z

BeardedBaldy:/* References */ Added authorlink and url.

Rare and uncommon symptoms

2026-11-13T21:09:55Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks in references.

Rare and uncommon symptoms of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] (ME) are those not listed the diagnostic criteria, and are more likely to occur or more likely to be problematic in people with [[Severe and very severe ME|severe or very severe ME]].<ref name="Becker2001">{{Cite journal | last = De Becker | first=P. | last2 = McGregor | first2 = N. | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = K. | date = 2001-09-15| title = A definition-based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=250|issue=3|pages=234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|issn=0954-6820|pmc=|pmid=|quote= | author-link = Pascale De Becker | authorlink2 = Neil McGregor|access-date= | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | authorlink4 = | authorlink5 = |via=}}</ref><ref name="Jason2014">{{Cite journal | last= Jason | first = Leonard A. | last2 = Sunnquist | first2 = Madison | last3 = Brown | first3 = Abigail | last4 = Evans | first4 = Meredyth | last5 = Vernon | first5 = Suzanne D. | last6 = Furst | first6 = Jacob | authorlink6 = Jacob Furst | last7 = Simonis | first7 = Valerie | authorlink7 = Valerie Simonis | date = 2014-01-01| title = Examining case definition criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3912876/|journal=Fatigue: biomedicine, health & behavior|volume=2|issue=1 | pages = 40–56|doi=10.1080/21641846.2013.862993|issn=2164-1846|pmc=3912876|pmid=24511456|quote= | author-link = Leonard Jason | author-link2 = Madison Sunnquist|access-date= | authorlink3 = Abigail Brown | author-link4 = Meredyth Evans | author-link5 = Suzanne Vernon|via=}}</ref>

Rare symptoms that can be particularly problematic include:
* periodic [[paralysis]] or [[Paresis|partial paralysis]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name="ICC" />
* chewing [[Dysphagia|swallowing]] and digesting food<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />
* seizure-like phenomena, or complete or partial [[Seizure|seizures]]<ref name="HFME" /><ref name="CCC" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.investinme.org/Article-020%20What%20is%20ME%20What%20is%20CFS.shtml| title = Invest in ME Research - UK Charity for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis What is ME?|website=[[Invest in ME Research]]|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref>
* [[cardiovascular]] symptoms like [[heart palpitation]]s
* nocturnal [[diarrhea]], bladder and bowel control problems<ref name=":5" />
* [[blackouts]] or loss of consciousness<ref name="HFME">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hfme.org/themesymptomlist.htm| title = The comprehensive M.E. symptom list | last = Bassett | first=Jodi | date = 2012 | website = The Hummingbirds' Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330194015/http://www.hfme.org/themesymptomlist.htm|archive-date=2018-03-30|url-status=|access-date=2018-10-07|authorlink=Jodi Bassett}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://25megroup.org/me/symptoms| title = Symptoms - 25% M.E. Group|work=25% M.E. Group|access-date=2018-10-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Becker2001" /><ref name="CCC">{{Cite journal | last = Carruthers | first = Bruce M. | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | last7 = Bested | first7 = Alison C. | last8 = Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip | date = May 2002| title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols|url=http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf#page=10|journal=Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|language=en|volume=11|issue=1 | pages = 7–115|doi=10.1300/j092v11n01_02|issn=1057-3321|via=|pmc=|pmid=|quote= | author-link = Bruce Carruthers | authorlink2 = Anil Kumar Jain|access-date= | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | authorlink4 = Daniel Peterson | author-link5 = Nancy Klimas | authorlink6 = A Martin Lerner | authorlink7 = Alison Bested | authorlink8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | authorlink9 = Pradip Joshi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Amano | first = Keiko | authorlink = Keiko Amano | last2 = Yanagihori | first2 = Ryoko | authorlink2 = Ryoko Yanagihori | last3 = Tei | first3 = Chuwa | authorlink3 = Chuwa Tei | date = 2015-05-13| title = Waon Therapy is Effective as the Treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/onki/78/3/78_285/_pdf|journal=The Journal of The Japanese Society of Balneology, Climatology and Physical Medicine|language=en|volume=78|issue=3|pages=|doi=10.11390/onki.78.285|issn=0029-0343|via=}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal | last = Crowhurst | first=Greg | date = 28 February 2005| title = Supporting people with severe myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=http://me-foreningen.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Crowhurst-Severely-affected-i-Nursing-Standard.pdf|journal=Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987)|volume=19|issue=21|pages=38–43|doi=10.7748/ns2005.02.19.21.38.c3796|issn=0029-6570|pmid=15727017|via=|pmc=|quote= | author-link = Greg Crowhurst}}</ref>

==Sensory problems==
Sensory problems including noise and light sensitivity ([[tinnitus]], [[hyperacusis]], severe [[photophobia]]) are relatively common but may be undercognised; the most commonly used diagnostic criteria do not include any sensory symptoms.<ref name="fukuda1994">{{Cite journal | last = Fukuda | first = K. | authorlink = Keiji Fukuda | last2 = Straus | first2 = S.E. | authorlink2 = Stephen Straus | last3 = Hickie | first3 = I. | authorlink3 = Ian Hickie | last4 = Sharpe | first4 = M.C. | authorlink4 = Michael Sharpe | last5 = Dobbins | first5 = J.G. | authorlink5 = James Dobbins | last6 = Komaroff | first6 = A. | authorlink6 = Anthony Komaroff | date = 1994-12-15| title = The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group | url =https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Sharpe2/publication/247808895_The_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_A_Comprehensive_Approach_to_Its_Definition_and_Study/links/0c96053201643bfc4b000000/The-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-A-Comprehensive-Approach-to-Its-Definition-and-Study.pdf|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=121|issue=12 | pages = 953–959|issn=0003-4819|pmid=7978722|via=|publisher=American College of Physicians}}</ref><ref name="CDC2020TREAT">https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/symptoms-diagnosis/symptoms.html</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name="CCC" /><ref name="CCC" />

==Symptom recognition==

=== Paralysis ===
[[Paralysis]] is recognized under ''Motor and Balance'' symptoms in the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]] (CCC) (Appendix 4). Chewing and swallowing difficulties. Paralysis is not recognized in the [[International Consensus Criteria]], (ICC) but the [[Ion transportation|ion transport]] and [[channelopathy]] impairments that cause it are mentioned in the ''pathophysiology'' section, and the ''response to exercise'' section.<ref name="ICC">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16 = Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18= Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | authorlink19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20= Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22 = John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24 = Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012
| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf }}</ref>

=== Chewing and swallowing problems ===
Chewing and swallowing problems are sometimes caused by paralysis, especially facial paralysis. Some patients are too weak to chew, eat or digest food normally and need a feeding tube.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Hanson | first = Maureen R. | last2 = Giloteaux | first2 = Ludovic | authorlink2 = Ludovic Giloteaux | date = 2017 | title=The gut microbiome in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|url=http://www.biochemist.org/bio/03902/0010/039020010.pdf|journal=Biochemist|volume=39|issue=2|pages=10-13|via=| doi = | pmc = | pmid = | quote = | authorlink = Maureen Hanson}}</ref><ref name="HFME" /> Problems with fine motor control of the hands can also affect eating.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mesupport.co.uk/index.php?page=the-symptoms-of-m-e| title = The Symptoms of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis - M.E. Support | last = Sargent | first = Louise | authorlink = Louise Sargent | date = |website=mesupport.co.uk|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref>

=== Nocturnal diarrhea ===
Nightime diarrhea and delayed emptying of the upper gastricintestinal tract were found in some CFS patients, although vomiting was much rarer in the same study.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal | last = Burnet | first = Richard B | authorlink = Richard Burnet | last2 = Chatterton | first2 = Barry E | authorlink2 = Barry Chatterton | date = December 2004| title = Gastric emptying is slow in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-4-32|journal=BMC Gastroenterology|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.1186/1471-230x-4-32|issn=1471-230X|pmc=544348|pmid=15619332|via=}}</ref> Difficulties with bladder or bowel control have also been identified.<ref name=":6" />

=== Seizure-like symptoms ===
[[Seizure|Seizure-like symptoms]] are described as resulting from hypersensitivity to even low levels of a stimulus (to light, noise, chemicals, etc).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Chaudhury | first = Suprakash | authorlink = Suprakash Chaudhury | date = 2014-07-01| title = Cognitive impairments in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://www.mjdrdypu.org/article.asp?issn=0975-2870;year=2014;volume=7;issue=4;spage=422;epage=424;aulast=Chaudhury|journal=Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University|language=en|volume=7|issue=4}}</ref> Seizure-like symptoms are included in the ''[[Nervous system|Nervous System]]'' symptoms in the Canadian Consensus Criteria (Appendix 4).<ref name="CCC" />{{Rp|102-103}}

==Prevalence==

{| class="wikitable alternance sortable mw-collapsible" style="background:white"
!Symptom
!Prevalence %
!International Criteria
!Canadian Criteria
!Fukuda criteria
!Rare
|-
|paralysis
|
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|Sight loss - partial or complete (amaurosis)
|15.5
|no - motor disturbances recognized
|no - visual changes only
|no
|yes
|-
|visible muscle wasting
|
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|sleeping all day/awake all night (also reversal)
|14
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|[[syncope|fainting]] (syncope)
|14.9
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|seizure-like symptoms
|
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|[[hyperacusis]] (severe noise severe)
|
|yes, neurosensory
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|severe [[photophobia]] (severe light sensitivity)
|70-76%<ref name="Becker2001" /><ref name="CCC" />{{Rp|101}}
|yes, neurosensory
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|[[tinnitus]]
|52-58%<ref name="Becker2001" /><ref name="CCC" />{{Rp|101}}
|no
|no
|no
|no
|}

==Notable studies==

===Castro-Marrero et al. 2017===
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033318217301184 Comorbidity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study]<ref name="Castro2017">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033318217301184</ref>
* 1757 Spanish subjects who met both the 1994 CDC/Fukuda definition and Canadian Consensus Criteria for CFS/ME. Table 2 gives prevelance of each ME/CFS symptom in the Canadian Consensus Criteria

===Jason et. al 2014===
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3912876/ Examining case definition criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis]
* 236 patients completed the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire, rating the frequency and severity of 54 symptoms, compared to controls.

===de Becker et al. 2010===
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x A definition-based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome]
* A study of 2073 patients complaining of chronic fatigue (CF) in Brussels. Table 1 and Table 2 show the how many patients had each symptom according to whether they met the Fukuda criteria, the Holmes criteria or had chronic fatigue without CFS.
1578 CFS patients fulfilled the Fukuda criteria (called the "CFS group") and 951 (60.3% of the CFS group) fulfilled the Holmes criteria. The Holmes definition was found to be better than the Fukuda at differentiated CFS patients from the patients with Chronic Fatigue without CFS.

==See also==
* [[Fukuda criteria]]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/pdfs/wichita-data-access/si-scoring-algorithm.pdf Common Symptoms - CDC Symptom Inventory for CFS Scoring]
* [[International Consensus Criteria|International Consensus Criteria]]
* [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]]
* [[Common symptoms in ME/CFS]]
* [[Severe and very severe ME|Severe and very severe M.E.]]

==Learn ==

* [https://www.hfme.org/PDF/Comprehensive_ME_Symptom_List.pdf Hummingbird Foundation: Comprehensive list of M.E.Symptoms]
* [http://me-foreningen.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Crowhurst-Severely-affected-i-Nursing-Standard.pdf Supporting people with severe Myalgic Encephalomyelitis] - [[Greg Crowhurst]], Nursing Times
* [http://stonebird.co.uk/Care%20Sheets.pdf Supporting someone with Severe ME sufferer: basic information that carers should find-out] Greg Crowhurst (2010)
* [https://25megroup.org/me/symptoms Severe M.E. symptoms] - 25% Group
* [https://www.actionforme.org.uk/uploads/pdfs/my-life-stopped-severe-ME-report.pdf Severe M.E.: Time to Deliver] - Action for M.E.
* [http://www.investinme.org/Article-020%20What%20is%20ME%20What%20is%20CFS.shtml What is M.E?] - Invest in M.E. Research
*
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]

Rare and uncommon symptoms

2026-11-13T20:35:56Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks in references.

Rare and uncommon symptoms of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] (ME) are those not listed the diagnostic criteria, and are more likely to occur or more likely to be problematic in people with [[Severe and very severe ME|severe or very severe ME]].<ref name="Becker2001">{{Cite journal | last = De Becker | first=P. | last2 = McGregor | first2 = N. | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = K. | date = 2001-09-15| title = A definition-based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=250|issue=3|pages=234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|issn=0954-6820|pmc=|pmid=|quote= | author-link = Pascale De Becker | authorlink2 = Neil McGregor|access-date= | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | authorlink4 = | authorlink5 = |via=}}</ref><ref name="Jason2014">{{Cite journal | last= Jason | first = Leonard A. | last2 = Sunnquist | first2 = Madison | last3 = Brown | first3 = Abigail | last4 = Evans | first4 = Meredyth | last5 = Vernon | first5 = Suzanne D. | last6 = Furst | first6 = Jacob | last7 = Simonis | first7 = Valerie | date = 2014-01-01| title = Examining case definition criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3912876/|journal=Fatigue: biomedicine, health & behavior|volume=2|issue=1 | pages = 40–56|doi=10.1080/21641846.2013.862993|issn=2164-1846|pmc=3912876|pmid=24511456|quote= | author-link = Leonard Jason | author-link2 = Madison Sunnquist|access-date= | authorlink3 = Abigail Brown | author-link4 = Meredyth Evans | author-link5 = Suzanne Vernon|via=}}</ref>

Rare symptoms that can be particularly problematic include:
* periodic [[paralysis]] or [[Paresis|partial paralysis]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name="ICC" />
* chewing [[Dysphagia|swallowing]] and digesting food<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />
* seizure-like phenomena, or complete or partial [[Seizure|seizures]]<ref name="HFME" /><ref name="CCC" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.investinme.org/Article-020%20What%20is%20ME%20What%20is%20CFS.shtml| title = Invest in ME Research - UK Charity for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis What is ME?|website=[[Invest in ME Research]]|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref>
* [[cardiovascular]] symptoms like [[heart palpitation]]s
* nocturnal [[diarrhea]], bladder and bowel control problems<ref name=":5" />
* [[blackouts]] or loss of consciousness<ref name="HFME">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hfme.org/themesymptomlist.htm| title = The comprehensive M.E. symptom list | last = Bassett | first=Jodi | date = 2012 | website = The Hummingbirds' Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330194015/http://www.hfme.org/themesymptomlist.htm|archive-date=2018-03-30|url-status=|access-date=2018-10-07|authorlink=Jodi Bassett}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://25megroup.org/me/symptoms| title = Symptoms - 25% M.E. Group|work=25% M.E. Group|access-date=2018-10-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Becker2001" /><ref name="CCC">{{Cite journal | last = Carruthers | first = Bruce M. | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | last7 = Bested | first7 = Alison C. | last8 = Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip | date = May 2002| title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols|url=http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf#page=10|journal=Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|language=en|volume=11|issue=1 | pages = 7–115|doi=10.1300/j092v11n01_02|issn=1057-3321|via=|pmc=|pmid=|quote= | author-link = Bruce Carruthers | authorlink2 = Anil Kumar Jain|access-date= | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | authorlink4 = Daniel Peterson | author-link5 = Nancy Klimas | authorlink6 = A Martin Lerner | authorlink7 = Alison Bested | authorlink8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | authorlink9 = Pradip Joshi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Amano | first = Keiko | last2 = Yanagihori | first2 = Ryoko | last3 = Tei | first3 = Chuwa | date = 2015-05-13| title = Waon Therapy is Effective as the Treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/onki/78/3/78_285/_pdf|journal=The Journal of The Japanese Society of Balneology, Climatology and Physical Medicine|language=en|volume=78|issue=3|pages=|doi=10.11390/onki.78.285|issn=0029-0343|via=}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal | last = Crowhurst | first=Greg | date = 28 February 2005| title = Supporting people with severe myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=http://me-foreningen.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Crowhurst-Severely-affected-i-Nursing-Standard.pdf|journal=Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987)|volume=19|issue=21|pages=38–43|doi=10.7748/ns2005.02.19.21.38.c3796|issn=0029-6570|pmid=15727017|via=|pmc=|quote= | author-link = Greg Crowhurst}}</ref>

==Sensory problems==
Sensory problems including noise and light sensitivity ([[tinnitus]], [[hyperacusis]], severe [[photophobia]]) are relatively common but may be undercognised; the most commonly used diagnostic criteria do not include any sensory symptoms.<ref name="fukuda1994">{{Cite journal | last = Fukuda | first = K. | authorlink = Keiji Fukuda | last2 = Straus | first2 = S.E. | authorlink2 = Stephen Straus | last3 = Hickie | first3 = I. | authorlink3 = Ian Hickie | last4 = Sharpe | first4 = M.C. | authorlink4 = Michael Sharpe | last5 = Dobbins | first5 = J.G. | authorlink5 = James Dobbins | last6 = Komaroff | first6 = A. | authorlink6 = Anthony Komaroff | date = 1994-12-15| title = The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group | url =https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Sharpe2/publication/247808895_The_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_A_Comprehensive_Approach_to_Its_Definition_and_Study/links/0c96053201643bfc4b000000/The-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-A-Comprehensive-Approach-to-Its-Definition-and-Study.pdf|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=121|issue=12 | pages = 953–959|issn=0003-4819|pmid=7978722|via=|publisher=American College of Physicians}}</ref><ref name="CDC2020TREAT">https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/symptoms-diagnosis/symptoms.html</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name="CCC" /><ref name="CCC" />

==Symptom recognition==

=== Paralysis ===
[[Paralysis]] is recognized under ''Motor and Balance'' symptoms in the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]] (CCC) (Appendix 4). Chewing and swallowing difficulties. Paralysis is not recognized in the [[International Consensus Criteria]], (ICC) but the [[Ion transportation|ion transport]] and [[channelopathy]] impairments that cause it are mentioned in the ''pathophysiology'' section, and the ''response to exercise'' section.<ref name="ICC">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16 = Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18= Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | authorlink19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20= Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22 = John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24 = Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012
| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf }}</ref>

=== Chewing and swallowing problems ===
Chewing and swallowing problems are sometimes caused by paralysis, especially facial paralysis. Some patients are too weak to chew, eat or digest food normally and need a feeding tube.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Hanson | first = Maureen R. | last2 = Giloteaux | first2 = Ludovic | authorlink2 = Ludovic Giloteaux | date = 2017 | title=The gut microbiome in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|url=http://www.biochemist.org/bio/03902/0010/039020010.pdf|journal=Biochemist|volume=39|issue=2|pages=10-13|via=| doi = | pmc = | pmid = | quote = | authorlink = Maureen Hanson}}</ref><ref name="HFME" /> Problems with fine motor control of the hands can also affect eating.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mesupport.co.uk/index.php?page=the-symptoms-of-m-e| title = The Symptoms of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis - M.E. Support | last = Sargent | first = Louise | authorlink = Louise Sargent | date = |website=mesupport.co.uk|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref>

=== Nocturnal diarrhea ===
Nightime diarrhea and delayed emptying of the upper gastricintestinal tract were found in some CFS patients, although vomiting was much rarer in the same study.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal | last = Burnet | first = Richard B | last2 = Chatterton | first2 = Barry E | date = December 2004| title = Gastric emptying is slow in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-4-32|journal=BMC Gastroenterology|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.1186/1471-230x-4-32|issn=1471-230X|pmc=544348|pmid=15619332|via=}}</ref> Difficulties with bladder or bowel control have also been identified.<ref name=":6" />

=== Seizure-like symptoms ===
[[Seizure|Seizure-like symptoms]] are described as resulting from hypersensitivity to even low levels of a stimulus (to light, noise, chemicals, etc).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Chaudhury | first = Suprakash | authorlink = Suprakash Chaudhury | date = 2014-07-01| title = Cognitive impairments in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://www.mjdrdypu.org/article.asp?issn=0975-2870;year=2014;volume=7;issue=4;spage=422;epage=424;aulast=Chaudhury|journal=Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University|language=en|volume=7|issue=4}}</ref> Seizure-like symptoms are included in the ''[[Nervous system|Nervous System]]'' symptoms in the Canadian Consensus Criteria (Appendix 4).<ref name="CCC" />{{Rp|102-103}}

==Prevalence==

{| class="wikitable alternance sortable mw-collapsible" style="background:white"
!Symptom
!Prevalence %
!International Criteria
!Canadian Criteria
!Fukuda criteria
!Rare
|-
|paralysis
|
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|Sight loss - partial or complete (amaurosis)
|15.5
|no - motor disturbances recognized
|no - visual changes only
|no
|yes
|-
|visible muscle wasting
|
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|sleeping all day/awake all night (also reversal)
|14
|yes
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|[[syncope|fainting]] (syncope)
|14.9
|no
|no
|no
|yes
|-
|seizure-like symptoms
|
|no
|yes
|no
|yes
|-
|[[hyperacusis]] (severe noise severe)
|
|yes, neurosensory
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|severe [[photophobia]] (severe light sensitivity)
|70-76%<ref name="Becker2001" /><ref name="CCC" />{{Rp|101}}
|yes, neurosensory
|yes
|no
|no
|-
|[[tinnitus]]
|52-58%<ref name="Becker2001" /><ref name="CCC" />{{Rp|101}}
|no
|no
|no
|no
|}

==Notable studies==

===Castro-Marrero et al. 2017===
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033318217301184 Comorbidity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study]<ref name="Castro2017">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033318217301184</ref>
* 1757 Spanish subjects who met both the 1994 CDC/Fukuda definition and Canadian Consensus Criteria for CFS/ME. Table 2 gives prevelance of each ME/CFS symptom in the Canadian Consensus Criteria

===Jason et. al 2014===
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3912876/ Examining case definition criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis]
* 236 patients completed the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire, rating the frequency and severity of 54 symptoms, compared to controls.

===de Becker et al. 2010===
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x A definition-based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome]
* A study of 2073 patients complaining of chronic fatigue (CF) in Brussels. Table 1 and Table 2 show the how many patients had each symptom according to whether they met the Fukuda criteria, the Holmes criteria or had chronic fatigue without CFS.
1578 CFS patients fulfilled the Fukuda criteria (called the "CFS group") and 951 (60.3% of the CFS group) fulfilled the Holmes criteria. The Holmes definition was found to be better than the Fukuda at differentiated CFS patients from the patients with Chronic Fatigue without CFS.

==See also==
* [[Fukuda criteria]]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/pdfs/wichita-data-access/si-scoring-algorithm.pdf Common Symptoms - CDC Symptom Inventory for CFS Scoring]
* [[International Consensus Criteria|International Consensus Criteria]]
* [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]]
* [[Common symptoms in ME/CFS]]
* [[Severe and very severe ME|Severe and very severe M.E.]]

==Learn ==

* [https://www.hfme.org/PDF/Comprehensive_ME_Symptom_List.pdf Hummingbird Foundation: Comprehensive list of M.E.Symptoms]
* [http://me-foreningen.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Crowhurst-Severely-affected-i-Nursing-Standard.pdf Supporting people with severe Myalgic Encephalomyelitis] - [[Greg Crowhurst]], Nursing Times
* [http://stonebird.co.uk/Care%20Sheets.pdf Supporting someone with Severe ME sufferer: basic information that carers should find-out] Greg Crowhurst (2010)
* [https://25megroup.org/me/symptoms Severe M.E. symptoms] - 25% Group
* [https://www.actionforme.org.uk/uploads/pdfs/my-life-stopped-severe-ME-report.pdf Severe M.E.: Time to Deliver] - Action for M.E.
* [http://www.investinme.org/Article-020%20What%20is%20ME%20What%20is%20CFS.shtml What is M.E?] - Invest in M.E. Research
*
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]

Svenska:Stress

2026-11-13T00:08:08Z

BeardedBaldy:Relocate lang link.

{{stub}}

'''Stress''' kan vara antingen fysisk eller psykisk, eller både och.<ref name="physiologicalstress" /> Stress defineras som antingen ett tillstånd av emotionell eller [[mental health|psykologisk påfrestning]] eller spänning orsakad av en situation eller händelse, ''eller'' den fysiska stress(tryck eller spänning) som utövas på ett fysiskt objekt, såsom en kroppsdel, t.ex. ett '''stresstest''' är ett medicinskt test som övervakar det [[sv:Kardiovaskulära systemet|kardiovaskulära systemet]] under ansträngande [[exercise|träning]].<ref name="oxdict">{{Cite book | title=New Oxford American Dictionary | date = 2015 | publisher =Oxford University Press | editor-first = Angus | editor-last = Stevenson|editor-first2 = Christine A.|editor-last2=Lindberg}}</ref><ref name="stresstest">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/stress-test | title = Heart Disease and Stress Tests|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref>

==Bra stress ==
"Bra" stress syftar på upplevelser som är fysiskt eller emotionellt utmanande, men som inte varar och som är inom personens förmåga att bemästra, vilket resulterar i känslan av upprymdhet och prestation.<ref name="goodstress">{{Cite journal | last = McEwen | first = Bruce S. | date = 2007-07-01 | title = Physiology and Neurobiology of Stress and Adaptation: Central Role of the Brain|url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00041.2006|journal=Physiological Reviews|volume=87|issue=3 | pages = 873–904|doi=10.1152/physrev.00041.2006|issn=0031-9333}}</ref> T.ex. att springa längre än normalt för att bli bättre tränad utan att bli sjuk eller utmattad, eller att framgångsrikt hantera en hektisk dag på jobbet.

==Fysiologisk stress ==
Fysiologisk stress är stress utövad på levande organismer, som celler eller personer.<ref name="physiologicalstress">{{Cite book | url =https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/17-6-the-adrenal-glands | first=J. Gordon | last = Betts | first2 = Kelly A. | last2 =Young | first3 = James A. | last3 = Wise | first4 = Eddie | last4 = Johnson | first5 = Brandon | last5 = Poe | first6 = Dean H. | last6 = Kruse | first7 = Oksana | last7 = Korol | first8 = Jody E. | last8 = Johnson | first9 = Mark | last9 = Womble | first10 = Peter | last10 = DeSaix | website = OpenStax | title = Anatomy and Physiology|chapter=17.6 The Adrenal Glands | date = Apr 25, 2013|location= Houston, Texas}}</ref> Fysiologisk stress inkluderar fysisk skada på kroppen, kirurgi, att gå utomhus i kalla och våta förhållanden utan jacka, och undernäring.<ref name="physiologicalstress" />

==ME/CFS==
Emotionell eller psykologisk stress, i synnerhet kronisk, anses vara en potentiell utlösare av [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]]. Det är även känt att emotionell stress förvärrar symptomen av ME/CFS. ME-patienter rådges vanligtvis att undvika stress närhelst möjligt.

==Autonoma nervsystemet ==
Stress orsakar kroppsliga förändringar via det [[sv:Autonoma nervsystemet|autonoma nervsystemet]].

==Nämnvärda studier==
Flera studier har funnit att det inte är ovanligt att uppleva stor psykologisk kronisk stress(från händelser som skillsmässa, sorg eller betydande ekonomiska problem) under året innan man utvecklar ME/CFS.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Hatcher | first = Simon | last2 = House | first2 = Allan | date = Oct 2003 | title = Life events, difficulties and dilemmas in the onset of chronic fatigue syndrome: a case-control study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14580073|journal=Psychological Medicine|volume=33|issue=7|pages=1185–1192|doi=10.1017/s0033291703008274|issn=0033-2917|pmid=14580073|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Theorell | first = T. | last2 = Blomkvist | first2 = V. | last3 = Lindh | first3 = G. | last4 = Evengård | first4 = B. | date = May 1999 | title = Critical life events, infections, and symptoms during the year preceding chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): an examination of CFS patients and subjects with a nonspecific life crisis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10367610|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|volume=61|issue=3|pages=304–310|issn=0033-3174|pmid=10367610|doi=|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Salit | first=Irving E. | date = 1997-01-01 | title = Precipitating factors for the chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395696000507|journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research|volume=31|issue=1|pages=59–65|doi=10.1016/S0022-3956(96)00050-7|issn=0022-3956}}</ref>

Kronisk psykologisk stress ökar kortisolet, vilket hämmar den antivirala/intracellulära immunresponsen från Th1 och T-cell responsen.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Dhabhar | first=Firdaus S | date = 2008-03-15 | title = Enhancing versus Suppressive Effects of Stress on Immune Function: Implications for Immunoprotection versus Immunopathology|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869337/|journal=Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology : Official Journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1186/1710-1492-4-1-2|issn=1710-1484|pmc=2869337|pmid=20525121}}</ref> Det har också visats att kronisk stress ökar risken för virusinfektion betydligt.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Murphy | first = Michael L. M. | last2 = Cohen | first2 = Sheldon | last3 = Janicki-Deverts | first3=Denise | last4 = Doyle | first4 = William J. | date = 2017-06-20 | title = Offspring of parents who were separated and not speaking to one another have reduced resistance to the common cold as adults|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28584098|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=114|issue=25 | pages = 6515–6520|doi=10.1073/pnas.1700610114|issn=1091-6490|pmc=5488935|pmid=28584098|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>

Denna ökade mottaglighet observeras inte efter kortsiktig intensiv stress(stressperioder som varar mindre än 1 månad).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Cohen | first = S. | last2 = Frank | first2 = E. | last3 = Doyle | first3 = W.J. | last4 = Skoner | first4 = D.P. | last5 = Rabin | first5 = B.S. | last6 = Gwaltney | first6 = J.M. | date=May 1998 | title = Types of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9619470|journal=Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association|volume=17|issue=3|pages=214–223|doi=10.1037//0278-6133.17.3.214|issn=0278-6133|pmid=9619470|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>

Eftersom ME/CFS vanligtvis framkommer efter intensiv virusinfektion, kanske förekomsten av kronisk stress försvagar immunsystemet och tillåter att ett normalt milt virus triggar den allvarliga sjukdomen ME/CFS.

==Se även ==
*[[Oxidative stress|Oxidativ stress]]
*[[Sv:Ångest|Ångest]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Exercise|Träning]]
*[[Cardiopulmonary exercise test|Kardiopulmonärt arbetsprov]] (CPET)
*[[Corticosteroids given during acute viral infection may trigger myalgic encephalomyelitis|Kartikosteroider givna under allvarlig virusinfektion kanske kan trigga myalgisk encefalomyelit]]

==Vidare Läsning==
*[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response Understanding the stress response] - Harvard Health
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23112806/ Neuronal Responses to Physiological Stress]

==Referenser==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Triggers and risk factors]]
[[Category:Psychological signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Svenska:Myalgisk encefalomyelit

2026-11-13T00:07:12Z

BeardedBaldy:Relocate lang link.

[[File:Linda Crowhurst.JPG|thumb|[[Linda Crowhurst]] är gift med [[Greg Crowhurst]]; de bor i Belfast, [[Northern Ireland|Nordirland]]. Greg är Lindas heltidsvårdgivare eftersom hon är [[Severe and very severe ME|väldigt svårt sjuk i ME]]. Per Juni 2018 har Linda varit sjuk i 25 år. Bildkälla: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1z5O_cgQ7I Wasteland (video)] som visuellt dokumenterar Lindas väldigt svåra ME. Greg la up en [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVsOeZjhMFY YouTube video 2006 (lades upp igen 2007)] där Linda pratar om sin sjukdom och visar sina [[sv:Nervsystem|neurologiska]] symptom som är den första kända offentliga visuella dokumentationen av väldigt svår ME. Hon är nu sängbunden, kan knappt röra sig och kan inte mata sig själv.]]

[[File:Jenny Spotlia.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Jennie Spotila]] är en amerikansk ME patient som insjuknade den 6e Oktober 1994. Jennie är [[Severe and very severe ME|handikappad, mestadels hembunden, och använder en rullstol]] men har varit en [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]] förespråkare i många år. Hon skriver bloggen [[Occupy M.E.]] Hon tjänade satt i styrelsen för [[Solve ME/CFS Initiative|CFIDS Association of America]] (Amerikas CFIDS Förbund) och vittnade inför [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Advisory Committee|CFSAC]]]]

'''Myalgisk encefalomyelit''' (ME) är en kronisk, [[sv:Inflammation|inflammatorisk]], fysisk och [[sv:Nervsystem|neurologisk]] och immun-förmedlad sjukdom med symptom som involverar många kroppssystem. Den blir ofta utlöst av en [[sv:Virusinfektion|virusinfektion]] eller en [[sv:Influensaliknande sjukdom|influensaliknande sjukdom]].<ref name="ICC2011primer" /><ref name="CDC-causes" /> ME för med sig symptom i [[sv:Centrala nervsystemet|centrala nervsystemet]] (CNS), [[sv:Autonoma nervsystemet|autonoma nervsystemet]] (ANS), [[immune system|immunsystemet]], [[sv:Kardiovaskulära systemet|kardiovaskulära systemet]], [[endocrine system|endokrina systemet]], [[digestive system|matsmältningssystemet]], och [[musculoskeletal system|muskuloskeletala systemet]].<ref name="ICC2011primer" /><ref name="CDC-symptoms" />

Myalgisk encefalomyelit klassades först som en [[sv:nervsystem|neurologisk]] sjukdom av [[World Health Organization|Världshälsoorganisationen]] (WHO) 1969 med publiceringen av [[World Health Organization#icd8|Världshälsoorganisationens ICD-8]] manual.<ref name="ICD-8">{{Cite book |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70934/ICD_10_1969_eng_v2a.pdf | title=Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death Based on the Recommendations of the Eighth Revision Conference | last = World Health Organization | first = | authorlink = World Health Organization|publisher=WHO| year = 1969|isbn=|editor-link=|edition=8th|volume=2|location=Geneva | page = 173|chapter=|quote=Encephalomyelitis (chronic),<br>(myalgic, benign) 323}}</ref>

ME har förekommit i både [[Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis|epidemiska]] och [[List of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome outbreaks|sporadisk]] former.

Det kännetecknande symptomet för myalgisk encefalomyelit är enligt [[Centers for Disease Control|CDC]] [[post-exertional malaise|ansträngningsutlöst försämring]] (PEM), vilket är försämringen av ME/CFS-symptom efter minimal fysisk, mental, eller emotionell [[exertion|ansträngning]].<ref name="CDC-doctors">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/index.html | title = Information for Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = Dec 27, 2021 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref><ref name="Friedman2021">{{Cite journal | title = Our Evolving Understanding of ME/CFS | date = Mar 2021|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/57/3/200/htm|journal=Medicina|volume=57|issue=3|pages=200 | last = Friedman | first = Kenneth J. | authorlink = Kenneth Friedman | last2 = Murovska | first2 = Modra | authorlink2 = Modra Murovska | last3 = Pheby | first3 = Derek F.H. | authorlink3 = Derek Pheby | last4 = Zalewski | first4 = Paweł | authorlink4 = Paweł Zalewski|language=en|doi=10.3390/medicina57030200|pmc=|pmid=33652622|access-date=|issn=1648-9144|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /><ref name="Speight2013">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sjmms.net/article.asp?issn=1658-631X;year=2013;volume=1;issue=1;spage=11;epage=13;aulast=Speight | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: Review of history, clinical features, and controversies | last = Speight | first = Nigel | authorlink=Nigel Speight | date = 2013|pages=11-13|doi=10.4103/1658-631x.112905|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=|volume=1|issue=1|journal=Saudi J Med Med Sci}}</ref><ref name="CDC-symptoms" /> Andra viktiga symptom inkluderar [[muscle fatigability|muskeltrötthet]], [[sleep dysfunction|sömnstörning]], plus antingen [[orthostatic intolerance|ortostatisk intolerans]] eller [[cognitive dysfunction|kognitiv dysfunktion]]. Ortostatisk intolerans är dysfuntion i [[sv:autonoma nervsystemet|autonoma nervsystemet]] som orsakar en försämring av symptom när man står eller sitter upprätt, och kan inkludera att känna sig [[syncope|svimfärdig]], [[dizziness|svindel]], svaghetskänsla, [[blurred vision|suddig syn]], [[postural orthostatic tachycardia|postural ortostatisk takykardi]] (POTS), sänkt[[heart rate variability|hjärtfrekvensvariabilitet]] på natten, och intolerans mot både [[body temperature|kyla och värme]].

Andra vanliga ME/CFS-symptom inkluderar [[myalgia|muskelsmärta]], [[neuralgia|nervsmärta]], stelhet i nacke och ryggrad, och sensoriska symptom inkluderande [[sensitivity to light|känslighet mot ljus]], [[hyperacusis|ljud]], [[touch|beröring]], [[paresthesia|stickning eller domning i huden]] och [[hyperaesthesia|hyperestesi]] (hudkänslighet och smärta, och [[allodynia|allodyni]]). Det finns en progressiv form av ME, men den är ovanligare än den remitterande typen.<ref name="Howes2015">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.meassociation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/fulltext_pmr-v2-id10521.pdf | title=Progressive Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) or A New Disease? A Case Report | last = Howes | first = S | authorlink = Sandra Howes | last2 = Goudsmit | first2 = EM | authorlink2 = Ellen Goudsmit | date = Jul 7, 2015 |journal=Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - International|volume=2|issue=6|pages=1052|doi=}}</ref>

Bland vuxna är ME [[female predominant diseases|vanligare bland kvinnor]] än män.<ref name="CDC-causes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/about/possible-causes.html | title = Possible Causes {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2019-01-18 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> [[Onset of ME/CFS|Ny debut av ME]] har [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|observerats i barn]]<ref name="CDC-children">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/me-cfs-children/index.html | title = ME/CFS in Children {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2019-01-18 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> och i vuxna vanligen mellan 40-60 års ålder.<ref name="what-is">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/about/index.html | title = What is ME/CFS? {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2019-01-18 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> [[Inger Johanne Bakken|Bakken]] et. al noterar två ålderstoppar för [[sv:CFS/ME|CFS/ME]]; åldersgrupp 10 till 19 år och en andra topp i åldersgruppern 30 till 39 år.<ref name="Bakken2014">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bakken | first1 = Inger Johanne | authorlink1 = Inger Johanne Bakken | last2 = Tveito | first2 = Kari | authorlink2 = Kari Tveito | last3 = Gunnes | first3 = Nina | authorlink3 = Nina Gunnes | last4 = Ghaderi | first4 = Sara | authorlink4 = Sara Ghaderi | last5 = Stoltenberg | first5 = Camilla | authorlink5 = Camilla Stoltenberg | last6 = Trogstad | first6 = Lill | authorlink6 = Lill Trogstad | last7 = Håberg | first7 = Siri Eldevik | authorlink7 = Siri Håberg | last8 = Magnus | first8 = Per | authorlink8 = Per Magnus | date = 2014-10-01 | title = Two age peaks in the incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a population-based registry study from Norway 2008-2012|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0167-5|journal=BMC Medicine|volume=12|issue=1|pages=167|doi=10.1186/s12916-014-0167-5|issn=1741-7015|pmc=4189623|pmid=25274261}}</ref>

Det finns inga godkända farmakologiska behandlingar för ME någonstans i världen, bortsett ifrån [[Argentina]], som har godkänt immunmodulatorn [[Ampligen]] (rintatolimod) för [[Severe and very severe ME|svår ME/CFS]] från 23e Augusti, 2016.<ref name="Hemispherx">{{Cite news | title = Hemispherx Biopharma Announces Major Breakthrough: Approval for Commercial Sale of Rintatolimod (U.S. Tradename: Ampligen®) to Treat Severe Cases of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) in the Argentine Republic|url=http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/08/23/866212/0/en/Hemispherx-Biopharma-Announces-Major-Breakthrough-Approval-for-Commercial-Sale-of-Rintatolimod-U-S-Tradename-Ampligen-to-Treat-Severe-Cases-of-Myalgic-Encephalomyelitis-Chronic-Fat.html|work=GlobeNewswire News Room|access-date=2018-08-12|language=en-US | first = | last = Hemispherx Biopharma, Inc | date = Aug 23, 2016|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref>

==Historia==
Myalgisk encefalomyelit klassificerades först som en [[sv:Nervsystem|neurologisk]] sjukdom av [[World Health Organization|Världshälsoorganisationen]] 1969, med publiceringen av [[World_Health_Organization#icd8|ICD-8]] manualen.<ref name="ICD-8" />

[[File:Hillary Johnson.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Hillary Johnson]] är en [[United States|amerikansk]] journalist och trots sin egen sjukdom, skrev hon boken [[Osler's Web]] (Oslers nät) som är den historiska redogörelsen för de tidiga åren av en "ny" sjukdom som hade ett utbrott i [[1984 Incline Village chronic fatigue syndrome outbreak|Inclinebyn]] som hon delade samma symptom med. Sjukdomen blev känd som [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] (CFS). Johnson spenderade nio år på att undersöka utbrottet och [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]'s vägran att erkänna en förödande sjukdom (menande att drabbade i Inclinebyn hade [[mass hysteria|"masshysteri"]]) som kan spridas genom tillfällig kontakt och hon medverkar i dokumentären [[Forgotten Plague]] (Glömd Epidemi).]]

Världshälsoorganisationens [[World Health Organization#icd8|ICD-8]] manual inkluderade inga alternativa namn för myalgisk encefalomyelit, men andra encefalomyelit-sjukdomar klassificerades under samma kod; namn på utmattnings-relaterade sjukdomar lades inte till i några senare revideringar.<ref name="ICD-8" /><ref name="icd10-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/G93 | title = G93 Other diseases of the nervous system - ICD-10 Version:2016 | last = World Health Organization | first = | authorlink = World Health Organization | date = 2016 | website = World Health Organization|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> Det alternativa namnet [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] (CFS) användes inte vid den här tiden; det föreslogs 1987 av [[Centers for Disease Control]] (USA:s nationella folkhälsomyndighet), vilket antog [[Holmes criteria| nya diagnostiska kriterier]] följande år.<ref name="IOM-full" />{{Rp|29}}

I ICD-9, som publicerades 1989, använder inlägget för myalgisk encefalomyelit koden 323.9:<ref name="ICD-9">{{Cite book |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/40492/9241540052_eng_v2_p1.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y| title = Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death : based on the recommendations of the ninth revision conference, 1975, and adopted by the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly, 1975 revision: alphabetic index | first = | last = World Health Organization & International Conference for the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases|publisher=World Health Organization | year = 1978|isbn=9241540044|editor-link=|edition=9th|volume=2|location=Geneva | page = 182|chapter=|quote=}}</ref>

{{Main article | page_name =History of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

ME har förekommit i både epidemisk och sporadisk form sedan åtminstone 1930-talet, men har sannolikt förekommit mycket längre innan den formellt namngavs. Det första dokumenterade utbrottet av [[epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis|epidemist myalgisk encefalomyelit]] var [[1934 Los Angeles atypical polio outbreak|1934 i Los Angeles]] och troddes vara ett utbrott av atypisk [[polio]]. Efter utbrottet i [[Akureyri]] på Island 1946, fick sjukdomen namnet [[1948-49 Akureyri outbreak|''Akureyri Disease'']] (Akureyrisjukan) eller ''Icelandic disease'' (Isländska sjukan) genom en stor del av 1940- och 50-talen. Den benämndes som ME efter Londons [[Royal Free Hospital outbreak|utbrott i Royal Free Hospital]] 1955. Andra namn inkluderar godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit och [[Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis|epidemisk neuromyasteni]].

Efter utbrottet i [[1984 Incline Village chronic fatigue syndrome outbreak|Inclinebyn]] i Nevada 1984, benämndes och omdefinierades sjukdomen som [[sv:kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] (CFS). Det senaste utbrottet av myalgisk encefalomyelit orsakades av [[2019-2022 Coronavirus pandemic outbreak|Coronaviruspandemin 2019-2022]].

==Sjukdomens namn==
{{Main article |page_name = Names of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}
[[File:Myalgic Encephalomyelitis awareness.png|thumb|right|alt=Poster of breakdown of parts of the name myalgic encephalomyelitis]]
* '''Myalgi''' - från eller relaterad till [[myalgia|myalgi]] (muskelsmärta).<ref name="Terminology" />

* '''Encefalit''': Syftar till inflammation i [[brain|hjärnan]].<ref name="Terminology" />

* '''-Myelit''': inflammation i [[spinal cord|ryggmärgen]].<ref name="Terminology" />

Namnet '''myalgisk encefalomyelit''' användes först 1956 i en artikel i tidsskriften ''Lancet'' för att beskriva upptäckterna från [[1955 Royal Free Hospital outbreak|utbrottet 1955 på Royal Free Hospital]] i London, Storbritannien.<ref name="MyalgicEncephalomyelitis-first-coines">{{Cite journal | journal = Lancet|volume=1|issue= | pages = 789–790 | date = 1956 | title = A new clinical entity?|url=https://mecfsj.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/lancet_e383a9e383b3e382bbe38383e383881956_me.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Terminology" /><ref name="Ramsay1965">{{Cite journal | last = Ramsay | first = A. Melvin | authorlink = Melvin Ramsay | date = 1965-10-30 | title = Hysteria and “Royal Free Disease.”|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1847119/|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=5469|pages=1062|doi=|issn=0007-1447|pmc=1847119|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
Benämningen myalgisk encefalomyelit är ett teleskopord av flera nyckeltecken och symptom på sjukdomen: myalgi (muskelsmärta), encefalit(inflammation i hjärnan), myelit (inflammation i ryggmärgen).<ref name="Terminology">{{Cite web|url=https://www.investinme.org/Article%20010-Encephalopathy%20Hooper.shtml | title = The Terminology of ME & CFS | first = Malcolm | last = Hooper | authorlink = Malcolm Hooper}}</ref><ref name="Smith1989">{{Cite book | title = Understanding M.E.: The Phenomenon of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Acute Onset Post Viral Fatigue Syndrome | page = 20 | last = Smith | first = David G | authorlink = David Smith | date = 1989}}</ref> Det [[sv:Centrala nervsystemet|centrala nervsystemet]] (hjärna och ryggmärg) är inflammerade.<ref name="Terminology"/>

===Godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit===
''Godartad'' myalgisk encefalomyelit var termen som användes av [[World Health Organization|Världshälsoorganisationen]] från 1969,<ref name="ICD-8" /> där prefixet "godartad" användes för att denotera att M.E. inte var dödlig. Prefixet godartad släpptes senare eftersom M.E. kan [[causes of death|vara dödlig]], t.ex. [[Merryn Crofts]] och [[Sophia Mirza]]s dödsfall.<ref name="Terminology" /><ref name="Vindication" /><ref name="ICD-11">{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/569175314 | title = 8E49 Postviral fatigue syndrome {{!}} ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics | last = World Health Organization | first = | authorlink = World Health Organization | date = |website=World Health Organization|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2022-03-19|quote='''8E49 Postviral fatigue syndrome'''<br />Other disorders of the nervous system<br />Inclusions<br/>chronic fatigue syndrome<br/>myalgic encephalomyelitis<br />Exclusions<br/>Fatigue (MG22)}}</ref>

[[Merryn Crofts]] hade [[Severe and very severe ME#verysevere|väldigt svår ME]], var sängbunden och oförmögen att äta. Merryn vägde mindre än 38 kg när hon dog, och var bara 21 år gammal. Merryns dödsattest var det andra i [[United Kingdom|Storbritannien]] som tillskrev ett dödsfall till ME.<ref name="Vindication">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-44969741 | title = 'Vindication' for woman who wanted ME on death certificate | first = Jim | last = Taylor| authorlink = Jim Taylor | publisher=BBC Radio 5 Live | date = Jul 27, 2018}}</ref>

===Sjukdom med tusen namn===

Myalgisk Encefalomyelit har kallats ''"sjukdomen med tusen namn"''.<ref name="Bell1991">{{Cite book | last = Bell | first = David S. | authorlink = David Bell | title = Chronic Fatigue/Immune Dysfunction Syndrome. CFIDS: The disease of a thousand names|location = Lyndonville, NY|publisher=Pollard Publications | date = 1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Chronic_Fatigue_immune_Dysfunction_Syndr.html?id=QYvkugAACAAJ|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/cfidsdiseaseofth00bell|archive-date=2010-02-16}}</ref> Andra namn som använts eller föreslagits i genom myalgisk encefalomyelits historia inkluderar [[atypical polio|atypisk polio]], [[Icelandic disease|Isländska sjukan]], godartad ME, [[epidemic neuromyasthenia|epidemisk neuromyastenia]], [[sv:kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]], [[Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome|Kronisk trötthets- och immundysfunktionssjukdom]], och [[systemic exertion intolerance disease|systemisk ansträngningsintoleranssjukdom]] (SEID).<ref name="Bell1991" /><ref name="IOM-full" /> Det har lett till mycket förvirring eftersom en mängd olika namn har använts vid olika tillfällen för att beskriva distinkta utbrott, liksom en större och potentiellt mer heterogen population av sporadiska fall, definierade av en stor mängd [[Definitions of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|diagnostiska kriterier]]. Vissa namn har betonat specifika symptom eller patologi, inkluseive kroniskt trötthetssyndrom och myalgisk encefalomyelit.<ref name="Terminology" />

En undersökning av [[The MEAction Network]] 2016 fann att majoriteten av patienter föredrar namnet ME över andra namn, inklusive kroniskt trötthetssyndrom.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.meaction.net/2016/08/07/meaction-rfi-poll-report-1-of-3/ | title = #MEAction RFI Poll Report (Part 1 of 3) - #MEAction | date = 2016-08-07|work=#MEAction|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

Myalgisk encefalomyelit (ME) var originalnamnet på [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] (CFS); namnen används ibland utbytbart eller med akronymen [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]].<ref name="Smith1989" />

==Början==
{{Main article |page_name =Onset of ME/CFS}}

Enligt Dr [[Byron Hyde]], efter en inkubationstid av 4 till 7 dagar, medför generellt prodromalfasen en [[sv:Influensaliknande sjukdom|influensaliknande sjukdom]] med [[low-grade fever|låggradig feber]].<ref name="Evans2018" /> I de flesta, men inte alla, fall är en [[infection|infektion]] eller infektionsprocess uppenbar.<ref name="Evans2018">{{Cite journal | last = Evans | first = Meredyth | authorlink = Meredyth Evans | last2 = Jason | first2 =Leonard | authorlink2 = Leonard Jason | date = 2018 | title = Onset patterns of chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/Onset%20patterns%20of%20chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome%20and%20myalgic%20encephalomyelitis.pdf | journal=Research on Chronic diseases|volume=2|issue=1|pages=2-3|quote=|via=}}</ref> Två till sju dagar senare, påbörjas en kronisk fas, kännetecknad av en mätbar oklar förändring i funktionen av det centrala nervsystemet. Det är denna andra, ihållande fas som mest kännetecknar ME.<ref name="Nightingale">{{Citation | title = The Nightingale Research Foundation Definition of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (M.E.)|pages=|language=en|title-link=Nightingale Research Foundation definition | date = 2016 | publisher=IACFS/ME | last = Hyde | first = Byron | authorlink = Byron Hyde|others=|oclc=|quote=|location=}}</ref><ref name="Evans2018" />

==Tecken och symptom==
Myalgisk encefalomyelit är en [[neurological disorder|neurologisk sjukdom]] som påverkar flera kroppssystem, vilket orsakar en omfattande kombination av symptom.<ref name="ICC" /> Symptoms can range from mild to very severe and can include:

<div style="column-count:2;">
* [[ataxia|ataxi (koordinationssvårigheter)]]
* [[cognitive dysfunction|kognitiv dysfunktion]]
* [[Chronic fatigue|utmattning]]
* [[gastrointestinal|gastrointestinala]] symptom
* [[headache|huvudvärk]]
*[[low-grade fever|låggradig feber]], [[Temperature dysregulation|temperatur instabilitet]]
*[[muscle|muskel]] [[Muscle weakness|svag]]- och [[Muscle fatigability|trötthet]]
*[[myalgia|myalgi (muskelsmärta)]]
*stelhet i nacke och [[spinal cord|ryggmärg]]
*[[neuralgia|neuralgi (nervsmärta)]]
*[[Orthostatic intolerance|ortostatisk intolerans]]
*[[post-exertional malaise|ansträngningsutlöst försämring]]
*känslighet för [[Temperature sensitivity|värme eller kyla]]
*känslighet för [[Light sensitivity|ljus]], [[Hyperacusis|ljud]] och/eller [[Allodynia|beröring]]
*[[sleep dysfunction|sömnstörning]]<ref name="ICC">{{Cite journal | last = Carruthers | first = Bruce M. | authorlink = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = Marjorie I. | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = Nancy G. | author-link4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = Gordon | author-link5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = Terry | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = Donald | author-link7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = A.C. Peter | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = Nigel | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = Rosamund | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = Lucinda | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Baumgarten-Austrheim | first12 = Barbara | authorlink12 = Barbara Baumgarten-Austrheim | last13 = Bell | first13 = David | author-link13 = David Bell | last14 = Carlo-Stella | first14 = Nicoletta | author-link14 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last15 = Chia | first15 = John | author-link15 = John Chia | last16 = Darragh | first16 = Austin | author-link16 = Austin Darragh | last17 = Jo | first17 = Daehyun | author-link17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = Donald | author-link18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = Alan | author-link19 = Alan Light | last20 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first20 = Sonya | author-link20 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last21 = Mena | first21 = Ismael | author-link21 = Ismael Mena | last22 = Mikovits | first22 = Judy | author-link22 = Judy Mikovits | last23 = Miwa | first23 = Kunihisa | author-link23 = Kunihisa Miwa | last24 = Murovska | first24 = Modra | author-link24 = Modra Murovska | last25 = Pall | first25 = Martin | author-link25 = Martin Pall | last26 = Stevens | first26 = Staci | author-link26 = Staci Stevens | date = 2011-08-22 | title=Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=270|issue=4|pages=327–338|doi=10.1111/j.1365q-2796.2011.02428.x|issn=0954-6820|pmc=3427890|pmid=21777306|via=}}</ref>
</div>
[[File:ME CFS.png|alt=Myalgic encephalomyelitis is an acquired neurological disease with complex global dysfunctions. Pathological dysregulation of the nervous, immune and endocrine systems, with impaired cellular energy metabolism and ion transport are prominent features. - International Consensus Criteria|thumb|upright=1.6|left]]

Symptomuppvisning och allvarlighetsgrad kan variera avsevärt från dag till dag eller till och med från timme till timme.<ref name="CDC-symptoms" /><ref name="Primer2014">{{Citation | date = 2014 |url=https://www.massmecfs.org/images/pdf/Primer_2014.pdf | title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Primer for Clinical Practitioners | last1 = ((International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis)) | author-link = International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | last2 = Friedberg | first2 = Fred | authorlink2 = Fred Friedberg | last3 = Bateman | first3 = Lucinda | authorlink3 = Lucinda Bateman | last4 = Bested | first4 = Alison C | authorlink4 = Alison Bested | last5 = Davenport | first5 = Todd | authorlink5 = Todd Davenport | last6 = Friedman | first6 = Kenneth J | authorlink6 = Kenneth Friedman | last7 = Gurwitt | first7 = Alan R | authorlink7 = Alan Gurwitt | last8 = Jason | first8 = Leonard A | authorlink8 = Leonard Jason | last9 = Lapp | first9 = Charles W | authorlink9 = Charles Lapp | last10 = Stevens | first10 = Staci R | authorlink10 = Staci Stevens | last11 = Underhill | first11 = Rosemary A | authorlink11 = Rosemary Underhill | last12 = Vallings | first12 = Rosamund | authorlink12 = Rosamund Vallings|location=Chicago, USA|publisher= International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis |quote=The illness can vary from mild to severe, with symptoms that may fluctuate significantly from hour to hour and day to day.}}</ref> Överansträngning kan förvärra alla symptom, och [[post-exertional malaise|ansträngningsutlöst försämring]] kan ofta [[Delayed onset of post-exertional symptoms|fördröjas med 24 timmar eller mer]].<ref name="CDC-symptoms" /> USA:s [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) påpekar att känslighet för ljud, ljus och [[multiple chemical sensitivity|kemikalier]] kan tvinga patienter att dra sig tillbaka från samhället.<ref name="P2P2016">{{Cite web|url=https://prevention.nih.gov/programs-events/pathways-to-prevention/workshops/me-cfs | title = ME/CFS - Pathways to Prevention - Advancing the Research on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | last = | first = | date = Dec 8, 2016 | website = [[National Institutes of Health]]|access-date=2022-03-28|quote=Effects of the illness can range from moderate to debilitating, and can substantially impact everyday functioning. Routine daily activities such as cooking meals, brushing teeth, and caring for children become difficult. Additionally, sensitivity to environmental factors (e.g., noise, light, chemicals) may force many individuals with ME/CFS into seclusion or withdrawal from society.|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|language=en}}</ref>

==Ansträngningsutlöst försämring==
{{Main article | page_name =Post-exertional malaise}}

[[post-exertional malaise|ansträngningsutlöst försämring]], som är ett kärnsymptom< är intoleransen mot tidigare triviala mentala eller fysiska ansträngningar som att närvara vid ett barns skolevengemang, gå ärenden eller handla mat, ta en dusch eller borstatänderna; detta orsakar en försämring av symptomen, och en försämring av hälsan från ihållande eller upprepad ansträngning.<ref name="ICC2011primer" /><ref name="CDC-symptoms" />

[[File:J Brea TED.JPG|200px|thumb|right|[[Jen Brea|Jennifer Brea]] är en amerikan som studerade på Harvard; på en resa till [[Kenya]] insjuknade hon i vad som så småningom diagnostiserades som [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]]. Brea började uppleva [[sv:Nervsystem|neurologiska]] problem. Hennes neurolog diagnostiserade henne med "somaotoforma störningar" ([[hysteria|hysteri]]). Hon kollapsade på väg hem från hans kontor. [[Severe and very severe ME|Jen var tvungen att använda en rllstol]] för att hålla uppe benen på grund av [[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|POTS]] eftersom hennes blood samlas i benen. Se hennes TED Talk ''[https://www.ted.com/talks/jen_brea_what_happens_when_you_have_a_disease_doctors_can_t_diagnose What happens when you have a disease doctors can't diagnose]'']]

Vissa studier visar att patienter som har varit sjuka länge är sannolikare att ha [[Severe and very severe ME|svår ME/CFS]]. ME/CFS blir ofta allvarligare när patienter försöker [[pushing through symptoms|tränga sig igenom]] sina symptom och fortsätter att upprepade gånger överstiga sina personliga ''fysiska'' eller ''kognitiva'' [[energy limit|begränsningar]], t.ex. genom att försöka fortsätta arbeta, vilket vanligtvis innebär [[anaerobic|anaerob]] aktivitet.<ref name="Vink2015LA"/><ref name="Vink2019">{{Cite journal | last = Vink | first = Mark | author-link = Mark Vink | last2 = Vink-Niese | first2 = Alexandra| authorlink2 = Alexandra Vink-Niese | date = 2019-09-20 | title = Work Rehabilitation and Medical Retirement for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients. A Review and Appraisal of Diagnostic Strategies|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/9/4/124|journal=Diagnostics|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=124|doi=10.3390/diagnostics9040124|issn=2075-4418 |access-date=|quote=People with ME/CFS often feel under pressure to continue working when they first become ill or when their symptoms worsen. Unfortunately, trying to push through this illness is counterproductive, potentially causing longer sickness absences and slower recovery.}}</ref>

==Kliniska Upptäckter==
{{Main article|1=List of abnormal findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis|label1=List of abnormal findings}}

[[File:Alem Matthee.png|200px|thumb|right|[[Alem Matthees]] är en [[Australia|Australisk]] ME patient som lämnade in en FOI (Freedom Of Information, Informationsfrihet) begäran från [[PACE trial|PACE prövningen]]. [[Severe and very severe ME|Till stor personlig kostnad för sin hälsa]] överklagade han avslaget av datan och vann. Datan bevisade att resultaten som publicerats i [[The Lancet|''The Lancet'']] var osanna. Alems hälsa led betydligt delvis på grund av ansträngningarna som krävdes för FOI begäran och domstolen]]

Även om det inte finns någon definitiv [[biomarker|biomarkör]] har flera tecken och symptom ofta observerats i klinisk miljö:<div style="column-count:2;">

*hög [[:Category:Antibodies|antikroppstiters]] till specifika infektioner (inklusive [[Epstein-Barr virus|EBV]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Schmaling | first = K.B. | authorlink = Karen Schmaling | last2 = Jones | first2 = J.F. | authorlink2 = James Jones | date = Jan 1996 | title = MMPI profiles of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8730646|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=40|issue=1 | pages = 67–74|issn=0022-3999|pmid=8730646}}</ref> [[Human herpesvirus 6|HHV-6]],<ref name="Cuende1997">{{cite journal| last = Cuende | first = José | authorlink = José Cuende | last2 = Civeira | first2 = Maria |authorlink2 = Maria Civeria | last3 = Diez | first3 = Nieves | authorlink3 = Nieves Diez | last4 = Prieto | first4 = Jesus | authorlink4 = Jesus Prieto | title=[High prevalence without reactivation of herpes virus 6 in subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome]. | journal=An Med Interna | year= 1997 | volume= 14 | issue= 9 | pages = 441-4 | pmid=9453750 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9453750}}</ref><ref name="Komaroff2006">{{cite journal | last=Komaroff | first = AL | authorlink = Anthony Komaroff | title=Is human herpesvirus-6 a trigger for chronic fatigue syndrome? | journal=J Clin Virol | year= 2006 | volume= 37 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages = S39-46 | pmid=17276367 | doi=10.1016/S1386-6532(06)70010-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17276367}}</ref> och [[Coxsackie B virus|Coxsackie B]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Landay | first = AL | authorlink = Alan Landay | date = September 1991 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: clinical condition associated with immune activation | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1679864|journal=Lancet|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Chia2005">{{Cite journal | last = Chia | first = John | authorlink = John Chia | date = November 2005 | title = The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1770761/|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> among others)

*[[Hormone|hormon]]imbalans<ref name="Ruiz-Núñez, 2018">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ruiz-Núñez | first1 = Begoña | authorlink1 = Begoña Ruiz-Núñez | last2 = Tarasse | first2 = Rabab | authorlink2 = Rabab Tarasse | last3 = Vogelaar | first3 = Emar F. | authorlink3 = Emar Vogelaar | last4 = Janneke Dijck-Brouwer | first4 = D.A. | authorlink4 = Janneke Dijck-Brouwer | last5 =Muskiet | first5 = Frits A. J. | authorlink5 = Frits Muskiet | title = Higher Prevalence of “Low T3 Syndrome” in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Case–Control Study | url = https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffendo.2018.00097 | journal = Frontiers in Endocrinology | volume = 9 | issue = | page = 97 | date = 2018 | pmid = 29615976 | doi = 10.3389/fendo.2018.00097}}</ref>

*[[Immune system|immunologiska abnormaliteter]]<ref name="ICC" /><ref name="Brenu2014">{{Cite journal | last = Brenu | first = Ekua Weba | author-link = Ekua Brenu | last2 = Huth | first2 = Teilah K. | author-link2 = Teilah Huth | last3 = Hardcastle | first3 = Sharni L. | author-link3 = Sharni Hardcastle | last4 = Fuller | first4 = Kirsty | authorlink4 = Kirsty Fuller | last5 = Kaur | first5 = Manprit | authorlink5 = Manprit Kaur | last6 = Johnston | first6 = Samantha | author-link6 = Samantha Johnston | last7 = Ramos | first7 = Sandra B. | author-link7 = Sandra Ramos | last8 = Staines | first8 = Don R. | author-link8 = Donald Staines | last9 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first9 = Sonya M. | author-link9 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | date = Apr 2014 | title = Role of adaptive and innate immune cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343819|journal=International Immunology|volume=26|issue=4|pages=233–242|doi=10.1093/intimm/dxt068|issn=1460-2377|pmid=24343819}}</ref><ref name="CDC-etiology"/>

*[[Natural Killer Cell (NKC) function|låg funktion av naturliga mördarceller]]<ref name="Brenu2014" />

*låg [[magnesium|magnesiumnivå]] i röda blodkroppar<ref name="Cox1991">{{Cite journal | title = Red blood cell magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1672392|journal=Lancet (London, England) | date = 1991-03-30|issn=0140-6736|pmid=1672392 | pages = 757–760|volume=337|issue=8744 | first = I.M. | last=Cox | first2 = M.J. | last2 = Campbell | authorlink2 = Michael Campbell | first3 = D. | last3 = Dowson}}</ref>

*[[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|Postural ortostatisk takykardi]] (POTS)<ref name="ICC2011primer" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ammes.org/overlapping-conditions/ | title = Overlapping Conditions – American ME and CFS Society|website=ammes.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-12}}</ref>

*[[Post-exertional malaise|fysisk och mental ansträngning, sensorisk stimulans orsakar återfall]] (PEM)<ref name="ICC2011primer" /><ref name="Arroll2014">{{Cite journal | last = Arroll | first = Megan A. | authorlink = Megan Arroll | last2 = Attree | first2 = Elizabeth A. | authorlink2 = Elizabeth Attree | last3 = O'Leary | first3 = John M. | authorlink3 = John O'Leary | last4 = Dancey | first4 = Christine P. | authorlink4 = Christine Dancey | date = 2014-04-03 | title = The delayed fatigue effect in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21641846.2014.892755|journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior |language=en|volume=2|issue=2 | pages = 57–63|doi=10.1080/21641846.2014.892755|issn=2164-1846}}</ref><ref name="CDC-symptoms">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/symptoms-diagnosis/symptoms.html | title = Symptoms {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2018-05-18 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref>
</div>

==Diagnos==
[[File:Tom Kindlon.png|300px|thumb|[[Tom Kindlon]] blev [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|sjuk vid 16 år ålder]] och tillfrisknade aldrig. Han är en förespråkare för ME/CFS med publicerade arbeten på Research Gate och PubMed. Kindlon bor i [[Ireland|Irland]] och är assisterande ordförande i [[Irish ME/CFS Association]] (Irländska ME/CFS Föreningen). Tom och andra analyserade PACE prövningen och bevisade att dess publicerade resultat var osanna. Han använder en [[Severe and very severe ME|rullstol och hans heltidsvårdare]] är hans mamma, Vera]]

{{Main article | page_name =Definitions of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

Det finns flera föreslagna kriterier för diagnos av ME, inklusive de [[International Consensus Criteria|Internationella konsensuskriterierna]] (ICC) och [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Kanadakriterierna]] (CCC). Originalkriterierna som utvecklades av [[Melvin Ramsay]], [[Ramsay definition|Ramsaydefinitionen]], används idag inte för diagnos av ME.

===Generellt accepterade kriterier för ME/CFS och ME-diagnos===

*[[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Kanadakriterierna]] (CCC)<ref name="Carruthers, 2003">{{Citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = Bruce M. | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | authorlink2 = Anil Kumar Jain | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | authorlink4 = Daniel Peterson | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | authorlink5 = Nancy Klimas | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | authorlink6 = Martin Lerner | last7 = Bested | first7 = Alison C. | authorlink7 = Alison Bested | last8 = Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | authorlink8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip | authorlink9 = Pradip Joshi | last10 = Powles | first10 = AC Peter | authorlink10 = A C Peter Powles | last11 = Sherkey | first11 = Jeffrey A. | authorlink11 = Jeffrey Sherkey | last12 = van de Sande | first12 = Marjorie I. | authorlink12 = Marjorie van de Sande | title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols | journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 7-115 | date = 2003 | pmid = | doi = 10.1300/J092v11n01_02 | url = http://phoenixrising.me/wp-content/uploads/Canadian-definition.pdf }}</ref> En diagnos av måttliga till svåra former av [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]] görs precist med dessa kriterier. Vuxna kan diagnostiseras vid 6 månader medan pediatriska fall diagnostiseras vid tre månader.

*[[International Consensus Criteria|Internationella Konsensuskriterierna]] (ICC)<ref name="ICC" /><ref name="ICC2011primer">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16 = sv:Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | authorlink19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20 = Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22 = John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24 = Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012
| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf }}</ref> Dessa kriterier diagnostiserar myalgisk encefalomyelit (ME) precist. Det finns inga krav på att individen ska ha symptom en speciferad tid för diagnos,till skillnad från CCC, [[Fukuda criteria|Fukuda]], och [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|SEID]], som alla kräver 6 månader för vuxna.

*[[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease]] (Systemisk Ansträngningsintoleranssjukdom, SEID)<ref name="IOM-full">{{Cite book | last = Institute of Medicine | first = | authorlink = Institute of Medicine | date = 2015 | title = Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness.|location = Washington, DC|publisher =The National Academies Press|doi=10.17226/19012 | url = http://iom.nationalacademies.org/Reports/2015/ME-CFS.aspx}}</ref> ME/CFS ([[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|SEID]]) diagnostiseras precist när [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease#Diagnostic Criteria|kärnsymptomen]] möts. [[Institute of Medicine report|Rapporten från Institute of Medicine]] som helhet är en redogörelse av den medicinska literaturen som fanns tillgänglig vid tiden för publicering (2015). Vuxna kan diagnostiseras vid 6 månader medan pediatriska fall diagnostiseras vid tre månader.

===Andra diagnoskriterier===

Flera, alltför breda kriterier har föreslagits och används. Dessa kriterier fångar sannolikt vissa patienter med sjukdomen som karakteriseras i den medicinska literaturen om [[Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis|epidemisk ME]], exkluderar andra, och inkluderar även ett brett spektrum av andra odiagnostiserade tillstånd inklusive cancer, depression, och ett antal [[autoimmune disease|autoimmuna sjukdomar]]. Storbritanniens [[Oxford criteria|Oxfordkriterier för kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] är den bredaste och sannolikt minst insiktsfulla definitionen och har slutat användas på grund av risken för att många olika utmattande sjukdomar ska [[misdiagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|feldiagnostiseras]] som [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]].<ref name="P2PPreview2015">{{Cite journal | last = Haney | first = Elizabeth | authorlink = Elizabeth Haney | last2 = Smith | first2 = M.E. Beth | authorlink2 = Beth Smith | last3 = McDonagh | first3 = Marian | authorlink3 = Marian McDonagh | last4 = Pappas | first4 = Miranda | authorlink4 = Miranda Pappas | last5 = Daeges | first5 = Monica | authorlink5 = Monica Daeges | last6 = Wasson | first6 = Ngoc | authorlink6 = Ngoc Wasson | last7 = Nelson | first7 = Heidi D. | authorlink7 = Heidi Nelson | date = Jun 16, 2015 | title = Diagnostic Methods for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Systematic Review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop | url = http://annals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.7326/M15-0443|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=162|issue=12 | pages = 834|doi=10.7326/m15-0443|issn=0003-4819|via=}}</ref> USA:s [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|folkhälsomyndighets]] (CDC) [[Fukuda criteria|Fukudakriterier]], som använts sedan 1994, är också alltför breda. Rapporten från Institute of Medicine utvecklade kriterierna för [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|Systemisk Ansträngningsintoleranssjukdom]] (SEID) och även om den kan diagnostisera ME-patienter [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease#Diagnostic criteria|med kärnsymptomen]],<ref name="IOM-flowchart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2015/MECFS/MECFS_DiagnosticAlgorithm | title = Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness - Diagnostic Algorithm | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2015 | website = nationalacademies.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="IOM-clinicians">{{Cite web|url=http://iom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2015/MECFS/MECFScliniciansguide.pdf | title=Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Redefining an Illness: Clinicians' Guide | last = | first = | date = 2015 | website = National Academies|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref> beskriver den inte alla symptom upplevs av de som lider av ME. Symptom som [[sv:Nervsystem|neurologiska]], [[Immune system|immun]]/[[Gastrointestinal|gastrointestinal]]/urogenital nedsättning, och försämring av [[Portal:Energy metabolism|energiomsättning]]/[[Ion transportation|jontransport]]; dessa [[International Consensus Criteria#Criteria|symptom är nödvändiga för en diagnos]] under [[International Consensus Criteria|ICC]].<ref name="ICC" /> [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|CCC]] kräver neurologiska, [[sv:Autonoma nervsystemet|autonoma]], neuroendokrina, immuna, och [[myalgia|myalgiska]] symptom för att möta [[Canadian Consensus Criteria#Definition|sina diagnostiska kriterier för ME/CFS]]<ref name="Carruthers, 2003" />

===Differentialdiagnos===

Tecknen och symptomen av myalgisk encefalomyelit kan likna andra sjukdomar, inklusive cancer, [[multiple sclerosis|multipel skleros]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]], [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)|Hashimotos sjukdom (hypotyreos]], [[diabetes]], [[brucellosis|brucellos]], [[anemia|anemi]] och andra.<ref name="CDC-differentialdiagnosis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/other-conditions.html | title = Other Conditions for Evaluation {{!}} Information for Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = Jul 12, 2018 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref><ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /> Medicinska standardtester behövs för att skilja mellan ME och dessa andra sjukdomar, och ytterligare testning kan också behövas.<ref name="IOM-clinicians" /><ref name="CDC-differentialdiagnosis"/><ref name="CDC-medicaltests">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/evaluation.html | title = Evaluation {{!}} Information for Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = Apr 28, 2021 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2022-04-01}}</ref>

==Förlopp och prognos==
{{Main article|page_name =Prognosis for myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

[[prognosis for myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|Prognosen för myalgisk encefaolymelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] (ME/CFS) anses vara dålig, med bara en liten minoritet (en medianuppskattning på 5%) som återgår till samma funktionsnivå som före sjukdomen.<ref name="Cairns2005">{{Cite journal | last = Cairns | first = R. | last2 = Hotopf | first2 = M. | date = Jan 2005 | title = A systematic review describing the prognosis of chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699087|journal=Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England)|volume=55|issue=1|pages=20–31|doi=10.1093/occmed/kqi013|issn=0962-7480|pmid=15699087}}</ref> Majoriteten av patienter förblir märkbart försvagade. En betydande förbättring noteras dock i uppskattningsvis 40% av patienterna<ref name="Joyce1997">{{Cite journal | last= Joyce | first = J. | authorlink = John Joyce | last2 = Hotopf | first2 = M. | last3 = Wessely | first3 = S. | date = Mar 1997 | title = The prognosis of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9093600|journal=QJM: monthly journal of the Association of Physicians|volume=90|issue=3|pages=223–233|issn=1460-2725|pmid=9093600|doi=|pmc=|quote= | authorlink2 = Matthew Hotopf|access-date= | authorlink3 = Simon Wessely|via=}}</ref> och prognosen för [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|ungdomar]] anses vara bättre än för vuxna.<ref name="CDC-prognosis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/presentation-clinical-course/prognosis.html | title = Prognosis {{!}} Presentation and Clinical Course {{!}} Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2018-07-10 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref name="Rowe2017>{{Cite journal | last = Rowe | first = Peter C. | authorlink = Peter Rowe | last2 = Underhill | first2 = Rosemary A. | authorlink2 = Rosemary Underhill | last3 = Friedman | first3 = Kenneth J. | authorlink3 = Kenneth Friedman | last4 = Gurwitt | first4 = Alan | authorlink4 = Alan Gurwitt | last5 = Medow | first5 = Marvin S. | authorlink5 = Marvin Medow | last6 = Schwartz | first6 = Malcolm S. | authorlink6 = Malcolm Schwartz | last7 = Speight | first7 = Nigel | authorlink7 = Nigel Speight | last8 = Stewart | first8 = Julian M. | authorlink8 = Julian Stewart | last9 = Vallings | first9 = Rosamund | authorlink9 = Rosamund Vallings | date = 2017 | title=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis and Management in Young People: A Primer |url =https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2017.00121/full|journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics|language=English|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fped.2017.00121|issn=2296-2360}}</ref>

==Patofysiologi==
[[File:Vanessa Li.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vanessa Li]] bodde i Hong Kong, Storbitannien och USA. Hon insjuknade i en [[sv:Influensaliknande|influensaliknande sjukdom]] när hon åkte skidor i [[Italy|Italien]] och tillfrisknade aldrig.Vanessa grundade en folkfinansiering för [[Microbe Discovery Project]]. Hon hade [[Severe and very severe ME|olidlig smärta, led av andningsproblem, och sporadisk förlamning]] i 15 år- Hon tog sitt eget liv 2015]]

{{Main article | page_name =List of abnormal findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis}}

ME är en multisystem-sjukdom. Ett flertal biologiska abnormaliteter har hittats i flera kroppssystem, men ingen gemensam, central orsak eller mekanism har klargjorts än.

===Centrala nervsystemet===
[[File:Sophia mirza.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sophia Mirza]] var en [[Severe and very severe ME|väldigt svårt sjuk]] ME-patient som bodde i Storbritannien. Sophia dog inte långt efter ett tvångsintrång i hennes mammas hem och att hon blivit tvångsinlagd på ett mentalsjukhus 2003. En oberoende neuropatolog upptäckte att Sophias [[spine|ryggrad]] var kraftigt inflammerad. Hennes dödsattest var det första i Storbritannien som tillskrev ett dödsfall till CFS.<ref name="Vink2015LA">{{Cite journal | last = Vink | first = Mark | authorlink = Mark Vink | date = 2015-09-10 | title = The Aerobic Energy Production and the Lactic Acid Excretion are both Impeded in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282133390_The_Aerobic_Energy_Production_and_the_Lactic_Acid_Excretion_are_both_Impeded_in_Myalgic_EncephalomyelitisChronic_Fatigue_Syndrome|journal=Journal of Neurology and Neurobiology (ISSN 2379-7150)|volume=1|doi=10.16966/2379-7150.112}}</ref>]]
{{Main article |page_name =sv:Centrala nervsystemet}}
===Autonoma nervsystemet===
{{Main article |page_name =sv:Autonoma nervsystemet}}
===Kardiovaskulär===
{{Main article |page_name =Cardiovascular system}}
===Mag-tarmsystemet===
{{Main article |page_name = Gastrointestinal system}}
===Immunsystemet===
{{Main article |page_name =Immune system}}
=== Muskuloskeletala systemet ===
{{Main article |page_name =Muscle}}
=== Perifera nervsystemet ===
{{Main article |page_name =Peripheral nervous system}}

==Könsskillnader==
[[File:Florence Nightingale.png|200px|thumb|right|[[Florence Nightingale]] var en brittisk pionjär inom modern vård. Nightingale var stationerad i Krim när hon utvecklade "Krim feber" (en bakteriell infektion numera känd som [[brucellosis|brucellos]]) och återhämtade sig aldrig. Hon förblev [[Severe and very severe ME|mestadels sängunden]] resten av sitt liv. Även om ME och CFS inte var definierade under hennes livstid tror många nutida läkare och historiker att hon utvecklade ME/CFS som ett resultat av kronisk brucellosinfektion]]

{{Main article |page_name = Sex differences in myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

En norsk [[sv:CFS/ME|CFS/ME]]-studie visar att sjukdomen drabbar alla åldrar, med två toppar i åldrarna 10-19 år och 30-39 år; den är vanligare bland kvinnor än män.<ref name="Bakken2014" /> Forskning av [[Open Medicine Foundation]] citerade i sitt forskningsarbete, [[Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome|''Metabolic fetures of chronic fatigue syndrome'']] (Metaboliska drag i kroniskt trötthetssyndrom) som studerade svår [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|CFS]], fann att sjukdomen är olika i män och kvinnor, men det är inte relaterat till testosteron eller östrogen. [[Michael VanElzakker]] noterar att det finns [[Michael VanElzakker#Male and female differences i neuropathic pain|könsskillnader i neuropatisk smärta]]. En studie av Brittiska och Nederländska grupper fann att "yngre barn hade mer jämlik könsbalansering jämfört med ungdomar och vuxna."<ref name="Collin2015">{{Cite journal | last = Collin | first = Simon M. | authorlink = Simon Collin | last2 = Nuevo | first2 = Roberto | authorlink2 = Roberto Nuevo | last3 = van de Putte | first3 = Elise M. | authorlink3 = Elise van de Putte | last4 = Nijhof | first4 = Sanne L. | authorlink4 = Sanne Nijhof | last5 = Crawley | first5 = Esther | authorlink5 = Esther Crawley | date = 2015-10-28 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is different in children compared to in adults: a study of UK and Dutch clinical cohorts|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26510728|journal=BMJ open|volume=5|issue=10| pages = e008830|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008830|issn=2044-6055|pmid=26510728|via=}}</ref>

==Riskfaktorer och potentiella orsaker==
{{Main article | page_name =Epidemiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

===Genetiska risker===

Myalgisk encefalomyelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom har rapporterats gå i familjer. Även om ME och CFS inte anses vara ärftliga sjukdomar finns bevis för genetiska anlag.<ref name="Schlauch, 2016" /><ref name="Dibble2020">{{Cite journal | title = Genetic risk factors of ME/CFS: a critical review | date = 2020-08-03|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7530519/|journal=Human Molecular Genetics|volume=29|issue=R1|pages=R117–R124 | last = Dibble | first = Joshua J | author-link = Joshua Dibble | last2 = McGrath | first2 = Simon J | authorlink2 = Simon McGrath | last3 = Ponting | first3 = Chris P | authorlink3 = Chris Ponting|doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa169|pmc=7530519|pmid=32744306|access-date=|issn=0964-6906|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Hajdarevic2022">{{Cite journal | title = Genetic association study in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) identifies several potential risk loci | date = 2022-05-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159122000782|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=102|issue=|pages=362–369 | last = Hajdarevic | first = Riad | authorlink = Riad Hajdarevic | last2 = Lande | first2 = Asgeir | authorlink2 = Asgeir Lande | last3 = Mehlsen | first3 = Jesper | authorlink3 = Jesper Mehlsen | last4 = Rydland | first4 = Anne | authorlink4 = Anne Rydland | last5 = Sosa | first5 = Daisy D. | authorlink5 = Daisy Sosa | last6 = Strand | first6 = Elin B. | authorlink6 = Elin Strand | last7 = Mella | first7 = Olav | authorlink7 = Olav Mella | last8 = Pociot | first8 = Flemming | authorlink8 = Flemming Pociot | last9 = Fluge | first9 = Øystein | authorlink9 = Øystein Fluge | last10 = Lie | first10 = Benedicte A. | authorlink10 = Benedicte Lie | last11 = Viken | first11 = Marte K.| authorlink11 = Marte Viken | language=en|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.010|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0889-1591|quote=|via=}}</ref>

{{Main article|page_name = Genetics of chronic fatigue syndrome}}

===Möjliga orsaker===

Även om riskfaktorer för myalgisk encefalomyelit har identifierats har inget enskilt [[Vagus nerve infection hypothesis|definitivt virus]]hittats i alla fall, vilket har lett till påståendet att ME är ett gemensamt slutmål för en mängd olika infektioner.<ref name="Rasa2018">{{Cite journal | last = Rasa | first = Santa | authorlink = Santa Rasa | last2 = Nora-Krukle | first2 = Zaiga | authorlink2 = Zaiga Nora-Krukle | last3 = Henning | first3 = Nina | authorlink3 = Nina Henning | last4 = Eliassen | first4 = Eva | authorlink4 = Eva Eliassen | last5 = Shikova | first5 = Evelina | authorlink5 = Evelina Shikova | last6 = Harrer | first6 = Thomas | authorlink6 = Thomas Harrer | last7 = Scheibenbogen | first7 = Carmen | authorlink7 = Carmen Scheibenbogen | last8 = Murovska | first8 = Modra | authorlink8 = Modra Murovska | last9 = Prusty | first9 = Bhupesh K. | authorlink9 = Bhupesh Prusty | last10 = European Network on ME/CFS (EUROMENE) | first10 = | authorlink10 = EUROMENE | date = 2018-10-01 | title = Chronic viral infections in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)|url=https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-018-1644-y|journal=Journal of Translational Medicine|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.1186/s12967-018-1644-y|issn=1479-5876|pmc=|pmid=30285773|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Magnus2015">{{Cite journal | last = Magnus | first = Per | authorlink = Per Magnus | last2 = Gunnes | first2 = Nina | authorlink2 = Nina Gunnes | last3 = Tveito | first3 = Kari | authorlink3 = Kari Tveito | last4 = Bakken | first4 = Inger Johanne | authorlink4 = Inger Bakken | last5 = Ghaderi | first5 = Sara | authorlink5 = Sara Ghaderi | last6 = Stoltenberg | first6 = Camilla | authorlink6 = Camilla Stoltenberg | last7 = Hornig | first7 = Mady | authorlink7 = Mady Hornig | last8 = Lipkin | first8 = W. Ian | authorlink8 = Ian Lipkin | last9 = Trogstad | first9 = Lill | authorlink9 = Lill Trogstad | date = 2015-11-17 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is associated with pandemic influenza infection, but not with an adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26475444/|journal=Vaccine|volume=33|issue=46 | pages = 6173–6177|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.018|issn=1873-2518|pmid=26475444}}</ref> Det är fortfarande möjligt att ME involverar en kombination av både miljö- och genetiska faktorer. Olika teorier försöker kombinera den kända datan till rimliga förklaringar.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Underhill | first = R.A. | authorlink = Rosemary Underhill | date = 2015 | title=Myalgic encephalomyelitis, chronic fatigue syndrome: An infectious disease|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26604026|journal=Medical Hypotheses|volume=85|issue=6 | pages = 765–773|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.011|issn=1532-2777|pmid=26604026|via=}}</ref><ref name="Schlauch, 2016">{{Cite journal| last1 = Schlauch | first1 = Karen A. | authorlink1 = Karen Schlauch | last2 = Khaiboullina | first2 = Svetlana F. | authorlink2 = Svetlana Khaiboullina | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 =Rawat | first4 = Shanti | authorlink4 = Shanti Rawat | last5 = Petereit | first5 = J | authorlink5 = Juli Petereit | last6 = Rizvanov | first6 = Albert A | authorlink6 = Albert Rizvanov | last7 = Blatt | first7 = Nataliya | authorlink7 = Nataliya Blatt | last8 = Mijatovic | first8 = Tatjana | authorlink8 = Tatjana Mijatovic | last9 = Kulick | first9 = D | authorlink9 = Doina Kulick | last10 = Palotás | first10 = András | authorlink10 = András Palotás | last11 = Lombardi | first11 = Vincent C. | authorlink11 = Vincent Lombardi | title = Genome-wide association analysis identifies genetic variations in subjects with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2015208 | journal = Translational Psychiatry | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | page = e730 | date = 2016 | pmid = | doi = 10.1038/tp.2015.208 }}</ref> Flera teorier föreslår att ME är en ett olämpligt immunsvar på en infektion, en teori som stärks av observationen att det ibland finns en familjehistoria av [[autoimmune disease|autoimmuna sjukdomar]].<ref name="Sotzny, 2018">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sotzny | first1 = Franziska | authorlink1 = Franziska Sotzny | last2 = Blanco | first2 = Julià | authorlink2 = Julià Blanco | last3 = Capelli | first3 = Enrica | authorlink3 = Enrica Capelli | last4 = Castro-Marrero | first4 = Jesús | authorlink4 = Jesús Castro-Marrero | last5 =Steiner | first5 = Sophie | authorlink5 = Sophie Steiner | last6 = Murovska | first6 = Modra | authorlink6 = Modra Murovska | last7 = Scheibenbogen | first7 = Carmen | authorlink7 = Carmen Scheibenbogen| title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – Evidence for an autoimmune disease | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568997218300880 | journal = Autoimmunity Reviews | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | page = 601-609 | date = 2018 | pmid = | doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=564532390371988&id=564526123705948 | title = Klimas ME CFS Genes Study | last = | first = | date = Nov 23, 2015 | website = facebook.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref> Det förekommer också ett skifte från [[Th1]]-typen av [[T cells|T-hjälparceller]], som bekämpar infektion, till [[Th2]]-typen, som är mer aktiv i [[allergy|allergi]] och mer sannolik att angripa kroppen.<ref>{{Cite journal | date = 2015-03-01 | title = Cytokine expression provides clues to the pathophysiology of Gulf War illness and myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043466614006024|journal=Cytokine|language=en|volume=72|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.019|issn=1043-4666}}</ref><ref name="Hardcastle2014">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.m-hikari.com/bmgt/bmgt2014/bmgt1-4-2014/hardcastleBMGT1-4-2014.pdf | title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and the Potential Role of T Cells | last = Hardcastle | first = S.L. | authorlink = Sharni Hardcastle | last2 = Brenu | first2 = E.W. | authorlink2 = Ekua Brenu | last3 = Staines | first3 = D.R. | authorlink3 = Donald Staines | last4 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first4 = S. | authorlink4 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik| date = 2014 |journal=Biological Markers and Guided Therapy|volume=1|issue=1=|pages=25|doi=10.12988/bmgt.2014.3122}}</ref>

[[File:Naomi Whittingham .png|300px|thumb|[[sv:Naomi Whittingham|Naomi Whittingham]] bor i Storbritannien med [[Severe and very severe ME|ett svårt fall av ME]] Naomi insjuknade vid [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|12 års ålder]] med ett vanligt virus och återhämtade sig aldrig. Hon bekämpar ME genom att göra intervjuer, skriver bloggen [[A Life Hidden]] (Ett Gömt Liv), och stödjer sin bror [[Tom Whittingham]]s maratonfond som samlar ihop till [[ME Research UK]] (ME Forskning Storbritannien)]]

===Virus===
{{Main article |page_name = Virus}}

Andra teorier beskriver ME som ett immunsvar på en kronisk infektion. Kopplingen mellan [[Coxsackie B]], [[Human herpesvirus 6|Humant herpesvirus 6]], och [[HHV-7]] virusen<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bell | first = E.J. | last2 = McCartney | first2 = R.A. | last3 = Riding | first3 = M.H. | authorlink3 = Miriam Ridingdate = 1988 | title = Coxsackie B viruses and myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2841461|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=81|issue=6|pages=329–331|doi=10.1177/014107688808100609|issn=0141-0768|pmid=2841461|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://solvecfs.org/ramsay-research-team-5-the-potential-role-of-hhv-6-in-mecfs/ | title = Ramsay Research Team 5 – The Potential Role of HHV-6 in ME/CFS - Solve ME/CFS Initiative | last = | first = | date = 2016-12-16|work=Solve ME/CFS Initiative|access-date=2018-09-08|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|publisher=VOLKMEDIA|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Chapenko2012">{{Cite journal | last = Chapenko | first = Svetlana | authorlink = Svetlana Chapenko | last2 = Krumina | first2 = Angelika | authorlink2 = Angelika Krumina | last3 = Logina | first3 = Inara | authorlink3 = Inara Logina | last4 = Rasa | first4 = Santa | authorlink4 = Santa Rasa | last5 = Chistjakovs | first5 = Maksims | authorlink5 = Maksims Chistjakovs | last6 = Sultanova | first6 = Alina | authorlink6 = Alina Sultanova | last7 = Viksna | first7 = Ludmila | authorlink7 = Ludmila Viksna | last8 = Murovska | first8 = Modra | authorlink8 = Modra Murovska | date = 2012 | title = Association of active human herpesvirus-6, -7 and parvovirus b19 infection with clinical outcomes in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22927850|journal=Advances in Virology|volume=|pages=205085|doi=10.1155/2012/205085|issn=1687-8647|pmid=22927850|via=}}</ref> tyder på potentiell viral medvärkan, åtminstone i vissa individer. Vissa forskare har uppgett att bevis från [[epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis|epidemsk myalgisk encefalomyelit]] visar starkt på ett enterovirus, men i de flesta utbrott kunde inget virus isoleras.<ref name="Chia2005"/><ref name="Hanson2021">{{Cite journal | title = The Enterovirus Theory of Disease Etiology in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Critical Review | date = 2021 | url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmed.2021.688486|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|volume=8|issue= | pages = 688486 | last = O'Neal | first = Adam J. | authorlink = | authorlink = Adam O'Neal | last2 = Hanson | first2 = Maureen R. | authorlink2 = Maureen Hanson|doi=10.3389/fmed.2021.688486/abstract|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=2296-858X|quote=|via=}}</ref>

===Bakterier===
{{Main article |page_name = Bacteria}}

Andra trot att ME ibland kan orsakas av kronisk infektion av spiroketbakterier, som [[lyme disease|borrelia]]. Andra bakterier som har varit inblandade i ME är [[chlamydia pneumoniae]].<ref name="Tovey2018">{{Cite journal | date = 2018-09-05 | last = Tovey | first = JE | authorlink = John Tovey | title = Chlamydia pneumoniae infection a treatable cause of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/01/chlamydia-pneumoniae-infection-treatable-cause-chronic-fatigue-syndrome|journal=The BMJ|language=en|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.prohealth.com/library/new-me-cfs-study-at-stanford-dr-montoya-to-test-for-scores-of-infections-27346 | title = New ME/CFS Study at Stanford: Dr. Montoya to test for scores of Infections - Prohealth | date = 2010-06-04|work=Prohealth|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Proteiner relaterade till flera infektioner har hittats i de oligoklonala banden av ME-patienter.<ref name="Nicholson2009">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.bjmp.org/content/role-chronic-bacterial-and-viral-infections-neurodegenerative-neurobehavioral-psychiatric-au | title = Role of Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative, Neurobehavioral, Psychiatric, Autoimmune and Fatiguing Illnesses: Part 1 | first = Garth L. | last=Nicolson | authorlink = Garth Nicolson | first2 = Jörg | last2 = Haier | authorlink2 = Jörg Haier | date = 2009|journal=British Journal of Medical Practitioners|volume=2|issue=4|pages = 20-28|doi=|pmid=}}</ref>

[[vagus nerve infection hypothesis|Hypotesen om vagusnervinfektion]] (VNIH) förklarar varför så många olika infektionsstarter kan vara skyldiga. [[Vagus nerve|Vagus nerven]] går från hjärnstammen och genom kroppen och påverkar många kroppssystem.{{citation needed|date=2023-11-17}}

===Överföring via blod===
{{Main article|Blood donation}}

På grund av oklarheten kring sjukdomens orsak får ME och CFS-patienter inte donera blood eller organ i [[United Kingdom|Storbritannien]] (även efter tillfrisknande),<ref name="BloodUK">{{Cite web | url = https://my.blood.co.uk/KnowledgeBase | title = Knowledgebase|website=My Donor Record - Health, Eligibility & Travel | last = | first = | authorlink = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref> det mesta av [[Canada|Kanade]],<ref name="Wilson2014">{{Cite journal | title = The Use of Preliminary Scientific Evidence in Public Health: A Case Study of XMRV | date = 2014-04-08 | url = https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001623|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=11|issue=4| pages = e1001623 | last = Wilson | first = Kumanan | authorlink = Kumanan Wilson | last2 = Atkinson | first2 = Katherine | authorlink2 = Katherine Atkinson | last3 = Keelan | first3 = Jennifer| authorlink3 = Jennifer Keelan | language=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001623|pmc=PMC3979645|pmid=24714396|issn=1549-1676}}</ref> [[Australia|Australien]],<ref name="RedCrossAus">{{cite web | url = https://www.lifeblood.com.au/faq/eligibility/medical-conditions-and-procedures/chronic-fatigue-syndrome| website = Australian Red Cross|title = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|access-date=2023-11-17}}</ref><ref name="donate">{{Cite web|url = https://www.donateblood.com.au/faq/chronic-fatigue-syndrome |title=Chronic fatigue syndrome – I have/had chronic fatigue syndrome. Can I donate?|access-date=2022-05-25|website = Australian Red Cross}}</ref> [[New Zealand|Nya Zeeland]] (så länge symptom finns), och för tillfället även i [[United States|USA]]<ref name="post">{{Cite web | url = http://voices.washingtonpost.com/checkup/2010/12/red_cross_bars_chronic_fatique.html | title = Red Cross bars chronic fatigue patients from donating blood | last = Stein | first = Rob | authorlink = Rob Stein | date = Dec 3, 2010 | website = Washington Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref><ref name="USblood">{{Cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/03/AR2010120305888.html | title = Chronic fatigue patients barred from blood donation|publisher=Washington Post | last = Stein | first = Rob | authorlink = Rob Stein | date = 2010-12-03|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="NZblood">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzblood.co.nz/Give-blood/Donating/Detailed-eligibility-criteria#C | title = Detailed eligibility criteria|website=NZ Blood|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref>

I USA råder Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies (tidigare American Association of Blood Banks) att man antingen accepterar eller skjuter upp ME/CFS-donatorer baserat på "klinisk bedömning av donatorns hälsotillstånd".<ref name="AABBOct2012">{{Cite web | last = American Association of Blood Banks | url = https://www.aabb.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/regulatory/eid/xmrvfactsheet.pdf?sfvrsn=cd162fa3_2 | date = October 2012 | title = Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) and other Polytropic Murine Leukemia Viruses (pMLV)|pages = 3 |quote=An updated AABB Association Bulletin #12-05 (November 2012) states that individual collectors of blood and cellular therapy products should accept or defer donors with a history of CFS based on their clinical judgment of the donor's health status.|access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref> Patientvälgörenheter avråder ME/CFS-patienter från att donera blood,<ref name="MassBlood2015">{{Cite web | url = https://www.massmecfs.org/research/recent-research/19-xmrv/237-aabbs-recommendation-on-cfidsme-and-blood-donation | title = AABB's recommendation on ME/CFS and blood donation | date = Nov 25, 2015 |website=[[Massachusetts ME/CFS & FM Association]]|access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>

==Behandlingar==
[[File:Karina Hansen.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Karina Hansen]] blev sjuk [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|som en vuxen tonåring]] och är [[Severe and very severe ME|svårt sjuk]] i ME. Hon tvångsinstitutionaliserad i 3 1/2 år eftersom det [[Denmark|Danska]] vårdsystemet betecknar ME som psykosomatiskt. Karina är nu hemma med sin familj och hon fick kort välgångsönskare från jorden runt. Karinas fall i Högsta Domstolen och återvändande hem visades i dokumentärfilmen [[Unrest|''Unrest'']]]]

{{Main article |page_name=Treatments|Potential treatments for myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome}}

Det finns inget botemedel för ME och inget land har godkännt farmakologisk behandling mot sjukdomen, bortsett från [[Argentina]] som har godkänt [[Ampligen]] som behandling mot svår ME/CFS.<ref name="Hemispherx" /> Ampligens effektivitet är dock under debatt.<ref name="FDA-2009">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2009/11/30/daily23.html | title = FDA rejects Hemispherx’s chronic fatigue drug Ampligen | website = bizjournals.com|access-date=2018-08-12 | date =Dec 2, 2009 | last = George | first = John| authorlink = John George | archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> Andra läkemedel har använts receptfritt mot ME med varierande effektivitet i vissa patienter.<ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /><ref name="ICC" />

Behandlingar mot sömnproblem, huvudvärk, smärta eller andra symptom används av vissa läkare för vissa patienter, men de behandlar symptom snarare än ME självt.<ref name="ICC" />

Det är inte väl utforskat eller dokumenterat hur framgångsrik behandling av symptom är i ME.

Ett immunmodulatorläkemedel kallat [[Rituximab]] har misslyckats i en fas III-studie.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://simmaronresearch.com/2017/11/norwegian-rituximab-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-trial-fails/ | title = Norwegian Rituximab Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Trial Fails - Simmaron Research | last = Johnson | first = Cort | authorlink = Cort Johnson | date = 2017-11-26|work=Simmaron Research|access-date=2018-09-07|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|language=en-US}}</ref> Den antivirala [[Valganciclovir]] misslyckades i en kontrollerad niomånaders studie av ME patienter som testat positivt för virusinfektioner med Herpes Simplex 6 och Epstein Barr virus.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Montoya | first = Jose G. | authorlink = Jose Montoya | last2 = Kogelnik | first2 = Andreas M. | authorlink2 = Andreas Kogelnik | last3 = Bhangoo | first3 = Munveer | authorlink3 = Munveer Bhangoo | last4 = Lunn | first4 = Mitchell R. | authorlink4 = Mitchell Lunn | last5 = Flamand | first5 = Louis | authorlink5 = Louis Flamand | last6 = Merrihew | first6 = Lindsey E. | authorlink6 = Lindsey Merrihew | last7 = Watt | first7 = Tessa | authorlink7 = Tessa Watt | last8 = Kubo | first8 = Jessica T. | authorlink8 = Jessica Kubo | last9 = Paik | first9 = Jane | authorlink9 = Jane Paik | date = Dec 2013 | title = Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of valganciclovir in a subset of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23959519|journal=Journal of Medical Virology|volume=85|issue=12|pages=2101–2109|doi=10.1002/jmv.23713|issn=1096-9071|pmid=23959519|pmc=|quote= |access-date=|via=}}</ref>

==Epidemiologi==
{{Main article |page_name = Epidemiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome}}

ME har återfunnits jorden runt, i åtminstone 75 [[sv:Lista över utbrott av myalgisk encefalomyelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|epidemier]] som dokumenterats i publicerade artiklar från 1930-talet till 1980-talet.<ref name="HFME">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hfme.org/methemedicalfacts.htm | title = M.E.: The medical facts | last = Bassett | first = Jodi | authorlink=Jodi Bassett | date = Sep 2010 | website = The Hummingbirds' Foundation for M.E.|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref> Epidemier kan ofta inträffa i instängda platser, som skolor och sjukhus.

Som observerats i många autoimmuna sjukdomar är ME vanligare bland kvinnor än män; den genomsnittliga könsproportionen är 2-3 kvinnor för varje man.<ref name="Bakken2014" /> För barn är könsskillnaden ungefär jämlik.<ref name="Collin2015" />

==Komorbiditeter==
[[File:Chronically_Hopeful_Char_Profile_Pic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Char, skribent på [[Chronically Hopeful]], måste använda solglasögon på grund av ljuskänslighet ([[photophobia|fotofobi]]) och brusreducerande hörselskydd på grund av ljudkänslighet ([[hyperacusis|hyperakusi]])]]
{{main article|Comorbidities of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis}}

Kliniker har observerat flera predisponerande tillstånd, komorbiteter, överlappande tillstånd, och ökad risk för sekundära sjukdomar i patienter med ME.<ref name="Carruthers, 2003" /><ref name="CDC-symptoms" /> Men eftersom inga storskaliga [[Epidemiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|epidemiologiska]] studier, genetiska studier, eller familjestudier har utförts, finns det lite som kan sägas definitivt om graden eller de underliggande biologiska anledningarna för dessa potentiellt relaterade tillstånd.Överlappande [[:Category:Definitions|diagnostiska kriterier]] och bristen på [[Diagnostic biomarker|biomarkörer]] i många av tillstånden bidrar till förvirringen och den diagnostiska osäkerheten. Dessutom kan vissa tillstånd, som [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|postural ortostatisk takykardisyndrom]] (POTS), [[neurally mediated hypotension|neurallt medierad hypotoni]] (NMH), idiopatisk [[intracranial hypertension|intrakraniell hypertoni]] (IIH/IH) och [[fibromyalgia|fibromyalgi]] (FM/FMS), förekomma eller vara komorbida med ett flertal tillstånd, inklusive ME.<ref name="CDC-etiology">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/presentation-clinical-course/etiology-pathophysiology.html | title = Etiology and Pathophysiology {{!}} Presentation and Clinical Course {{!}} Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2018-11-08 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-17}}</ref><ref name="Dankaerts2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dovepress.com/the-link-between-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-fibromyalgia-and-peer-reviewed-article-JPR | title = The link between idiopathic intracranial hypertension, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome: exploration of a shared pathophysiology | last = Dankaerts | first = Wim | authorlink = Wim Dankaerts | last2 = Bruyninckx | first2 = Frans | authorlink2 = Frans Bruyninckx | date = 2018-12-10 | website = Journal of Pain Research|language=English|access-date=2019-02-17 | last3 = Stalmans | first3 = Ingeborg | authorlink3 = Ingeborg Stalmans | last4 = Vansant | first4 = Greet | authorlink4 = Greet Vansant | last5 = Rasschaert | first5 = Ricky | authorlink5 = Ricky Rasschaert | last6 = Hulens | first6 = Mieke | authorlink6 = Mieke Hulens}}</ref>

Följande är syndrom och sjukdomar som har associerats med eller blivit feldiagnostiserade som ME:
<div style="column-count:2;">
*[[fibromyalgia|fibromyalgi]]<ref name="CDC-comorbid">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/comorbid-conditions.html | title = Comorbid Conditions {{!}} Diagnosis {{!}} Healthcare Providers {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2018-11-08 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref>
* [[Lyme disease|Borrelia]] och [[Chronic lyme disease|kronisk borrelia]]<ref name="ICC" />
*[[Intracranial hypertension|idiopatisk intrakraniell hypertoni]]<ref name="Dankaerts2018" />
*[[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome| postural ortostatisk takykardisyndrom]]<ref name="ICC" /><ref name="Hoad2008">{{Cite journal | last = Hoad | first = A. | authorlink = | last2 = Spickett | first2 = G. | authorlink2 = Gavin Spickett‎ | last3 = Elliott | first3 = J. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Newton | first4 = J. | authorlink4 = Julia Newton | date = 2008 | title = Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome is an under-recognized condition in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805903|journal=QJM: monthly journal of the Association of Physicians|volume=101|issue=12 | pages = 961–965|doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcn123|issn=1460-2393|pmid=18805903|quote=|via=}}</ref>
*[[irritable bowel syndrome|irritabel tarmsyndrom]]<ref name="CDC-comorbid" /><ref name="Carruthers, 2003" />
*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)|Hashimotos sjukdom (hypotyreos)]]<ref name="CDC-differentialdiagnosis" />
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|Ehlers-Danlos syndrom]]<ref name="CDC-differentialdiagnosis" />
*[[Sjögren's syndrome|Sjögrens syndrom]]<ref name="CDC-differentialdiagnosis" />
*[[multiple chemical sensitivity|doft- och kemikalieöverkänslighet]]<ref name="CDC-comorbid" /><ref name="ICC2011primer" />
</div>

En svensk studie av 234 ME/CFS-patienter som mötte [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Kanadakriterierna]] fann att 13.2% hade bråck i halsmandlarna som var allvarliga nog att anses vara en [[Chiari malformation|Chiari missbildning]]. 49% hade hypermobilitet och 20% mötte kriterierna för hEDS (Ehlers-Danlos syndrom med hypermobilitet), medan 96% hade fibromyalgis triggerpunktsmärta, med 67% som mötte de diagnostiska kriterierna för fibromyalgi.<ref name="Bragee2020">{{Cite journal | last = Bragée | first = Björn | authorlink = sv:Björn Bragée | last2 = Michos | first2 = Anastasios | authorlink2 = Anastasios Michos | last3 = Drum | first3 = Brandon | authorlink3 = Brandon Drum | last4 = Fahlgren | first4 = Mikael | authorlink4 = Mikael Fahlgren | last5 = Szulkin | first5 = Robert | authorlink5 = Robert Szulkin | last6 = Bertilson | first6 = Bo C. | authorlink6 = Bo Bertilsson | date = 2020 | title=Signs of Intracranial Hypertension, Hypermobility, and Craniocervical Obstructions in Patients With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2020.00828/full|journal=Frontiers in Neurology|language=English|volume=11|issue=|pages=|doi=10.3389/fneur.2020.00828|issn=1664-2295|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>

== Nämnvärda studier ==
{{Main article |page_name = Notable studies}}
På grund av bristande [[funding|finansiering]] av regeringar världen runt har det gjorts begränsad biologisk forskning av [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]]. Det finns studier som visar inblandning av [[sv:Nervsystem|Nervsystemet]], [[metabolic|metaboliska]] drag, och andra abnormaliteter.
* 2016, [[Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome]] (Metaboliska drag i kroniskt trötthetssyndrom)
* 2016, [[CDC Multi-site Clinical Assessment of CFS]] (CDC utvärdering av CFS på flera platser)
* 2019, [[Evidence of widespread metabolite abnormalities in Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment with whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2019) Mueller, et al|Evidence of widespread metabolite abnormalities in Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment with whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy]] (Bevis för vidsträckt metabolitabnormaliteter i Myalgisk encephalomyelit/kroniskt trötthetssyndrom: utvärdering av hela hjärnan med magnetisk resonansmyelografi (2019) Mueller, et al )
* [[List of abnormal findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis|Lista över abnormala upptäckter i kroniskt trötthetssyndrom och myalgisk encefalomyelit]]

==Nyheter och artiklar==
*2015, [http://theargusreport.com/us-nih-report-calls-uk-definition-mecfs-scrapped/ US NIH Report Calls for UK Definition of ME/CFS to be Scrapped] (Amerikansk NIH Rapport kräver att Storbritanniens ME/CFS definition ska slopas - The Argus Report
* 2014, [[Brains of People With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Offer Clues About Disorder - New York Times: Well (2014)|Brains of People With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Offer Clues About Disorder]] (Hjärnor hos personer med kroniskt trötthetssyndrom erbjuder ledtrådar om sjukdomen)
*2010, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/03/AR2010120305888.html Chronic fatigue patients barred from blood donation] (Patienter med kronisk trötthet hindrade från att donera blod) - Washington Post
*1987, [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/28/science/fatigue-virus-has-experts-more-baffled-and-skeptical-than-ever.html Fatigue 'Virus' Has Experts More Baffled And Skeptical Than Ever] (Utmattnings-'virus' gör experter mer fröbryllade och skeptiska än någonsin) - The New York Times

== Se även ==
* [[sv:kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]]
* [[Misdiagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|Feldiagnos av myalgisk encefalomyelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]]
* [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]]
* [[Pediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|Pediatrisk myalgisk encefalomyelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]]
* [[Severe and very severe ME|Svår och väldigt svår ME]]
*[[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease|Systemisk ansträngningsintoleranssjukdom]]

== Vidare läsning ==
*[https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/about/index.html Vad är ME/CFS?] - CDC
*[https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/other-conditions.html Diagnos - Andra villkor för utvärdering] - CDC
*[https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/evaluation.html Utvärdering] - medicinska tester som krävs för att utesluta andra sjukdomar än ME/CFS -CDC
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x M.E. Internationella koncensuskriterierna]

== Referenser ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Diagnoses]]
[[Category:Disease names]]
[[Category:Disease names and definitions]]
[[Category:Neurological diseases and disorders]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Svenska:Kardiovaskulära systemet

2026-11-12T23:47:03Z

BeardedBaldy:Corrected spelling error.

Det '''kardiovaskulära systemet''', även kallat kärlsystemet, är ett organsystem som gör det möjligt för [[blood|blodet]] att cirkulera och transportera näringsämnen (t.ex. [[amino acid|aminosyror]] och [[electrolytes|elektrolyter]]), [[sv:Syre|Syre]], koldioxid, [[hormone|hormoner]], och blodkroppar till och från cellerna i kroppen. Det kardiovaskulära systemets uppgift är att tillhandahålla näring och hjälpa till att bekämpa sjukdomar, stabilisera temperatur och pH, och bibehålla [[homeostasis|homeostas]] (balans och stabilitet). Det inkluderar också det [[lymphatic system|lymfatiska systemet]], som cirkulerar [[lymph|lymfa]].

Dysfunktion i det [[sv:Autonoma nervsystemet|autonoma nervsystemet]] som resulterar i [[orthostatic intolerance|ortostatisk intolerans]] (t.ex. [[postural orthostatic tachycardia|postural ortostatisk takykardi]] och [[orthostatic hypotension|ortostatisk hypotoni]]), [[low blood volume|låg blodvolym]], [[preload failure|preloadsvikt]] och andra cirkulationsproblem anses alla bidra till symptomen i [[sv:Myalgisk encefalomyelit|ME]].

==ME/CFS==
Ett flertal abnormaliteter har dokumenterats i det kardiovaskulära systemet hos patienter med [[sv:Myalgisk Encefalomyelit|Myalgisk Encefalomyelit]] och [[sv:kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|Kroniskt Trötthetssyndrom]].

Dessa inkluderar att [[left ventricle|vänster ventrikel]] (hjärtkammare) i [[heart|hjärtat]] är onormalt liten<ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736946 | title = Cardiac dysfunction and orthostatic intolerance in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and a small left ventricle | journal = Heart Vessels | date = Jul 2015 | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 484-9 | doi = 10.1007/s00380-014-0510-y | PMID = 24736946}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Hollingsworth | first = Kieren | authorlink = Kieren Hollingsworth | last2 = Hodgson | first2 = T. | authorlink2 = | last3 = MacGowan | first3 = Guy | authorlink3 = Guy MacGowan | last4 = Blamire | first4 = Andrew | authorlink4 = Andrew Blamire | last5 = Newton | first5 = Julia | authorlink5 = Julia Newton | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ | title = Impaired cardiac function in chronic fatigue syndrome measured using magnetic resonance cardiac tagging | journal = J Intern Med | date = Aug 2012 | volume = 271 | issue = 3 | pages = 264-270 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x}}</ref> och låg hjärtminutvolym.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | last2 = Fujita | first2 = Masatoshi | authorlink2 = Masatoshi Fujita | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19881233 | title = Cardiovascular dysfunction with low cardiac output due to a small heart in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Intern Med | date = 2009 | volume = 48 | issue = 21 | pages = 1849-54 | doi = 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2347}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | last2 = Fujita | first2 = Masatoshi | authorlink2 = Masatoshi Fujita | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ | title = Small Heart With Low Cardiac Output for Orthostatic Intolerance in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal = Clinical Cardiology | volume = 34 | issue = 12 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x}}</ref>

En [[Netherlands|Nederländsk]] studie 2016 var först med att använda kontrastförstärkt kardiell magnetresonanstomografi (CMR) för att utvärdera hjärtengagemang i kvinnor med CFS. Tolv kvinnor som hade en CDS-diagnos baserad på [[Fukuda criteria|Fukudakriterierna]] rekryterades från ett specialiserat CFS-center. Trettiosex kontroller som hade matchande ålder och kön inkluderades också. Slutsatserna var att kardiell magnetresonanstomografi visade att patienter med CFS har mindre dimension på den nedre vänstra ventrikeln och lätt nedsatt funktion av den vänstra ventrikeln. Abnormaliteter i rörelsen av hjärtats väggar och närvaron av myokardiell fibros observerades i vissa CFS-patienter.<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" />

Minskad hjärtvolym har associerats med blodvolym, men inte med sjukdomens varaktighet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Blamire | first = Andrew M. | authorlink = Andrew Blamire | last2 = MacGowan | first2 = Guy | authorlink2 = Guy MacGowan | last3 = Maclachlan | first3 = Laura | authorlink3 = Laura Maclachlan | last4 = Hodgson | first4 = Tim | authorlink4 = Tim Hodgson | last5 = Frith | first5 = James | authorlink5 = James Frith | last6 = Petrides | first6 = George | authorlink6 = George Petrides | last7 = Finkelmeyer | first7 = Andreas | authorlink7 = Andreas Finkelmeyer | last8 = Newton | first8 = Julia L. | authorlink8 = Julia Newton | date = 2016-06-01 | title = Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study | url = https://openheart.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000381 | journal = Open Heart|language=en | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = e000381|doi=10.1136/openhrt-2015-000381|issn=2053-3624}}</ref>

En studie fann att blodvolym är starkt fysiologiskt relaterat till den högsta syrekonsumptionen i CFS-patienter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last = Farquhar | first = William B. | authorlink = William Farquhar | last2 = Hunt | first2 = Brian E. | authorlink2 = Brian Hunt | last3 = Taylor | first3 = J. Andrew | authorlink3 = Andrew Taylor | last4 = Darling | first4 = Stephen E. | authorlink4 = Stephen Darling | last5 = Freeman | first5 = Roy | authorlink5 = Roy Freeman | date = 2002-01-01 | title = Blood volume and its relation to peak O2consumption and physical activity in patients with chronic fatigue | url =https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.h66 | journal = American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology | volume = 282 | issue = 1| pages=H66–H71|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.H66|issn=0363-6135}}</ref>

[[Orthostatic intolerance|Ortostatisk intolerans]] är också vanlig.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | authorlink = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Maes | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Maes | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/205 | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics | journal = BMC Medicine | date = Sep 17, 2013 | volume = 11 | issue = 205 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-11-205}}</ref>

CFS-patienter har flera riskfaktorer för hjärtsjukdomar.<ref>{{ cite journal | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Twisk | first2 = Frank N.M. | authorlink2 = Frank Twisk | url = http://rediviva.sav.sk/51i34/106.pdf | title = Why myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) may kill you: disorders in the inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways may explain cardiovascular disorders in ME/CFS | journal = Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva | date = Dec 20, 2009 | volume = 51 | issue = 3-4 }}</ref>

Den genomsnittliga åldern för hjärtsvikt bland [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|CFS]]-patienter är 58.1 år, att jämföras med 83.1 år för allmännheten.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jason | first = Leonard | authorlink = Leonard Jason |last2 = Corradi | first2 = Karina | authorlink2 = Karina Corradi | last3 = Gress | first3 = Sara | authorlink3 = Sara Gress | last4 = Williams | first4 = Sarah | authorlink4 = Sarah Williams | last5 = Torres-Harding | first5 = Susan | authorlink5 = Susan Torres-Harding | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844674 | title = Causes of death among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Health Care Women Int.| volume = 27 | issue = 7 | pages = 615-626 | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1080/07399330600803766}}</ref>

==Nämnvärda studier==
*2007, Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up [[Tilt table test|tilt-test]] for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wyller | first = Vegard Bruun | author-link = Vegard Bruun Wyller | last2 = Due | first2 = Reidar | last3 = Saul | first3 = J. Philip | last4 = Amlie | first4 = Jan P. | last5 = Thaulow | first5 = Erik | date = 2007-04-01 | title = Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up tilt-test for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17398200 | journal = The American Journal of Cardiology | volume = 99 | issue = 7 | pages = 997–1001|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.10.067|issn=0002-9149|pmid=17398200|quote= | author-link2 = Reidar Due | author-link3 = J. Philip Saul | author-link4 = Jan P. Amlie | author-link5 = Erik Thaulow|via=}}</ref> (Användbarhet av abnormal kariovaskulär respons under ett lätt huvud-upp tipp-test för att urskilja ungdomar med kronisk trötthet från friska kontroller) ([[pubmed:17398200|Abstract]])
*2016, [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging] (Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom i kvinnor utvärderat med kombinerad kardiell magnetresonanstomografi)<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" />
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/07/30/21783/ The Blood Volume Paradox in ME/CFS and POTS] (Blodvolymparadoxen i ME/CFS och POTS)<ref name=":1" />
*2016, [http://www.meresearch.org.uk/our-research/completed-studies/reduced-cardiac-volumes/ Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study] (Minskad hjärvolym i kroniskt trötthetssyndrom associeras med plasmavolym men inte med sjukdomens varaktighet: en kohortstudie)<ref name=":0" />

==Vidare läsning==

== Learn more ==
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/06/27/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-small-heart-disease/ "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the Small Heart Disease"], ("Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom: Litet-hjärtasjukdomen") [[Health Rising]]
*2016, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160623184238.htm "Getting to the heart of chronic fatigue syndrome"], (Komma till kärnarn av kroniskt trötthetssyndrom") [[Science Daily]]

==Se även==
*[[Hypercoagulation hypothesis|Hypotesen om hyperkoagulation]]

==Referenser==
<references>
<ref name="Olimulder, 2016">{{Citation | last =Olimulder | first1 = M.A.G.M. | author-link1 = Marlon Olimulder | last2 = Galjee | first2 = M.A. | author-link2 = | last3 =Wagenaar | first3 = L.J. | author-link3 = | last4 = van Es | first4 = J. | author-link4 = | last5 =van der Palen | first5 = J. | author-link5 = | last6 = Visser | first6 = F.C. | author-link6 = Frans Visser | last7 = Vermeulen | first7 = R.C.W. | author-link7 = | last8 = von Birgelen | first8 = C. | author-link8 = | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 | journal =Netherlands Heart Journal | date = 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Body systems]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Cardiovascular system

2026-11-12T23:46:10Z

BeardedBaldy:Corrected spelling error.

{{Language links
|page_sv=Kardiovaskulära systemet
}}
The '''cardiovascular system''', also called the vascular system, is an organ system that allows [[blood]] to circulate and transport nutrients (such as [[amino acid]]s and [[electrolytes]]), [[oxygen]], carbon dioxide, [[hormone]]s, and [[blood]] cells to and from the cells in the body. The cardiovascular system's purpose is to provide nourishment and help fight diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain [[homeostasis]]. It also includes includes the [[lymphatic system]], which circulates [[lymph]].

[[Autonomic nervous system]] dysfunction resulting in [[orthostatic intolerance]] (e.g., [[postural orthostatic tachycardia]] and [[orthostatic hypotension]]), [[low blood volume]], [[preload failure]] and other circulatory issues are all thought to contribute to the symptoms of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]].

==ME/CFS==

Numerous cardiac abnormalities have been documented in [[Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]] and [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] patients.

These include smaller than normal [[left ventricle]] of the [[heart]]<ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736946 | title = Cardiac dysfunction and orthostatic intolerance in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and a small left ventricle | journal = Heart Vessels | date = Jul 2015 | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 484-9 | doi = 10.1007/s00380-014-0510-y | PMID = 24736946}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Hollingsworth | first = Kieren | authorlink = Kieren Hollingsworth | last2 = Hodgson | first2 = T. | authorlink2 = | last3 = MacGowan | first3 = Guy | authorlink3 = Guy MacGowan | last4 = Blamire | first4 = Andrew | authorlink4 = Andrew Blamire | last5 = Newton | first5 = Julia | authorlink5 = Julia Newton | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ | title = Impaired cardiac function in chronic fatigue syndrome measured using magnetic resonance cardiac tagging | journal = J Intern Med | date = Aug 2012 | volume = 271 | issue = 3 | pages = 264-270 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x}}</ref> and low cardiac output.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | last2 = Fujita | first2 = Masatoshi | authorlink2 = Masatoshi Fujita | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19881233 | title = Cardiovascular dysfunction with low cardiac output due to a small heart in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Intern Med | date = 2009 | volume = 48 | issue = 21 | pages = 1849-54 | doi = 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2347}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | last2 = Fujita | first2 = Masatoshi | authorlink2 = Masatoshi Fujita | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ | title = Small Heart With Low Cardiac Output for Orthostatic Intolerance in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal = Clinical Cardiology | volume = 34 | issue = 12 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x}}</ref>

A 2016 study in the [[Netherlands]] was the first to use contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in assessing cardiac involvement in women who have CFS. Twelve women were recruited from a specialised CFS centre who had a diagnosis of CFS based on the [[Fukuda criteria]]. Thirty-six age- and gender-matched controls were also included. The conclusions were that in patients with CFS, cardiac magnetic resonance demonstrated lower left ventricle dimensions and a mildly reduced left ventricle function. Heart wall motion abnormalities and the presence of myocardial fibrosis were observed in some CFS patients.<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" />

Reduced cardiac volumes have been associated with blood volume, but not length of disease.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Blamire | first = Andrew M. | authorlink = Andrew Blamire | last2 = MacGowan | first2 = Guy | authorlink2 = Guy MacGowan | last3 = Maclachlan | first3 = Laura | authorlink3 = Laura Maclachlan | last4 = Hodgson | first4 = Tim | authorlink4 = Tim Hodgson | last5 = Frith | first5 = James | authorlink5 = James Frith | last6 = Petrides | first6 = George | authorlink6 = George Petrides | last7 = Finkelmeyer | first7 = Andreas | authorlink7 = Andreas Finkelmeyer | last8 = Newton | first8 = Julia L. | authorlink8 = Julia Newton | date = 2016-06-01 | title = Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study | url = https://openheart.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000381 | journal = Open Heart|language=en | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = e000381|doi=10.1136/openhrt-2015-000381|issn=2053-3624}}</ref>

A study found that blood volume is a strong physiological correlate of peak oxygen consumption in patients with CFS.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last = Farquhar | first = William B. | authorlink = William Farquhar | last2 = Hunt | first2 = Brian E. | authorlink2 = Brian Hunt | last3 = Taylor | first3 = J. Andrew | authorlink3 = Andrew Taylor | last4 = Darling | first4 = Stephen E. | authorlink4 = Stephen Darling | last5 = Freeman | first5 = Roy | authorlink5 = Roy Freeman | date = 2002-01-01 | title = Blood volume and its relation to peak O2consumption and physical activity in patients with chronic fatigue | url =https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.h66 | journal = American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology | volume = 282 | issue = 1| pages=H66–H71|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.H66|issn=0363-6135}}</ref>

[[Orthostatic intolerance]] is also common.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | authorlink = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Maes | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Maes | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/205 | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics | journal = BMC Medicine | date = Sep 17, 2013 | volume = 11 | issue = 205 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-11-205}}</ref>

CFS patients have several risk factors for heart disease.<ref>{{ cite journal | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Twisk | first2 = Frank N.M. | authorlink2 = Frank Twisk | url = http://rediviva.sav.sk/51i34/106.pdf | title = Why myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) may kill you: disorders in the inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways may explain cardiovascular disorders in ME/CFS | journal = Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva | date = Dec 20, 2009 | volume = 51 | issue = 3-4 }}</ref>

The mean age of death from heart failure of [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients is 58.7 years as compared to 83.1 years for the general population.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jason | first = Leonard | authorlink = Leonard Jason |last2 = Corradi | first2 = Karina | authorlink2 = Karina Corradi | last3 = Gress | first3 = Sara | authorlink3 = Sara Gress | last4 = Williams | first4 = Sarah | authorlink4 = Sarah Williams | last5 = Torres-Harding | first5 = Susan | authorlink5 = Susan Torres-Harding | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844674 | title = Causes of death among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Health Care Women Int.| volume = 27 | issue = 7 | pages = 615-626 | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1080/07399330600803766}}</ref>

==Notable studies==
*2007, Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up [[Tilt table test|tilt-test]] for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wyller | first = Vegard Bruun | author-link = Vegard Bruun Wyller | last2 = Due | first2 = Reidar | last3 = Saul | first3 = J. Philip | last4 = Amlie | first4 = Jan P. | last5 = Thaulow | first5 = Erik | date = 2007-04-01 | title = Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up tilt-test for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17398200 | journal = The American Journal of Cardiology | volume = 99 | issue = 7 | pages = 997–1001|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.10.067|issn=0002-9149|pmid=17398200|quote= | author-link2 = Reidar Due | author-link3 = J. Philip Saul | author-link4 = Jan P. Amlie | author-link5 = Erik Thaulow|via=}}</ref> ([[pubmed:17398200|Abstract]])
*2016, [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging]<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" />
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/07/30/21783/ The Blood Volume Paradox in ME/CFS and POTS]<ref name=":1" />
*2016, [http://www.meresearch.org.uk/our-research/completed-studies/reduced-cardiac-volumes/ Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study]<ref name=":0" />

== Learn more ==
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/06/27/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-small-heart-disease/ "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the Small Heart Disease"], [[Health Rising]]
*2016, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160623184238.htm "Getting to the heart of chronic fatigue syndrome"], [[Science Daily]]

==See also==
*[[Hypercoagulation hypothesis]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Olimulder, 2016">{{Citation | last =Olimulder | first1 = M.A.G.M. | author-link1 = Marlon Olimulder | last2 = Galjee | first2 = M.A. | author-link2 = | last3 =Wagenaar | first3 = L.J. | author-link3 = | last4 = van Es | first4 = J. | author-link4 = | last5 =van der Palen | first5 = J. | author-link5 = | last6 = Visser | first6 = F.C. | author-link6 = Frans Visser | last7 = Vermeulen | first7 = R.C.W. | author-link7 = | last8 = von Birgelen | first8 = C. | author-link8 = | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 | journal =Netherlands Heart Journal | date = 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Body systems]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

Svenska:Kardiovaskulära systemet

2026-11-12T23:19:06Z

BeardedBaldy:Translation to swedish.

Det '''kardiovaskulära systemet''', även kallat kärlsystemet, är ett organsystem som gör det möjligt för [[blood|blodet]] att cirkulera och transportera näringsämnen (t.ex. [[amino acid|aminosyror]] och [[electrolytes|elektrolyter]]), [[sv:Syre|Syre]], koldioxid, [[hormone|hormoner]], och blodkroppar till och från cellerna i kroppen. Det kardiovaskulära systemets uppgift är att tillhandahålla näring och hjälpa till att bekämpa sjukdomar, stabilisera temperatur och pH, och bibehålla [[homeostasis|homeostas]] (balans och stabilitet). Det inkluderar också det [[lymphatic system|lymfatiska systemet]], som cirkulerar [[lymph|lymfa]].

Dysfunktion i det [[sv:Autonoma nervsystemet|autonoma nervsystemet]] som resulterar i [[orthostatic intolerance|ortostatisk intolerans]] (t.ex. [[postural orthostatic tachycardia|postural ortostatisk takykardi]] och [[orthostatic hypotension|ortostatisk hypotoni]]), [[low blood volume|låg blodvolym]], [[preload failure|preloadsvikt]] och andra cirkulationsproblem anses alla bidra till symptomen i [[sv:Myalgisk encefalomyelit|ME]].

==ME/CFS==
Ett flertal abnormaliteter har dokumenterats i det kardiovaskulära systemet hos patienter med [[sv:Myalgisk Encefalomyelit|Myalgisk Encefalomyelit]] och [[sv:kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|Kroniskt Trötthetssyndrom]].

Dessa inkluderar att [[left ventricle|vänster ventrikel]] (hjärtkammare) i [[heart|hjärtat]] är onormalt liten<ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736946 | title = Cardiac dysfunction and orthostatic intolerance in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and a small left ventricle | journal = Heart Vessels | date = Jul 2015 | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 484-9 | doi = 10.1007/s00380-014-0510-y | PMID = 24736946}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Hollingsworth | first = Kieren | authorlink = Kieren Hollingsworth | last2 = Hodgson | first2 = T. | authorlink2 = | last3 = MacGowan | first3 = Guy | authorlink3 = Guy MacGowan | last4 = Blamire | first4 = Andrew | authorlink4 = Andrew Blamire | last5 = Newton | first5 = Julia | authorlink5 = Julia Newton | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ | title = Impaired cardiac function in chronic fatigue syndrome measured using magnetic resonance cardiac tagging | journal = J Intern Med | date = Aug 2012 | volume = 271 | issue = 3 | pages = 264-270 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x}}</ref> och låg hjärtminutvolym.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | last2 = Fujita | first2 = Masatoshi | authorlink2 = Masatoshi Fujita | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19881233 | title = Cardiovascular dysfunction with low cardiac output due to a small heart in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Intern Med | date = 2009 | volume = 48 | issue = 21 | pages = 1849-54 | doi = 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2347}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | last2 = Fujita | first2 = Masatoshi | authorlink2 = Masatoshi Fujita | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ | title = Small Heart With Low Cardiac Output for Orthostatic Intolerance in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal = Clinical Cardiology | volume = 34 | issue = 12 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x}}</ref>

En [[Netherlands|Nederländsk]] studie 2016 var först med att använda kontrastförstärkt kardiell magnetresonanstomografi (CMR) för att utvärdera hjärtengagemang i kvinnor med CFS. Tolv kvinnor som hade en CDS-diagnos baserad på [[Fukuda criteria|Fukudakriterierna]] rekryterades från ett specialiserat CFS-center. Trettiosex kontroller som hade matchande ålder och kön inkluderades också. Slutsatserna var att kardiell magnetresonanstomografi visade att patienter med CFS har mindre dimension på den nedre vänstra ventrikeln och lätt nedsatt funktion av den vänstra ventrikeln. Abnormaliteter i rörelsen av hjärtats väggar och närvaron av myokardiell fibros observerades i vissa CFS-patienter.<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" />

Minskad hjärtvolym har associerats med blodvolym, men inte med sjukdomens varaktighet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Blamire | first = Andrew M. | authorlink = Andrew Blamire | last2 = MacGowan | first2 = Guy | authorlink2 = Guy McGowan | last3 = Maclachlan | first3 = Laura | authorlink3 = Laura Maclachlan | last4 = Hodgson | first4 = Tim | authorlink4 = Tim Hodgson | last5 = Frith | first5 = James | authorlink5 = James Frith | last6 = Petrides | first6 = George | authorlink6 = George Petrides | last7 = Finkelmeyer | first7 = Andreas | authorlink7 = Andreas Finkelmeyer | last8 = Newton | first8 = Julia L. | authorlink8 = Julia Newton | date = 2016-06-01 | title = Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study | url = https://openheart.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000381 | journal = Open Heart|language=en | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = e000381|doi=10.1136/openhrt-2015-000381|issn=2053-3624}}</ref>

En studie fann att blodvolym är starkt fysiologiskt relaterat till den högsta syrekonsumptionen i CFS-patienter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last = Farquhar | first = William B. | authorlink = William Farquhar | last2 = Hunt | first2 = Brian E. | authorlink2 = Brian Hunt | last3 = Taylor | first3 = J. Andrew | authorlink3 = Andrew Taylor | last4 = Darling | first4 = Stephen E. | authorlink4 = Stephen Darling | last5 = Freeman | first5 = Roy | authorlink5 = Roy Freeman | date = 2002-01-01 | title = Blood volume and its relation to peak O2consumption and physical activity in patients with chronic fatigue | url =https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.h66 | journal = American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology | volume = 282 | issue = 1| pages=H66–H71|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.H66|issn=0363-6135}}</ref>

[[Orthostatic intolerance|Ortostatisk intolerans]] är också vanlig.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | authorlink = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Maes | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Maes | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/205 | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics | journal = BMC Medicine | date = Sep 17, 2013 | volume = 11 | issue = 205 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-11-205}}</ref>

CFS-patienter har flera riskfaktorer för hjärtsjukdomar.<ref>{{ cite journal | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Twisk | first2 = Frank N.M. | authorlink2 = Frank Twisk | url = http://rediviva.sav.sk/51i34/106.pdf | title = Why myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) may kill you: disorders in the inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways may explain cardiovascular disorders in ME/CFS | journal = Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva | date = Dec 20, 2009 | volume = 51 | issue = 3-4 }}</ref>

Den genomsnittliga åldern för hjärtsvikt bland [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|CFS]]-patienter är 58.1 år, att jämföras med 83.1 år för allmännheten.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jason | first = Leonard | authorlink = Leonard Jason |last2 = Corradi | first2 = Karina | authorlink2 = Karina Corradi | last3 = Gress | first3 = Sara | authorlink3 = Sara Gress | last4 = Williams | first4 = Sarah | authorlink4 = Sarah Williams | last5 = Torres-Harding | first5 = Susan | authorlink5 = Susan Torres-Harding | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844674 | title = Causes of death among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Health Care Women Int.| volume = 27 | issue = 7 | pages = 615-626 | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1080/07399330600803766}}</ref>

==Nämnvärda studier==
*2007, Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up [[Tilt table test|tilt-test]] for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wyller | first = Vegard Bruun | author-link = Vegard Bruun Wyller | last2 = Due | first2 = Reidar | last3 = Saul | first3 = J. Philip | last4 = Amlie | first4 = Jan P. | last5 = Thaulow | first5 = Erik | date = 2007-04-01 | title = Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up tilt-test for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17398200 | journal = The American Journal of Cardiology | volume = 99 | issue = 7 | pages = 997–1001|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.10.067|issn=0002-9149|pmid=17398200|quote= | author-link2 = Reidar Due | author-link3 = J. Philip Saul | author-link4 = Jan P. Amlie | author-link5 = Erik Thaulow|via=}}</ref> (Användbarhet av abnormal kariovaskulär respons under ett lätt huvud-upp tipp-test för att urskilja ungdomar med kronisk trötthet från friska kontroller) ([[pubmed:17398200|Abstract]])
*2016, [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging] (Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom i kvinnor utvärderat med kombinerad kardiell magnetresonanstomografi)<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" />
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/07/30/21783/ The Blood Volume Paradox in ME/CFS and POTS] (Blodvolymparadoxen i ME/CFS och POTS)<ref name=":1" />
*2016, [http://www.meresearch.org.uk/our-research/completed-studies/reduced-cardiac-volumes/ Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study] (Minskad hjärvolym i kroniskt trötthetssyndrom associeras med plasmavolym men inte med sjukdomens varaktighet: en kohortstudie)<ref name=":0" />

==Vidare läsning==

== Learn more ==
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/06/27/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-small-heart-disease/ "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the Small Heart Disease"], ("Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom: Litet-hjärtasjukdomen") [[Health Rising]]
*2016, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160623184238.htm "Getting to the heart of chronic fatigue syndrome"], (Komma till kärnarn av kroniskt trötthetssyndrom") [[Science Daily]]

==Se även==
*[[Hypercoagulation hypothesis|Hypotesen om hyperkoagulation]]

==Referenser==
<references>
<ref name="Olimulder, 2016">{{Citation | last =Olimulder | first1 = M.A.G.M. | author-link1 = Marlon Olimulder | last2 = Galjee | first2 = M.A. | author-link2 = | last3 =Wagenaar | first3 = L.J. | author-link3 = | last4 = van Es | first4 = J. | author-link4 = | last5 =van der Palen | first5 = J. | author-link5 = | last6 = Visser | first6 = F.C. | author-link6 = Frans Visser | last7 = Vermeulen | first7 = R.C.W. | author-link7 = | last8 = von Birgelen | first8 = C. | author-link8 = | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 | journal =Netherlands Heart Journal | date = 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Body systems]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Svenska:Kardiovaskulära systemet

2026-11-12T12:01:33Z

BeardedBaldy:Started translation to swedish.

Det '''kardiovaskulära systemet''', även kallat det kärlsystemet, är ett organsystem som gör det möjligt för [[blood|blodet]] att cirkulera och transportera näringsämnen (t.ex. [[amino acid|aminosyror]] och [[electrolytes|elektrolyter]]), [[sv:Syre|Syre]], koldioxid, [[hormone|hormoner]], och blodkroppar till och från cellerna i kroppen. Det kardiovaskulära systemets uppgift är att tillhandahålla näring och hjälpa till att bekämpa sjukdomar, stabilisera temperatur och pH, och bibehålla [[homeostasis|homeostas]] (balans och stabilitet). Det inkluderar också det [[lymphatic system|lymfatiska systemet]], som cirkulerar [[lymph|lymfa]].

Dysfunktion i det [[sv:Autonoma nervsystemet|autonoma nervsystemet]] som resulterar i [[orthostatic intolerance|ortostatisk intolerans]] (t.ex. [[postural orthostatic tachycardia|postural ortostatisk takykardi]] och [[orthostatic hypotension|ortostatisk hypotoni]]), [[low blood volume|låg blodvolym]], [[preload failure|preloadsvikt]] och andra cirkulationsproblem anses alla bidra till symptomen i [[sv:Myalgisk encefalomyelit|ME]].

[[Category:Body systems]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Cardiovascular system

2026-11-12T11:33:19Z

BeardedBaldy:

{{Language links
|page_sv=Kardiovaskulära systemet
}}
The '''cardiovascular system''', also called the vascular system, is an organ system that allows [[blood]] to circulate and transport nutrients (such as [[amino acid]]s and [[electrolytes]]), [[oxygen]], carbon dioxide, [[hormone]]s, and [[blood]] cells to and from the cells in the body. The cardiovascular system's purpose is to provide nourishment and help fight diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain [[homeostasis]]. It also includes includes the [[lymphatic system]], which circulates [[lymph]].

[[Autonomic nervous system]] dysfunction resulting in [[orthostatic intolerance]] (e.g., [[postural orthostatic tachycardia]] and [[orthostatic hypotension]]), [[low blood volume]], [[preload failure]] and other circulatory issues are all thought to contribute to the symptoms of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]].

==ME/CFS==

Numerous cardiac abnormalities have been documented in [[Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]] and [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] patients.

These include smaller than normal [[left ventricle]] of the [[heart]]<ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736946 | title = Cardiac dysfunction and orthostatic intolerance in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and a small left ventricle | journal = Heart Vessels | date = Jul 2015 | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 484-9 | doi = 10.1007/s00380-014-0510-y | PMID = 24736946}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Hollingsworth | first = Kieren | authorlink = Kieren Hollingsworth | last2 = Hodgson | first2 = T. | authorlink2 = | last3 = MacGowan | first3 = Guy | authorlink3 = Guy MacGowan | last4 = Blamire | first4 = Andrew | authorlink4 = Andrew Blamire | last5 = Newton | first5 = Julia | authorlink5 = Julia Newton | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ | title = Impaired cardiac function in chronic fatigue syndrome measured using magnetic resonance cardiac tagging | journal = J Intern Med | date = Aug 2012 | volume = 271 | issue = 3 | pages = 264-270 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x}}</ref> and low cardiac output.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | last2 = Fujita | first2 = Masatoshi | authorlink2 = Masatoshi Fujita | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19881233 | title = Cardiovascular dysfunction with low cardiac output due to a small heart in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Intern Med | date = 2009 | volume = 48 | issue = 21 | pages = 1849-54 | doi = 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2347}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | last2 = Fujita | first2 = Masatoshi | authorlink2 = Masatoshi Fujita | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ | title = Small Heart With Low Cardiac Output for Orthostatic Intolerance in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal = Clinical Cardiology | volume = 34 | issue = 12 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x}}</ref>

A 2016 study in the [[Netherlands]] was the first to use contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in assessing cardiac involvement in women who have CFS. Twelve women were recruited from a specialised CFS centre who had a diagnosis of CFS based on the [[Fukuda criteria]]. Thirty-six age- and gender-matched controls were also included. The conclusions were that in patients with CFS, cardiac magnetic resonance demonstrated lower left ventricle dimensions and a mildly reduced left ventricle function. Heart wall motion abnormalities and the presence of myocardial fibrosis were observed in some CFS patients.<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" />

Reduced cardiac volumes have been associated with blood volume, but not length of disease.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Blamire | first = Andrew M. | authorlink = Andrew Blamire | last2 = MacGowan | first2 = Guy | authorlink2 = Guy McGowan | last3 = Maclachlan | first3 = Laura | authorlink3 = Laura Maclachlan | last4 = Hodgson | first4 = Tim | authorlink4 = Tim Hodgson | last5 = Frith | first5 = James | authorlink5 = James Frith | last6 = Petrides | first6 = George | authorlink6 = George Petrides | last7 = Finkelmeyer | first7 = Andreas | authorlink7 = Andreas Finkelmeyer | last8 = Newton | first8 = Julia L. | authorlink8 = Julia Newton | date = 2016-06-01 | title = Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study | url = https://openheart.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000381 | journal = Open Heart|language=en | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = e000381|doi=10.1136/openhrt-2015-000381|issn=2053-3624}}</ref>

A study found that blood volume is a strong physiological correlate of peak oxygen consumption in patients with CFS.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last = Farquhar | first = William B. | authorlink = William Farquhar | last2 = Hunt | first2 = Brian E. | authorlink2 = Brian Hunt | last3 = Taylor | first3 = J. Andrew | authorlink3 = Andrew Taylor | last4 = Darling | first4 = Stephen E. | authorlink4 = Stephen Darling | last5 = Freeman | first5 = Roy | authorlink5 = Roy Freeman | date = 2002-01-01 | title = Blood volume and its relation to peak O2consumption and physical activity in patients with chronic fatigue | url =https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.h66 | journal = American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology | volume = 282 | issue = 1| pages=H66–H71|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.H66|issn=0363-6135}}</ref>

[[Orthostatic intolerance]] is also common.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | authorlink = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Maes | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Maes | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/205 | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics | journal = BMC Medicine | date = Sep 17, 2013 | volume = 11 | issue = 205 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-11-205}}</ref>

CFS patients have several risk factors for heart disease.<ref>{{ cite journal | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Twisk | first2 = Frank N.M. | authorlink2 = Frank Twisk | url = http://rediviva.sav.sk/51i34/106.pdf | title = Why myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) may kill you: disorders in the inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways may explain cardiovascular disorders in ME/CFS | journal = Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva | date = Dec 20, 2009 | volume = 51 | issue = 3-4 }}</ref>

The mean age of death from heart failure of [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients is 58.7 years as compared to 83.1 years for the general population.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jason | first = Leonard | authorlink = Leonard Jason |last2 = Corradi | first2 = Karina | authorlink2 = Karina Corradi | last3 = Gress | first3 = Sara | authorlink3 = Sara Gress | last4 = Williams | first4 = Sarah | authorlink4 = Sarah Williams | last5 = Torres-Harding | first5 = Susan | authorlink5 = Susan Torres-Harding | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844674 | title = Causes of death among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Health Care Women Int.| volume = 27 | issue = 7 | pages = 615-626 | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1080/07399330600803766}}</ref>

==Notable studies==
*2007, Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up [[Tilt table test|tilt-test]] for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wyller | first = Vegard Bruun | author-link = Vegard Bruun Wyller | last2 = Due | first2 = Reidar | last3 = Saul | first3 = J. Philip | last4 = Amlie | first4 = Jan P. | last5 = Thaulow | first5 = Erik | date = 2007-04-01 | title = Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up tilt-test for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17398200 | journal = The American Journal of Cardiology | volume = 99 | issue = 7 | pages = 997–1001|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.10.067|issn=0002-9149|pmid=17398200|quote= | author-link2 = Reidar Due | author-link3 = J. Philip Saul | author-link4 = Jan P. Amlie | author-link5 = Erik Thaulow|via=}}</ref> ([[pubmed:17398200|Abstract]])
*2016, [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging]<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" />
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/07/30/21783/ The Blood Volume Paradox in ME/CFS and POTS]<ref name=":1" />
*2016, [http://www.meresearch.org.uk/our-research/completed-studies/reduced-cardiac-volumes/ Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study]<ref name=":0" />

== Learn more ==
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/06/27/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-small-heart-disease/ "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the Small Heart Disease"], [[Health Rising]]
*2016, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160623184238.htm "Getting to the heart of chronic fatigue syndrome"], [[Science Daily]]

==See also==
*[[Hypercoagulation hypothesis]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Olimulder, 2016">{{Citation | last =Olimulder | first1 = M.A.G.M. | author-link1 = Marlon Olimulder | last2 = Galjee | first2 = M.A. | author-link2 = | last3 =Wagenaar | first3 = L.J. | author-link3 = | last4 = van Es | first4 = J. | author-link4 = | last5 =van der Palen | first5 = J. | author-link5 = | last6 = Visser | first6 = F.C. | author-link6 = Frans Visser | last7 = Vermeulen | first7 = R.C.W. | author-link7 = | last8 = von Birgelen | first8 = C. | author-link8 = | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 | journal =Netherlands Heart Journal | date = 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Body systems]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

Cardiovascular system

2026-11-12T11:32:50Z

BeardedBaldy:Localization.

The '''cardiovascular system''', also called the vascular system, is an organ system that allows [[blood]] to circulate and transport nutrients (such as [[amino acid]]s and [[electrolytes]]), [[oxygen]], carbon dioxide, [[hormone]]s, and [[blood]] cells to and from the cells in the body. The cardiovascular system's purpose is to provide nourishment and help fight diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain [[homeostasis]]. It also includes includes the [[lymphatic system]], which circulates [[lymph]].

[[Autonomic nervous system]] dysfunction resulting in [[orthostatic intolerance]] (e.g., [[postural orthostatic tachycardia]] and [[orthostatic hypotension]]), [[low blood volume]], [[preload failure]] and other circulatory issues are all thought to contribute to the symptoms of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]].

==ME/CFS==

Numerous cardiac abnormalities have been documented in [[Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]] and [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] patients.

These include smaller than normal [[left ventricle]] of the [[heart]]<ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736946 | title = Cardiac dysfunction and orthostatic intolerance in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and a small left ventricle | journal = Heart Vessels | date = Jul 2015 | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 484-9 | doi = 10.1007/s00380-014-0510-y | PMID = 24736946}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Hollingsworth | first = Kieren | authorlink = Kieren Hollingsworth | last2 = Hodgson | first2 = T. | authorlink2 = | last3 = MacGowan | first3 = Guy | authorlink3 = Guy MacGowan | last4 = Blamire | first4 = Andrew | authorlink4 = Andrew Blamire | last5 = Newton | first5 = Julia | authorlink5 = Julia Newton | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ | title = Impaired cardiac function in chronic fatigue syndrome measured using magnetic resonance cardiac tagging | journal = J Intern Med | date = Aug 2012 | volume = 271 | issue = 3 | pages = 264-270 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x}}</ref> and low cardiac output.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | last2 = Fujita | first2 = Masatoshi | authorlink2 = Masatoshi Fujita | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19881233 | title = Cardiovascular dysfunction with low cardiac output due to a small heart in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Intern Med | date = 2009 | volume = 48 | issue = 21 | pages = 1849-54 | doi = 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2347}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Miwa | first = Kunihisa | authorlink = Kunihisa Miwa | last2 = Fujita | first2 = Masatoshi | authorlink2 = Masatoshi Fujita | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ | title = Small Heart With Low Cardiac Output for Orthostatic Intolerance in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal = Clinical Cardiology | volume = 34 | issue = 12 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x}}</ref>

A 2016 study in the [[Netherlands]] was the first to use contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in assessing cardiac involvement in women who have CFS. Twelve women were recruited from a specialised CFS centre who had a diagnosis of CFS based on the [[Fukuda criteria]]. Thirty-six age- and gender-matched controls were also included. The conclusions were that in patients with CFS, cardiac magnetic resonance demonstrated lower left ventricle dimensions and a mildly reduced left ventricle function. Heart wall motion abnormalities and the presence of myocardial fibrosis were observed in some CFS patients.<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" />

Reduced cardiac volumes have been associated with blood volume, but not length of disease.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Blamire | first = Andrew M. | authorlink = Andrew Blamire | last2 = MacGowan | first2 = Guy | authorlink2 = Guy McGowan | last3 = Maclachlan | first3 = Laura | authorlink3 = Laura Maclachlan | last4 = Hodgson | first4 = Tim | authorlink4 = Tim Hodgson | last5 = Frith | first5 = James | authorlink5 = James Frith | last6 = Petrides | first6 = George | authorlink6 = George Petrides | last7 = Finkelmeyer | first7 = Andreas | authorlink7 = Andreas Finkelmeyer | last8 = Newton | first8 = Julia L. | authorlink8 = Julia Newton | date = 2016-06-01 | title = Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study | url = https://openheart.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000381 | journal = Open Heart|language=en | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = e000381|doi=10.1136/openhrt-2015-000381|issn=2053-3624}}</ref>

A study found that blood volume is a strong physiological correlate of peak oxygen consumption in patients with CFS.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last = Farquhar | first = William B. | authorlink = William Farquhar | last2 = Hunt | first2 = Brian E. | authorlink2 = Brian Hunt | last3 = Taylor | first3 = J. Andrew | authorlink3 = Andrew Taylor | last4 = Darling | first4 = Stephen E. | authorlink4 = Stephen Darling | last5 = Freeman | first5 = Roy | authorlink5 = Roy Freeman | date = 2002-01-01 | title = Blood volume and its relation to peak O2consumption and physical activity in patients with chronic fatigue | url =https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.h66 | journal = American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology | volume = 282 | issue = 1| pages=H66–H71|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.H66|issn=0363-6135}}</ref>

[[Orthostatic intolerance]] is also common.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | authorlink = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Maes | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Maes | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/205 | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics | journal = BMC Medicine | date = Sep 17, 2013 | volume = 11 | issue = 205 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-11-205}}</ref>

CFS patients have several risk factors for heart disease.<ref>{{ cite journal | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Twisk | first2 = Frank N.M. | authorlink2 = Frank Twisk | url = http://rediviva.sav.sk/51i34/106.pdf | title = Why myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) may kill you: disorders in the inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways may explain cardiovascular disorders in ME/CFS | journal = Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva | date = Dec 20, 2009 | volume = 51 | issue = 3-4 }}</ref>

The mean age of death from heart failure of [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients is 58.7 years as compared to 83.1 years for the general population.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jason | first = Leonard | authorlink = Leonard Jason |last2 = Corradi | first2 = Karina | authorlink2 = Karina Corradi | last3 = Gress | first3 = Sara | authorlink3 = Sara Gress | last4 = Williams | first4 = Sarah | authorlink4 = Sarah Williams | last5 = Torres-Harding | first5 = Susan | authorlink5 = Susan Torres-Harding | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844674 | title = Causes of death among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Health Care Women Int.| volume = 27 | issue = 7 | pages = 615-626 | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1080/07399330600803766}}</ref>

==Notable studies==
*2007, Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up [[Tilt table test|tilt-test]] for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wyller | first = Vegard Bruun | author-link = Vegard Bruun Wyller | last2 = Due | first2 = Reidar | last3 = Saul | first3 = J. Philip | last4 = Amlie | first4 = Jan P. | last5 = Thaulow | first5 = Erik | date = 2007-04-01 | title = Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up tilt-test for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17398200 | journal = The American Journal of Cardiology | volume = 99 | issue = 7 | pages = 997–1001|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.10.067|issn=0002-9149|pmid=17398200|quote= | author-link2 = Reidar Due | author-link3 = J. Philip Saul | author-link4 = Jan P. Amlie | author-link5 = Erik Thaulow|via=}}</ref> ([[pubmed:17398200|Abstract]])
*2016, [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging]<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" />
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/07/30/21783/ The Blood Volume Paradox in ME/CFS and POTS]<ref name=":1" />
*2016, [http://www.meresearch.org.uk/our-research/completed-studies/reduced-cardiac-volumes/ Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study]<ref name=":0" />

== Learn more ==
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/06/27/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-small-heart-disease/ "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the Small Heart Disease"], [[Health Rising]]
*2016, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160623184238.htm "Getting to the heart of chronic fatigue syndrome"], [[Science Daily]]

==See also==
*[[Hypercoagulation hypothesis]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Olimulder, 2016">{{Citation | last =Olimulder | first1 = M.A.G.M. | author-link1 = Marlon Olimulder | last2 = Galjee | first2 = M.A. | author-link2 = | last3 =Wagenaar | first3 = L.J. | author-link3 = | last4 = van Es | first4 = J. | author-link4 = | last5 =van der Palen | first5 = J. | author-link5 = | last6 = Visser | first6 = F.C. | author-link6 = Frans Visser | last7 = Vermeulen | first7 = R.C.W. | author-link7 = | last8 = von Birgelen | first8 = C. | author-link8 = | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 | journal =Netherlands Heart Journal | date = 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 }}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Body systems]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Multilingual pages]]

Svenska:Viktökning

2026-11-12T09:59:25Z

BeardedBaldy:Relocate lang links.

==Presentation==

==Förekomst==
*[[sv:Katrina Berne|Katrina Berne]] rapporterar en förekomst av 50-70% för viktökning.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Berne | first = Katrina | author-link = sv:Katrina Berne | date = Dec 1, 1995 | title = Running on Empty: The Complete Guide to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFIDS)|edition= 2nd |url= https://www.amazon.co.uk/Running-Empty-Complete-Chronic-Syndrome/dp/0897931912/ |publisher= Hunter House |page = 58 |isbn= 978-0897931915}}</ref>

==Symptomigenkänning==

==Nämnvärda studier==

==Möjliga orsaker==

==Möjliga behandlingar==

== Se även ==

== Vidare läsning ==

== Referenser==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Svenska:Viktändring

2026-11-12T09:58:08Z

BeardedBaldy:Relocate lang link.

{{stub}}
Påfallande viktminskning eller ökning är ett potentiellt symptom av [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]].

==Förekomst ==

==Symptomigenkänning ==
Påfallande viktminskning eller ökning är ett endokrint symptom i bilagan till [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Kanadakriterierna]].<ref name="canadianconsensus-CCC">{{Citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = Bruce M. | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | authorlink2 = Anil Kumar Jain | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | authorlink4 = Daniel Peterson | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | authorlink5 = Nancy Klimas | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | authorlink6 = Martin Lerner | last7 = Bested | first7 = Alison C. | authorlink7 = Alison Bested | last8 = Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | authorlink8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip| authorlink9 = Pradip Joshi | last10 = Powles | first10 = AC Peter | authorlink10 = A C Peter Powles | last11 = Sherkey | first11 = Jeffrey A. | authorlink11 = Jeffrey Sherkey | last12 = van de Sande | first12 = Marjorie I. | authorlink12 = Marjorie van de Sande | title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols| journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 7-115 | date = 2003 | pmid =
| doi = 10.1300/J092v11n01_02| url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf}}</ref>

==Se även ==
*[[sv:Viktökning|Viktökning]]
*[[Weight loss|Viktminskning]]
*[[Anorexia (appetite loss)|Anorexi (aptitförlust)]]
*[[Digestive problems|Matsmältningsproblem]]
==Vidare läsning ==
==Referenser ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Endocrine signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Svenska:Järn

2026-11-12T09:56:37Z

BeardedBaldy:Relocate lang link.

{{stub}}
'''Järn''' är en väsentlig mineral som används till att skapa [[Red blood cell|röda blodkroppar]], vilka bär [[sv:syre|syre]] genom människokroppen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url = https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/iron/ | title = Vitamins and minerals - Iron | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2017-10-23 | website = [[National Health Service]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref> The main source of iron is food.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ODS">{{Cite web | url = https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/ | title = Iron Fact Sheet for Health Professionals | last = Gersten | first = Todd | authorlink = Todd Gersten | date = Jun 2, 2020 | website = Office of Dietary Supplements | language = en |archive-url = | archive-date = | url-status = | access-date = 2022-01-10}}</ref>

== Funktion ==
Järnbrist kan orsaka en typ av [[anemia|anemi]], men symptomen av järnbristanemi överlappar med megaloblastisk anemi som orsakas av [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|Vitamin B12-brist]] och andra former av anemi.<ref name="Penn">{{Cite web | url = https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/anemia | title = Anemia | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = | website = Penn Medicine|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref>
{{See also|Anemia|Anemi}}

==Källor==

== Teori==

== ME/CFS ==
== Kosttillskott==

== Kostnad och tillgänglighet ==

== Risker och bieffekter ==

== Se även ==
*[[Anemia|Anemi]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiency|Vitamin B12-brist]]
*[[Healthy, balanced diet|Hälsosam, balancerad kost]]
*[[Dr Lapp's supplement recommendations|Dr Lapps kosttillskottsrekommendationer]]
*[[Vegetarian diet|Vegetarisk kost]]
*[[Vegan diet|Vegan or Plant-based diet|Vegansk och växtbaserad kost]]

==Vidare läsning==
*[https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-Consumer/ Iron] - Konsumentfakta, Office of Dietary Supplements(Kosttillskottsbyrån)
*[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/iron/ Iron] - National Health Service (Sjukvårdsmyndighet)
*[http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/iron Iron] - Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center (Linus Pauling Institutet Informationscenter för Mikronäringsämnen)

== Referenser==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Minerals]]
[[Category:Supplements]]
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Potential treatments]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Svenska:Kräkning

2026-11-12T01:03:57Z

BeardedBaldy:Relocate lang links.

==Presentation==

==Förekomst==

*[[sv:Katrina Berne|Katrina Berne]] rapporterar en förekomst av 20% för kräkningar i [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Berne | first = Katrina | author-link = sv:Katrina Berne | date = Dec 1, 1995 | title = Running on Empty: The Complete Guide to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFIDS)|edition= 2nd |url= https://www.amazon.co.uk/Running-Empty-Complete-Chronic-Syndrome/dp/0897931912/ |publisher= Hunter House | page = 59 |isbn= 978-0897931915}}</ref>

==Symptomigenkänning==

==Nämnvärda studier==

==Möjliga orsaker==
*Kräkning orsakas möjligen av en [[Comorbidities of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|komorbitet]] som [[celiac disease|celiaki]] eller [[non-celiac gluten sensitivity|glutenkänslighet utan celiaki]].

==Möjliga behandlingar==
*Undvika [[Gluten]]
*[[Metoclopramide|Metoklopramid]]
*[[Mirtazapine|Mirtazapin]]

== Se även ==

== Vidare läsning ==

== Referenser==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Digestive signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Svenska:Anosmi

2026-11-12T00:46:43Z

BeardedBaldy:Relocate lang link.

'''Anosmi''' är förlusten av luktsinnet, [[hyposmia|hyposmi]] är ett nedsatt luktsinne, [[sv:parosmi|parosmi]] är ett förändrat luktsinne, och [[phantosmia|fantosmi]] är när man känner lukten av något som inte är där.<ref name="JHopkinsSmell-taste"">{{Cite web | url = https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/smell-and-taste-disorders | title = Smell and Taste Disorders | last = | first = | author-link = | date = | website = Johns Hopkins Medicine|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= | access-date = 2021-12-12}}</ref><ref name="nidcd">{{Cite web | url = https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/smell-disorders | title = Smell Disorders | website = NIDCD|language=en | access-date = 2021-12-12}}</ref>En förändring av luktsinnet kan förekomma tillsammans med en förändring av [[changes in taste|smaksinnet]]

==ME/CFS==
==Förekomst==
*2001, I en Belgisk studie rapporterade 38.% av patienter som mötte [[Fukuda criteria|Fukudakriterierna]] för [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] och 42.4% av patienter som mötte [[Holmes criteria|Holmeskriterierna]] förändringar av smak, hörsel eller lukt, i en grupp av 2073 patienter.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = De Becker | first = Pascale | author-link = Pascale De Becker | last2 = McGregor | first2 = Neil | author-link2 = Neil McGregor | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny | author-link3 = Kenny De Meirleir | date = December 2001 | title = A definition‐based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | url =https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed | journal = Journal of Internal Medicine | volume = 250 | issue = 3 | pages = 234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|quote=|via=}}</ref>

==Orsaker==
Vanliga orsaker inkluderar
*fetma
*[[diabetes]]
*[[hypertension|hypertoni]] (högt blodtryck)
*[[malnutrition|dålig kost]]
*Nervsystemssjukdomar, t.ex., [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinsons sjukdom]], eller [[multiple sclerosis|multipel skleros]]
*förkylningar, [[influenza|influensa]] eller [[sv:Influensaliknande sjukdom|influensaliknande sjukdomar]], sinusproblem och [[allergies|allergier]]
*ett [[sv:parosmi|förändrat eller förlorat lukt]]- och smaksinne kan också orsakas av [[COVID-19]] sjukdom eller postcovid<ref name="JHopkinsSmell-taste"" />

==Vidare läsning==
*[https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/smell-and-taste-disorders Lukt- och smakstörningar] - Johns Hopkins Universitet

==Se även==
*[[Changes in taste|Förändringar i luktsinnet]]
*[[Long COVID|Postcovid]]
*[[COVID-19]] (Coronavirussjukdom 19)

==Referenser==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neurological signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Long COVID signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Svenska:Dysfagi

2026-11-12T00:45:42Z

BeardedBaldy:Relocate lang links.

{{stub}}
'''Dysfagi''' är den medicinska termen för svårighet eller obehag när man sväljer.{{citation needed | date = 2022}}

==Presentation==

==Förekomst==
*[[sv:Katrina Berne|Katrina Berne]] rapporterar en förekomst på 55-60% av svårigheter att svälja.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Berne | first = Katrina | author-link = sv:Katrina Berne | date = Dec 1, 1995 | title = Running on Empty: The Complete Guide to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFIDS)|edition= 2nd |url= https://www.amazon.co.uk/Running-Empty-Complete-Chronic-Syndrome/dp/0897931912/ | publisher = Hunter House | page = 58 |isbn= 978-0897931915}}</ref>

==Symptomigenkänning==

==Nämnvärda studier==

==Möjliga orsaker==

==Möjliga behandlingar==

== Se även ==

== Vidare läsning ==
*

== Referenser==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Oral signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Digestive signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Svenska:Postinfektiöst trötthetssyndrom

2026-11-12T00:44:17Z

BeardedBaldy:Relocate lang link.

{{stub}}
'''Postinfektiöst trötthetssyndrom''' '''(PIFS)''' är en underordnad typ av [[sv:kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] som definerats i [[Oxford criteria|Oxfordkriterierna]], publicerade 1991.<ref name="Oxfordcriteria" /> Enligt definitionen är postinfektiöst trötthetssyndrom [[sv:kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] ''associerad med'' eller ''efterföljande'' en lab bekräftad infektion.<ref name="Oxfordcriteria" />

==Kriteria==
Definitionen av postinfektiöst trötthetssyndrom fastställer tydligt att det är okänt om infektionen orsakar det efterföljande [[sv:kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniska trötthetssyndromet]]<ref name="Oxfordcriteria" />

{{See also|sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom#Postinfektiöst trötthetssyndrom|Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom:Postinfektiöst trötthetssyndrom|page_name=Chronic fatigue syndrome: Post-infectious Fatigue Syndrome}}

==Infektionens roll==
Definitionen av postinfektiöst trötthetssyndrom hänvisar inte till någon specifik typ av infektion;<ref name="Oxfordcriteria" /> till skillnad från [[postviral fatigue syndrome|postviralt trötthetssyndrom]] som begränsar orsaken till enbart virus.

Ett antal [[sv:Lista över utbrott av myalgisk encefalomyelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|utbrott av ME/CFS]] har länkats till virus. Icke-virala infektioner har orsakat ett antal utbrott.

==Forskning==

==Se även==
*[[Oxford criteria|Oxfordkriterierna]]
*[[Postviral fatigue syndrome|Post-viralt trötthetssyndrom]]
*[[Viral onset hypothesis|Hypotesen om viral start]]

==Vidare läsning ==
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1293107/pdf/jrsocmed00127-0072.pdf A report - chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research] - The "Oxford criteria" - ''Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine'' - Volume 84 February 1991 118-121<ref name="Oxfordcriteria">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1293107/| title = A report - chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=84 | date = Feb 1991|pages=118-121|pmc = 1293107 | author-link = Michael Sharpe | first1 = Michael | last1 = Sharpe | first2 = Len | last2 = Archard | authorlink2 = Len Archard | first3 = Jangu | last3 = Banatvala | authorlink3 = Jangu Banatvala | first4 = Leszek | last4 = Borysiewicz | authorlink4 = sv:Leszek Borysiewicz | first5 = Anthony | last5 = Cleare | authorlink5 = Anthony Cleare | first6 = Anthony | last6 = David | authorlink6 = Anthony David | first7 = Richard | last7 = Edwards | authorlink7 = sv:Richard Edwards | first8 = Keith | last8 = Hawton | authorlink8 = Keith Hawton | first9 = Harold | last9 = Lambert | authorlink9 = Harold Lambert | first10 = Russell | last10 = Lane | authorlink10 = Russel Lane}}</ref>

==Referenser==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Disease names]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

1936 Fond-du-Lac outbreak

2026-11-11T23:41:47Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks. Updated url in ref. Corrected date of publication in ref.

== Onset ==
An early recorded outbreak of ME was in Fond-du-Lac, Wisconsin, US. Recorded by the US Public Health Service,<ref name="Fond-du-Lac">{{citation | last =Armstong | first = Charles A. | title = Report to the Surgeon General, US Public Health Service, of the investigation of an outbreak of "Encephalitis" in the St. Agnes Convent, Fond-du-Lac, Wisconsin. | date = 1936}}</ref> the outbreak struck Saint Agnes Convent and was recorded as "encephalitis".<ref name="Hydebook">{{Cite book | title = The Clinical and scientific basis of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | last = Hyde | first = Byron | authorlink = Byron Hyde | publisher = Nightingale Research Foundation| year = 1992|isbn=0969566204|location=Ogdensburg, NY | pages = X}}</ref><ref name="NewYorker1965">{{Cite news | publisher = The New Yorker |volume =41 |issue =Part 6| page =208 | title = In The Bughouse | date = Nov 20, 1965 | last = Roueché | first = Berton | authorlink = Berton Roueché | url = https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1965/11/27/in-the-bughouse }}</ref> Fifty-three young women were infected, all novices and convent candidates<ref>{{Cite book | title = Medical Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment of Chronic Fatigue and Malaise | last = Patarca-Montero | first = Roberto| publisher = Haworth Press| year = 2004|isbn=078902196X|location= | pages = 6-7}}</ref>

== Symptoms ==
*[[nausea]]/[[vomiting]]
*diplopia or [[blurred vision]]
*impaired mentation
*[[paresthesia]]s affecting hands and feet
*[[headache]]
*[[neck pain]]
*[[chest pain]]
*[[back pain]]
*limb pain
*[[sore throat]] (prodomal)
*fatiguability/malaise<ref name="Henderson1959">{{Cite journal | title = Epidemic Neuromyasthenia - Clinical Syndrome? | url = https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195904092601506 | last = Henderson | first = Donald A. | authorlink = Donald Henderson | last2 = Shelokov | first2 = Alexis | authorlink2 = Alexis Shelokov | date = April 9, 1959 | journal = N Engl J Med |volume = 260 |issue = 15 | pages = 757-764 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM195904092601506}} </ref>

== Findings ==

== Epidemiology ==

== Prognosis ==

== See also ==
*[[Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis]]
*[[List of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome outbreaks]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Outbreaks]]
[[Category:Outbreaks in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Outbreaks in the United States of America]]
[[Category:History]]

Svenska:Lista över utbrott av myalgisk encefalomyelit och kroniskt trötthetssyndrom

2026-11-11T23:23:17Z

BeardedBaldy:Removed "||".

Det har inträffat dussintals dokumenterade [[List of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome outbreaks|utbrott]] av [[sv:Myalgisk encefalomyelit|myalgisk encefalomyelit]] och [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] sedan 1930-talet. Det verkliga antalet samlingar och utbrott är sannolikt betydligt högre. Många av dessa utbrott förekomm på institutioner som sjukhus och skolor, och sammanföll oft med utbrott av [[poliomyelitis|polio]].

Det första dokumenterade utbrottet var i [[1934 Los Angeles atypical polio outbreak|Los Angeles 1934]] och det senaste förmodade utbrottet var i [[1996 Mohave Valley region, Arizona|Arizona 1996]].

== Utbrott per årtionde ==
=== 1930-talet ===

==== [[1934 Los Angeles atypical polio outbreak|1934 - Los Angeles, USA]] ====
Epidemi bland personal på L.A. County Hospital, Ruth Protection Home och genom hela kalifornien, parallellt med polio, ofta diagnostiserad som atypisk polio, ibland inkluderande ledsjukdom.<ref name="Gilliam, 1936-38">{{Cite journal | last = Gilliam | first1 = A.G. | authorlink1 = | title = Epidemiological Study Of An Epidemic, Diagnosed As Poliomyelitis, Occurring Among The Personnel Of The Los Angeles County General Hospital During The Summer Of 1934| journal = Public health bulletin, 1936-1938 | volume = | issue = | pages = 231-240| date = 1938 | pmid = | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022082260;view=1up;seq=617 }}</ref>

==== [[1936 Fond-du-Lac outbreak|1936 - Fond-du-Lac, Wisconsin, USA]] ====
Ett utbrott av "hjärninflammation" i St. Agnes Convent.<ref name="Fond-du-Lac">{{citation | last = Armstong|first = Charles A. | title=Report to the Surgeon General, US Public Health Service, of the investigation of an outbreak of "Encephalitis" in the St. Agnes Convent, Fond-du-Lac, Wisconsin. | date = 1936}}</ref><ref name="NewYorker1965">{{Cite news | publisher=The New Yorker |volume =41 |issue =Part 6 |page =208 | title = In The Bughouse | date = Nov 19, 1965 | last = Roueché | first = Berton | url = http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1965/11/27/in-the-bughouse }} </ref>

==== [[1937 Erstfeld outbreak|1937 - Erstfeld, Schweiz]] ====
På mindre än två veckor insjuknade 130 soldater stationerade i Erstfeld, Schweiz i vad som tillskrevs "[[abortive poliomyelitis|abortiv polio]]".<ref name="Parish, 1978">{{Cite journal | last1 = Parish | first1 = J.G. | authorlink1 = Gordon Parish| title = Early outbreaks of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'| journal = Postgraduate Medical Journal | volume = 54 | issue = 637 | page = 711-717 | date = November 1978 | pmid = 370810| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/370810}}</ref>

==== [[1937 St. Gallen outbreak|1937 - Sankt Gallen, Schweiz]] ====
Utbrott i den kvinnliga sektionen av ett sjukhus i St Gallen, Schweiz drabbade 28 anställda och patienter. De diagnostiserades med "abortiv polio".<ref name="Parish, 1978" />

==== [[1939 Middlesex outbreak|1939 - Middlesex, England]] ====
Utbrott på Harefield Sanitorium- "Ihållande myalgi efterföljande halsont."<ref name="NewYorker1965" />

==== [[1939 Degersheim outbreak|1939 - Degersheim, Sankt Gallen, Schweiz]] ====
Sjuttiotre fall av [[epidemic neuromyasthenia|epidemisk neuromyastenia]] rapporterades bland 800 soldater stationerade i Degersheim, Schweiz.

=== 1940-talet ===

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Pennsylvania 1945|1945 - Universitetssjukhuset i Pennsylvania, USA]] ====
Epidemi beskriven som "pleurodynia med framträdande [[neurological|neurologiska]] symptom och ingen påvisbar orsak"

==== [[1946-47 Iceland outbreak|1946-47 - Island]] ====
"Blandade epidemier av polio och en sjukdom som liknar polio med karaktären av Akureyrisjukan"

==== [[Akureyri_outbreak|1948-49 - Nordkuststäder, Island]] ====
"En sjukdomsepidemi i Island liknande polio", i tre separata städer under den här tiden..<ref name="NewYorker1965" />

==== [[1949-53 Adelaide outbreak|1949-1953 - Adelaide, Australien]] ====
Utbrott av en sjukdom liknande polio, under/efter en polioepidemi.

===1950-talet===

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Louisville 1950|1950 - Louisville, Kentucky, USA]] ====
Utbrott i Sjuksköterskornas träningsskola i St. Joseph Infirmary, senare beskrivet som "epidemisk neuromyastenia."

==== [[1950 Upper New York State outbreak|1950 - Upper New York State, USA]] ====
Utbrott beskrivet som liknande "Isländska sjukand...liknande akut främre polio."

==== [[sv:Utbrott i London Middlesex Hospital 1952|1952 - London, England]] ====
Utbrott på Middlesexsjukhusets sjuksköterskehem beskrivet som "Encefalomyelit associerad med Poliovirus."

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Köpenhamn 1952| 1952 - Köpenhamn, Danmark]] ====
Utbrott beskrivet som "epidemisk myosit."

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Florida 1952|1952 - Lakeland, Florida, USA]] ====
Utbrott beskrivet som epidemisk neuromyastenia.

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Coventry 1953|1953 - Coventry och Coventry Distriktet, England]] ====
"En sjukdom liknande polio observerad i sjuksköterskor."

==== [[1953 Maryland outbreak|1953 - Rockville, Maryland, USA]] ====
Chestnut Lodge sjukhuset sjuksköterskestudenter beskrivna med polioliknande epidemisk neuromyastenia.

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Jylland 1953|1953 - Jylland, Dannmark]] ====
Utbnrott av "Epidemisk encefalit med yrsel."

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Florida 1954|1954 - Tallahassee, Florida, USA]] ====
Utbrott av sjukdom som kallades Isländska sjukan, smittsam encefalomyelit eller godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit<ref name="Bond1956">{{cite journal |last=Bond | first =J.O. |date=August 4, 1956 |title=A NEW CLINICAL ENTITY? |journal=The Lancet |volume=2 |pages=257 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1956-08-04_2_6936/page/18/mode/2up |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(56)90950-3/fulltext |archive-date=October 1, 2024 |access-date=September 24, 2026 }}</ref>

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Seward 1954|1954 - Seward, Alaska]] ====
Utbrott beskrivet som "godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit(Isländska sjukan)."
<ref name="Deisher1957">{{Cite journal |last = Deisher | first = J.B. | date = 1957| title = Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis (Iceland disease) in Alaska|journal =Northwest medicine|volume =56|issue =12|pages = 1451-1456 | url = http://www.hhs.gov/advcomcfs/meetings/presentations/benignmyalgic_pdf.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-24 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/3919/20140324194903/http://www.hhs.gov/advcomcfs/meetings/presentations/benignmyalgic_pdf.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Berlin 1954|1954 - Berlin, Tyskland]] ====
I den brittiska armén, ett "ytterligare utbrott av en sjukdom liknande polio."

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Liverpool 1954|1954 - Liverpool, England]] ====
Utbrott bland medicinsk occh vårdpersonal i ett sjukhus i Liverpool.

==== [[Dalston|1954 - Dalston, Cumbria, England]] ====
"...en ovanlig sjukdom observerad i epidemisk och sporadisk form i allmänmedicin 1955 occh efterföljande år."

==== [[1954 Johannesburg outbreak|1954 - Johannesburg]] ====
Under ett utbrott av polio i Johannesburg från Augusti 1954 till Mars 1955 rapporterades fjorton fall av [[atypical poliomyelitis|atypisk polio]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Jackson | first = B | date = May 1957 | title = A disease resembling poliomyelitis; report of an outbreak in Johannesburg | url =http://journals.co.za/content/m_samj/31/21/AJA20785135_45533 | journal = South African Medical Journal | volume = 31| pages = 514-517|via=}}</ref>

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Perth 1955|1955 - Perth, Australien]] ====
"[[Virus]] epidemi i återkommande vågor."

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Wales 1955|1955 - Gilfach Goch, Wales]] ====
Utbrott av godaartad encefalomyelit.

==== [[1955 Durban outbreak|1955 - Durban och Durban City, Sydafrika]] ====
Utbrott bland sjuksjöterskor vid Addington sjukhuset som kallades "Durbans mysteriesjukdom", beskrivande neuromuskulär dysfunktion, och epidemisk myalgisk encefalomyelopati, inklusive sporadiska fall i Johannesburg av ett utbrott liknande polio.

==== 1955 – Norra England ====

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Segbwema 1955|1955-56 - Segbwema, Sierra Leone]] ====
Ett utbrott av encefalomyelit.

==== [[sv:Utbrott på Island 1955|1955-56 - Patreksfordur och Thorshofn, Island]] ====
Ovanlig respons till poliovaccin.

==== [[1955 Royal Free Hospital outbreak|1955-1957 - Royal Free Hospital, London, England]] ====
Berömt utbrott av godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit liknande polio, som började i ett bostadshus vid [[Royal Free Hospital]].<ref name="Ramsay1957">{{Cite journal |last = Ramsay|first = A.M. | authorlink = Melvin Ramsay | date = 1957| title = Encephalomyelitis in North West London. An Endemic infection simulating Poliomyelitis and Hysteria|journal=Lancet|volume=273|issue=7007|pages=1196-1200 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-S0140673657901630/first-page-pdf
|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(57)90163-0|pmid=13492606}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last = Geffen | first = Dennis | authorlink = | last2 = Tracy | first2 = Susan M. | authorlink2 = | date = 1957-10-19 | title = An Outbreak of Acute Infective Encephalomyelitis in a Residential Home for Nurses in 1956|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1962504/pdf/brmedj03125-0022.pdf | journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=5050 | pages = 904–906|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5050.904|issn=0007-1447|pmc=1962504|pmid=13472003|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Ridgefield 1956|1956 - Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA]] ====
En epidemi av neuromyastenia.

==== [[1956 Punta Gorda outbreak|1956 - Punta Gorda, Florida, USA]] ====
Ett utbrott av neuromyastenia.

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Lancashire 1956|1956 - Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, England]] ====
Utbrott beskrivet som "lymfocytiskt meningo-hjärninflammation med myalgi och utslag," "Ett utbrott av en sjukdom som tros ha orsakats av Echo 9 virus," med flera varierande beskrivningar.

==== [[1956 Massachusetts outbreak|1956 - Pittsfield, Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA]] ====
Utbrott av "epidemisk neurmystenia" senare beskriven som godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit. (Inkluderade i denna sammanfattning är sporadiska fall i Hygiea, Sverige, med beskrivningar av encefalit, hjärnhinneinflammation eller polio; Cosackie B och Echovirus infektioner; godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit.)

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Coventry 1956|1956-57 - Coventry, England]] ====
Utbrott beskrivet som epidemisk sjukdomskänsla och godartad myalgis encefalomyelit.

==== [[sv:Utbrott i södra Australien 1957|1957 - Brighton, Södra Australien]] ====
Utbrott beskrivet som "Cosackie, Echovirus hjärnhinneinflammation och myalgisk encefalomyelit", "Epidemisk myalgisk encefalomyelit," och "Godarttad myalgisk encefalomyelit."

==== [[1958 Athens outbreak|1958 - Aten, Grekland]] ====
Ett utbrott av godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit i en sjuksköterskeskola, "benhinneinflammation och atropati noterade." (Inkluderade i denna sammanfattning är ett utbrott av godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit i Schweiz.)
<ref name="Daikos1959">{{Cite journal |last = Daikos|first = George K. | last2 = Paleologue | first2 = A. | last3 = Garzonis | first3 = Spiros | last4= Bousvaros | first4 = George A. | last5= Papadoyannakis | first5 = N.| date = 1959| title = Benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. An outbreak in a nurse's school in Athens|journal=Lancet|volume=273|issue=7075|pages=693 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673659918835
|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(59)91883-5|pmid= 13642848}}</ref>

==== [[sv:Utbrott i sydvästra London 1958|1958-59 - Sydvästra London, England]] ====
Rapporter av sporadiska fall av myalgisk encefalomyelit.

==== [[1959 Newcastle outbreak|1959 - Newcastle upon Tyne, England]] ====
Utbrott av godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit.

==== [[sv:Utbrott i nordvästra London 1959|1959 - Nordvästra London, England]] ====
Rapporter av sporadiska fall av influensa-liknande sjukdom.

==== [[sv:Utbrott i England 1959|1959 - England]] ====
Artikel beskriver sporadiska fall och "De psykiatriska följdsjukdomarna av godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit."

=== 1960-talet ===

==== [[1961 Basel outbreak|1961 - Basel, Schweiz]] ====
Sporadiska fall av godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit beskrivs.

==== [[1961 New York State outbreak| 1961-62 - Staten New York , USA]] ====
Utbrott beskrivet som epidemisk neuromyastenia i ett kloster i staten New York.

==== [[1964 London NW outbreak|1964-66 - Nordvästra London, England]] ====
Uttbrott beskrivet som epidemisk sjukdomskänsla och epidemisk neuromyastenia inträffade i North Finchley, en förort till London, England.

==== [[1964 Franklin outbreak|1964-66 - Franklin, Kentucky, USA]] ====
Utbrott av "neuromyastenia" i en fabrik i Kentucky, möjligen på grund av exponering av [[mercury|kvicksilver]].

==== [[1965 Galveston outbreak|1965-66 - Galveston County, Texas, USA]] ====
Utbrott beskrivet som "variant av epidemisk neuromyastenia?" och "epidemisk diencefalomyelit," den senare beskriver neuropsykiatriska, kardiovaskulära och endokrina störningar.

==== [[1967 Edinburgh outbreak|1967-70 - Edinburgh, Skottland]] ====
Sporadiska fall liknande godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit.

==== [[1968 Fraidek outbreak|1968 - Fnaidek, Libanon]] ====
Rapport av en epidemi av godartad myalgisk encefalomyelit.

==== [[1969 New York outbreak|1969 - State University of New York, USA]] ====
Vårdcentral - rapport av epidemisk neuromyastenia och "oidentifierat symptom komplex."

===1970-talet===

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Lackland 1970| 1970 - Lackland Militärflygplats, Texas, USA]] ====
Epidemisk Neuromyastenia rapporterad. "Ett syndrom eller sjukdom?"

==== [[1970 London outbreak|1970-71 - London, England]] ====
Ett utbrott av "epidemisk neuromyastenia" bland sjuksköterskor i barnsjukhuset på Great Ormond Street.

==== [[1975 Sacramento outbreak|1975 - Sacramento, Kalifornien, USA]] ====
1975 startade en epidemi först bland intensivvårdspersonal och spreds senare igenom Mercy San Juan Hospital i Carmichael, en förort till Sacramento, Kalifornien. Uppskattningsvis 200 personer insjuknade. Dr Ryll, som ledde den undersökande medicinska gruppen, kallade det "[[Infectious Venulitis|Smittsam Venulit]]" som han senare antog vara en variant av [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncf-net.org/forum/InfVenulitis-Fall05.htm | title = Infectious Venulitis | website = ncf-net.org|access-date=2020-10-17}}</ref><ref name="Ryll2005-IVN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncf-net.org/forum/InfVenulitis-Fall05.htm | date = Fall 2005|first = Erich|last = Ryll | authorlink = Erich Ryll | title = Infectious Venulitis|website=|access-date=2022-04-09|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20151022083413/http://www.oocities.org/sezar99q/MECFSInfectiousVenulitis.html|archive-date=2015-10-22|url-status=}}</ref>

==== [[1976 Ireland SW outbreak|1976 - Sydvästra Irland]] ====
Rapporter av Myalgisk Encefalomyelit och epidemisk neuromyastenia i den här regionen.

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Dallas 1977|1977 - Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, USA]] ====
Epidemisk Neuromyastennia" rapporterad.

==== [[1979 Southampton outbreak| 1979 - Southampton, England]] ====
Utbrott av M.E. i en flickskola.

===1980-talet===
Ett utbrott 1980-1988 stänger ner ett barnsjukhus i San Diego. CDC undersöker. Sex baarn dör 1980. Medicinsk doctor och två intensivsköterskor dör.

==== [[Ayrshire|1980-81 - West Kilbridge, Ayrshire, Skottland]] ====
M.E. epidemi raporterad i sjukvårdsmottagning på landsbyggden.

==== [[1980 Helensburgh outbreak|1980-83 - Helensburgh, Skottland]] ====
Coxsackie B outbreak reported in a general practice.

==== [[1981 Stirlingshire outbreak|1981-82 - Stirlingshire, Scotland]] ====
Sporadiska fall av M.E. rapporterade.

==== [[1981 Gunnedah outbreak|1981 - Gunnedah, NSW, Australien]] ====
Gunnedahutbrottet sammankopplades med bekämpningsmedel, som antogs sammspela med virus och andra miljökemikalier i ett postviralt syndrom.<ref name="Canb1987">[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122114779 "M.E.: a mystery illness affecting Australians"] ''The Canberra Times (newspaper)'' 12 November 1987: 19.</ref>
Bland de drabbade fanns en lokal allmänläkare som bildade uppfattningen att det här uppenbarlingen var en fysisk sjukdom. Utbrottet visades i filmen ''More than Just Poison'' som gjordes 1986 av kommittén för giftiga och farliga kemikalier.<ref>Video - [http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/8495284 "More Than Just Poison"] ''Arafura Films'', 1986</ref>

==== [[1984 Tapanui & West Otago Outbreak|1984 - Tapanui & Västra Otago, Nya Zeeland]] ====
Utbrott först beskrivet som en "oförklarad sjukdom," senare som M.E. Inkluderade här är utbrott i Dunedin och Hamilton, Nya Zeeland.

==== [[1984 North America endemic|1984 - Nordamerika (Endemi)]] ====
"Från 1984 till 1992 [vid den här textens publicering] förekom en endemisk period då en vanligtvis stor mängd av samlingaar och epidemier av [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]] erkännts i Nordamerika. Efter en synbar inledande ökning av sjukligheten 1983 verkade en oöverträffad ökning av sporadiska och epidemiska fall över Nordamerika ha förekommit 1984. Även om vissa geografiska oroshärdar har upptagit mycket av det medicinska intresset, representerar sannolikt den här endemiska situationen en ovanlig och outtröttlig sjuklighet i alla områden av USA och Kanada." -Dr. Byron Hyde-

====[[1984 Incline Village chronic fatigue syndrome outbreak|1984 - Inclinebyn, Tahoesjön, Nevada, USA]] ====
En kronisk sjukdom karaktäriserad av [[sv:Utmattning|utmattning]], neurologiska och immunologiska störningar och aktivt [[Human herpesvirus 6|mänskligt herpesvirus 6]] infektion.
Den här sammhällsepidemin började i ett flickbasketballag, spreds sedan framförallt till lärare på minst tre gymnasier, och sedan en stor del av samhället.<ref name="Newsweek19901111">{{Cite news | title = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome| publisher = Newsweek| date = 1990-11-11 | url = http://www.newsweek.com/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-205712}}</ref>

Notera: Det här utbrottet förmådde en respons från [[Centers for Disease Control|CDC]] och var katalysatorn för namnet [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|Chronic fatigue syndrome(Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom))]] och utvecklingen av CDCs diagnostiska forskningsverktyg, Fukudakriterierna från 1994, som används över hela världen.

==== [[1984 Chapel Hill outbreak|1984 - Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA]] ====
"Epidemi bland medlemmar av The North Carolina Symphony Orchestra. Låg aktivitet bland [[Natural killer cell|NK-celler]] associerades med lymkörtelcancer, astrocytom, gliom."

Alla medlemmar av N.C Symphony Orchestra, Chapel Hill, NC insjuknade. Sju förblev sjuka med kronisk utmattning så sent som 2009.

En serie studier utförda 1988 och 1989 av University of Pittsburgh Cancer Center visade att fyra av de drabbade NC orkestermedlemmarna som utvecklade cancer hade lägre aktivitet av NK-celler, en typ av immuncell som kan döda cancer direkt.

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Montreal 1984| 1984 - Montreal, Quebec-Ontario, Kanada]] ====
Över 500 fall av ME/CFS dokumenterade under perioden Augusti-November 1984. Denna endemi var aktiv i alla delar av Kanada under den här perioden och verkar ha upprätthållit sin aktivitet åtminstone fram till 1991.

==== [[1984 Truckee outbreak|1984-85 - Truckee, Kalifornien, USA]] ====
M.E. epidemi involverande lärare och elever.
M.E. epidemic involving teachers and students.
1984-1985: Utbrott i Inclinebyn, Lake Tahoe, Nevada och alla som semestrade i den här staden.

==== [[1985 Lyndonville outbreak|1985 - Lyndonville, New York, USA]] ====
M.E. epidemi i landsbyggdssamhälle involverande barn och vuxna.<ref name="Newsweek19901111" />

==== [[1985 Yerington outbreak|1985 Yerington, Nevada, USA]] ====
I samma område [inte långt från Truckee, Kalifornien] anses en ME/CFS-liknande epidemi ha inträffat i et reservat för inhemska amerikaner.

==== [[1986 Placerville outbreak|1986 - Placerville, Kalifornien, USA]] ====
Utbrott av kroniskt trötthetssyndrom 'sammanträffande med kraftig kontamination av den lokala ofiltrerade vattenförsörjningen'.

==== [[1988 Sonora CA outbreak|1988 - Sonora, Kalifornien, USA]] ====
"Mer än 35 barn och vuxna diagnostiserades med M.E. i bergsområdet 100 miles[ca 160km] från Tahoesjön. Många av dessa patienter var på något sätt associerade med Columbia Community College."

==== [[sv:Utbrott i Narrabeen 1988|1988 - Narrabeen, NSW, Australien]] ====
<ref name="Canb1987" /><ref>[http://www.mecfswa.org.au/About_ME-CFS/Brief_History ME/CFS Society of Western Australia - Endemic Outbreaks]</ref>

==== [[1989 Roseville CA outbreak|1989 - Roseville, Kalifornien, USA]] ====
Rosedalesjukhusett rapporterade 11 fall av Me/CFS bland personalen.

===1990-talet===

==== [[1990 Elk Grove CA outbreak|1990 - Elk Grove, Kalifornien, USA]] ====
M.E. epidemi bland lärare och studenter.

==== [[1996 Mohave Valley region, Arizona |1996 - Mohave Valley regionen, Arizona, USA]] ====
Över 100 personer insjuknade med en "multi-system smygvirusinfektion med encefalopati (MSVIE)." En utdragen kurs följde, med en mångfald av symptom liknande CFS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccid.org/stealth/publications/msv.htm | title = Stealth Virus Epidemic in the Mohave Valley | website = ccid.org|access-date=2020-10-17}}</ref>

===2000-talet===
====[[2003 Hong Kong outbreak|2003 - Hong Kong, Kina]]====
Utbrottet av kroniskt trötthetssyndrom 2003 i Hong Kong orsakades av SARS-pandemin.

====[[2004 Bergen, Norway outbreak|2004 - Bergen, Norge]]====
Ett utbrott av Giardia, en parasit, i vattenförsörjningen resulterade i att många personer som utsattes för den antingen utvecklade [[sv:Kroniskt trötthetssyndrom|kroniskt trötthetssyndrom]] eller [[irritable bowel syndrome|irritabel tarm]]. Ett antal uppföljningsstudier av den här patientgruppen har sedan publicerats.

===2010-talet===

====[[2019 Coronavirus pandemic outbreak|Utbrott av Coronaviruspandemin 2019]]====
Upptäckten av ett nytt [[coronavirus]] och den relaterade [[Coronavirus disease 19|COVID-19]] sjukkdomen det orsakade ledde till en pandemi, med fall som tros ha börjat i November eller December 2019.<ref name="NIHR15Oct2020">{{Cite web|url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/living-with-covid19 | title = Living with covid-19. A dynamic review of the evidence around ongoing covid-19 symptoms (often called long covid). | last = NIHR|first = | authorlink = | date = October 2020 | website = evidence.nihr.ac.uk|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref>

===2020-talet===

====[[2019 Coronavirus pandemic outbreak|Utbrott av Coronaviruspandemin 2019]]====
[[coronavirus|Coronaviruset]] som först upptäcktes i December 2019 ledde till många fall av [[Coronavirus disease 19|COVID-19]] sjukdomen, med COVID-19 förklarad en pandemi i Mars 2020. Det resulterande [[Long COVID|postcovid]] utbrottet ledde till ett utbrott av ME/CFS, vilket fortfarande pågår.<ref name="NIHR15Oct2020" /> COVID-19 var en likknande sjukdom till [[SARS]], som orsakade ME/CFS-[[2003 Hong Kong outbreak|utbrottet i Hong Kong 2003]].

==Utbrott per region==

===Nordamerika===

*[[1984 - Nordamerika (Endemi)]]

====Kanada====

*[[sv:Utbrott i Montreal 1984| 1984 - Montreal, Quebec-Ontario, Kanada]]

====USA====

*[[1934 Los Angeles atypical polio outbreak|1934 - Los Angeles, USA]]
*[[1936 Fond-du-Lac outbreak|1936 - Fond-du-Lac, Wisconsin, USA]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Pennsylvania 1945|1945 - Universitetssjukhuset i Pennsylvania, USA]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Louisville 1950|1950 - Louisville, Kentucky, USA]]
*[[1950 Upper New York State outbreak|1950 - Upper New York State, USA]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Florida 1952|1952 - Lakeland, Florida, USA]]
*[[1953 Maryland outbreak|1953 - Rockville, Maryland, USA]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Florida 1954|1954 - Tallahassee, Florida, USA]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Seward 1954|1954 - Seward, Alaska, USA]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Ridgefield 1956|1956 - Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA]]
*[[1956 Punta Gorda outbreak|1956 - Punta Gorda, Florida, USA]]
*[[1956 Massachusetts outbreak|1956 - Pittsfield, Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA]]
*[[1961 New York State outbreak|1961-62 - Staten New York, USA]]
*[[1964 Franklin outbreak|1964-66 - Franklin, Kentucky, USA]]
*[[1965 Galveston outbreak|1965-66 - Galveston County, Texas, USA]]
*[[1969 New York outbreak|1969 - State University of New York, USA]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Lackland 1970|1970 - Lackland Militärflygplats, Texas, USA]]
*[[1975 Sacramento outbreak|1975 - Sacramento, Kalifornien, USA]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Dallas 1977|1977 - Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, USA]]
*[[1984 Incline Village chronic fatigue syndrome outbreak|1984 - Inclinebyn, Tahoesjön, Nevada, USA]]
*[[1984 Chapel Hill outbreak|1984 - Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA]]
*[[1984 Truckee outbreak|1984-85 - Truckee, Kalifornien, USA]]
*[[1985 Lyndonville outbreak|1985 - Lyndonville, New York, USA]]
*[[1985 Yerington outbreak|1985 - Yerington, Nevada, USA]]
*[[1986 Placerville outbreak|1986 - Placerville, Kalifornien, USA]]
*[[1988 Sonora CA outbreak|1988 - Sonora, Kalifornien, USA]]
*[[1989 Roseville CA outbreak|1989 - Roseville, Kalifornien, USA]]
*[[1990 Elk Grove CA outbreak|1990 - Elk Grove, Kalifornien, US]]
*[[1996 Mohave Valley region, Arizona |1996 - Mohave Valley regionen, Arizona, USA]]

===Europa===

====Danmark====

*[[sv:Utbrott i Köpenhamn 1952|1952 - Köpenhamn, Danmark]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Jylland 1953|1953 - Jylland, Danmark]]

====Tyskland====

*[[sv:Utbrott i Berlin 1954|1954 - Berlin, Tyskland]]

====Grekland====

*[[1958 Athens outbreak|1958 - Athen, Grekland]]

====Island====

*[[1946-47 Iceland outbreak|1946-47 - Island]]
*[[Akureyri_outbreak|1948-49 - Nordkuststäder, Island]]
*[[sv:Utbrott på Island 1955|1955-56 - Patreksfordur och Thorshofn, Island]]

====Irland====

*[[1976 Ireland SW outbreak|1976 - Sydvästra Irland]]

====Norge====

*[[2004 Bergen, Norway outbreak|2004 - Bergen , Norge]]

====Schweiz====

*[[1937 Erstfeld outbreak|1937 - Erstfeld, Schweiz]]
*[[1937 St. Gallen outbreak|1937 - Sankt Gallen, Schweiz]]
*[[1939 Degersheim outbreak|1939 - Degersheim, Sankt Gallen, Schweiz]]
*[[1961 Basel outbreak|1961 - Basel, Schweiz]]

====Storbritannien====

*[[1939 Middlesex outbreak|1939 - Middlesex, England]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i London Middlesex Hospital 1952|1952 - London, England]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Coventry 1953|1953 - Coventry and Coventry District, England]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Liverpool 1954|1954 - Liverpool, England]]
*[[Dalston|1954 - Dalston, Cumbria, England]]
*[[Royal Free Hospital outbreak|1955 - London, England]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Wales 1955|1955 - Gilfach Goch, Wales]]
*[[1955 Royal Free Hospital outbreak|1955-57 - Royal Free Hospital, North West London, England]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Lancashire 1956|1956 - Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, England]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Coventry 1956|1956-57 - Coventry, England]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i sydvästra London 1958|1958-59 - Sydvästra London, England]]
*[[1959 Newcastle outbreak|1959 - Newcastle upon Tyne, England]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i nordvästra London 1959|1959 - Nordvästra London, England]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i England 1959|1959 - England]]
*[[1964 London NW outbreak|1964-66 - Nordvästra London, England]]
*[[1967 Edinburgh outbreak|1967-70 - Edinburgh, Skottland]]
*[[1970 London outbreak|1970-71 - London, England]]
*[[1979 Southampton outbreak|1979 - Southampton, England]]
*[[Ayrshire|1980-81 - West Kilbridge, Ayrshire, Skottland]]
*[[1980 Helensburgh outbreak|1980-83 - Helensburgh, Skottland]]
*[[1981 Stirlingshire outbreak|1981-82 - Stirlingshire, Skottland]]

===Asien===

====Libanon====

*[[1968 Fraidek outbreak|1968 - Fraidek, Libanon]]

==== Hong Kong ====
[[2003 Hong Kong outbreak|2003 - Hong Kong, Kina]]

===Afrika===

====Sierra Leone====

*[[sv:Utbrott i Segbwema 1955|1955-56 - Segbwema, Sierra Leone]]

====Sydafrika====

*[[1955 Durban outbreak|1955 - Durban och Durban City, Sydafrika]]

===Australien och Nya Zealand===

====Australien====

*[[1949-53 Adelaide outbreak|1949-1953 - Adelaide, Australien]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Perth 1955|1955 - Perth, Australien]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i södra Australien 1957|1957 - Brighton, Södra Australien]]
*[[1981 Gunnedah outbreak|1981 - Gunnedah, NSW, Australien]]
*[[sv:Utbrott i Narrabeen 1988|1988 - Narrabeen, NSW, Australien]]

====Nya Zealand====

*[[Tapanui Flu|1984 - West Otago, Nya Zealand]]

==== [[:Category:International outbreaks|Internationellt]] ====
* [[2003 Hong Kong outbreak|Utbrott i Hong Kong 2003]]- Samma virus som orsakade firbomyalgi-liknande syndrom i [[Canada|Kaanada]]
* [[2019 Coronavirus pandemic outbreak|Utbrott av Coronaviruspandemin 2019]]

=== Relaterade listor ===
* [http://www.meassociation.org.uk/shop/books/saga-of-royal-free-disease/ Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Post Viral Fatigue States: the Saga of the Royal Free Disease] by Dr Melvin Ramsay, 1955.
* [http://www.meresearch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ME-Research-UK-Research-Publications-on-ME-epidemics-1934-1980.pdf Reference index of papers published on epidemics of ME 1934-80 (collected by Dr J. Gordon Parish)], ME Research UK, 1980.
* [https://www.nightingale.ca/publications The Clinical and Scientific Basis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (edited by Dr. Byron Hyde)], Nightingale Foundation, 1992.

== Se även ==
*[[Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis|Epidemisk myalgisk encefalomyelit]]
*[[Definitions of ME and CFS|Definitioner av ME och CFS]]
*[[Eightfold increase in ME/CFS incidence in the 1980s|Åttafaldig ökning av förekomsten av ME/CFS på 1980-talet]]

== Vidare läsning ==

== Referenser ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Outbreaks]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Lists]]
[[Category:Epidemiology]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]

Endocrine system

2026-11-11T23:16:01Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks in refs.

[[File:Overview of the Endocrine System.jpg|thumb|Overview of the Endocrine System]]
The '''endocrine system''' regulate development, growth, [[energy metabolism]], reproduction, and many different behaviors. It uses a combination of glands and [[hormone]]s to send signals to the [[nervous system]] and control functions in the body.<ref name="37-5-Endocrine Glands">{{Cite book |vauthors= Clark MA, Douglas M, Choi J| publisher = OpenStax | title = Biology 2e | url =https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/1-introduction|location=Houston, Texas
|chapter=37.5 Endocrine Glands
|chapter-url=https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/37-5-endocrine-glands | date = Jan 30, 2022}}</ref>

[[Hormone]]s are the chemicals the endocrine system uses for signalling.<ref name="37-5-Endocrine Glands"/> Several different glands exist in the body which release hormones. These hormones travel through bodily fluid, usually blood, to the target cells.<ref name="37-5-Endocrine Glands"/>

== Function ==
Three types of hormones may be released: lipid-derived hormones such as steroids, amino-acid hormones (e.g., [[epinephrine]] and [[norepinephrine]]), and peptide hormones (e.g., [[insulin]] and [[antidiuretic hormone]].<ref name="37-1-Hormones">{{Cite book |vauthors= Clark MA, Douglas M, Choi J| publisher = OpenStax | title = Biology 2e | url =https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/1-introduction|location=Houston, Texas
|chapter=37.1 Types of Hormones
|chapter-url=https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/37-1-types-of-hormones | date = Jan 30, 2022}}</ref> Steroid hormones permeate tissues and can directly enter the nucleus to trigger [[DNA]] to start protein production. Protein hormones do not share this mechanism because they are unable to enter the nucleus due to their membranes being incompatible with the nuclear membrane. Instead, protein hormones attach to messenger receptor cell on the outside of the target tissues' cells. Based on the hormone that attaches, a different cascade of cellular processes will occur ending in tissue response (which could be increased enzymatic activity, cellular secretion, and [[Ion transportation|ion channel]] opening or closing).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=https://www.lamission.edu/lifesciences/lecturenote/AliPhysio1/Endrocrine%20System.pdf | title=The Endocrine System | last = | first = | date = |website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Glands and hormones ==

=== Pituitary ===
The [[pituitary gland]] is a small bulb situated at the base of the brain and both releases hormones and controls other glands which release hormones. It is under direct control of the [[hypothalamus]], a section of the [[brain]] right above the pituitary.<ref>{{Cite news |url =https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-gland-disorders/overview-of-the-pituitary-gland | title = Overview of the Pituitary Gland - Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders|work=Merck Manuals Consumer Version|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en-US}}</ref> The hypothalamus receives input about hormonal and homeostatic states in the body, processes that information, then relays instructions to the pituitary gland to respond with certain hormones.<ref name="DoughertyCh">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s4/chapter01.html|chapter=Hypothalamus: Structural Organization | url =https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s4/index.htm | title = Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | last = Dougherty | first = Patrick | authorlink = Patrick Dougherty | website=McGovern Medical School - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> For example, osmoreceptors, water-level sensing cells, in the hypothalamus detect when you are dehydrated. The hypothalamus tells the pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone, which notifies the bladder to retain water. Water levels in the body will increase and once at an adequate level the osmoreceptors stop their signaling to have ADH released<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/the-pituitary-gland-and-hypothalamus/ | title = The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus {{!}} Anatomy and Physiology II|website=courses.lumenlearning.com|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref>.

{| class="wikitable"
|Anterior Lobe Hormones<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.yourhormones.info/glands/pituitary-gland/ | title = Pituitary gland {{!}} You and Your Hormones|website=Society for Endocrinology|language=en|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|
|-
|
* [[Growth hormone]]
* [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone]]
* [[Adrenocorticotropic hormone]]
* [[Follicle-stimulating hormone]]
* Prolactin
|
* Controls the growth and development of the body
* Activates thyroid hormone production
* Activates the adrenal glands (on the kidneys) which produce hormones like stress
* Activates sperm and testosterone production in the testes and egg and estrogen production in the ovaries
* Activates milk production in the breasts
|}
[[File:Endocrine hormones.png|thumb|'''Hormones and the endocrine system'''''Image by [[commons:File:Hormones_feedback.png|Shazz]], CC-BY-3.0'']]
Pituitary dysfunction can lead to several disorders, including:
* Acromegaly - an overproduction of growth hormone which can cause gigantism in children and oversized limbs in adults.
* [[Cushing's Disease]] - usually caused by a tumor on the pituitary, it is an overproduction of ACTH, the hormone that stimulates the production of cortisol. It leads to consistent high levels of cortisol in the bloodstream leading to symptoms such as increased fat around the neck, memory and cognitive dysfunction, and osteoporosis.
* [[Hypopituitarism]] - when the pituitary doesn’t produce enough hormones; can cause anemia, decreased appetite, [[weight change]]s, joint stiffness, and developmental problems (in children).

=== Hypothalamus ===
The [[hypothalamus]] maintains homeostasis in the body. It receives input from sources such as the vagus nerve (which can relay information about blood pressure and stomach fullness), the optic nerve (which relays levels of light), receptors in the body and skin (which relay temperature), and even has its own receptors which inform about the amount of molecules in the blood<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/limbicsystem.html | title = The Limbic System | last = Boeree | first = George | authorlink = George Boeree | website=webspace.ship.edu|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref> (which relays if there is an unbalanced ratio of fluid to molecules).

When the hypothalamus is not functioning properly, many systems become dysregulated. This dysfunction can be caused by a number of different triggers such as an eating disorder, a tumor, brain injury or genetic mutations<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/2932/hypothalamic-dysfunction | title = Hypothalamic dysfunction {{!}} Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref>. A malfunctioning hypothalamus alters motivations to drink, eat and copulate which can lead to malnutrition or overeating, dehydration or overhydration and decreased or increased sexual behavior. Sleep patterns, activity levels, and menstruation may also change<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.braininjury-explanation.com/consequences/impact-by-brain-area/hypothalamus | title = Hypothalamus / Impact per brain area / Consequences {{!}} Braininjury-explanation.com | website = braininjury-explanation.com|language=|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref>.

=== Thyroid ===
The [[Thyroid gland|thyroid]] is a gland located in the throat. It is necessary in proper brain functioning and health, and is important to the development of children and fetus’s brains. The gland also plays a role in controlling the breakdown and use of proteins, carbohydrates and fats<ref>{{Cite news |url =https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/overview-of-thyroid-function | title = Overview of Thyroid Function - Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - Merck Manuals Professional Edition|work=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en-US}}</ref>. The thyroid has cells that absorb iodine. The cells use iodine to produce [[Triiodothyronine|T3]] and [[Thyroxine|T4]], thyroid hormones that can moderate the body’s temperature, and vitals (e.g. blood pressure and heart rate), and the breakdown of various biomolecules such as fat<ref>{{Cite news |url =https://www.healthline.com/health/t3 | title = T3 Test: Purpose, Procedure & Risks|work=Healthline|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en}}</ref>.

Dysfunction of this gland can mean an overproduction or [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)|underproduction of its hormones]]. Malfunction can lead symptoms such as to hair loss, [[Muscle fatigability|muscle fatigue]] and weakness, sensitivity to environmental [[Body temperature|temperature]] changes<ref>{{Cite news |url =https://www.healthline.com/health/t3#uses-amp-symptoms | title = T3 Test: Purpose, Procedure & Risks|work=Healthline|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en}}</ref>.

==Relationship to ME/CFS ==
[[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] (HPA) is the collaborative functioning between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. These tissues work together to regulate hormone production and release, and also moderate bodily functions such as temperature regulation, fluid balance, appetite and thirst detection. Hypofunction of the HPA has been identified as a problem experienced in [[ME/CFS]] patients. Lower cortisol levels were identified in ME/CFS patients than in healthy controls, and has been shown to be connected to [[Sleep dysfunction|decreased sleep]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Nijhof | first = Sanne L. | last2 = Rutten | first2 = Juliette M. T.M. | last3 = Uiterwaal | first3 = Cuno S. P.M. | last4 = Bleijenberg | first4 = Gijs | last5 = Kimpen | first5 = Jan L.L. | last6 = Putte | first6 = Elise M. van de | date = Apr 2014 | title = The role of hypocortisolism in chronic fatigue syndrome | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24636516|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=42 | pages = 199–206|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.017|issn=1873-3360|pmid=24636516}}</ref>. Exogenous [[cortisol]] administration was tested as a possible treatment however these results should be replicated due to the group’s use of solely the [[Fukuda criteria|Fukuda]] Assessment of ME/CFS (which may allow for error in diagnosis of the condition). Furthermore, several journals suggested [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]] as a feasible treatment option to increase cortisol levels, however due to the extensive literature questioning and undermining the utility of CBT in ME/CFS in overall treatment, other options should be explored in this research.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Twisk | first = Frank N.M. | authorlink = Frank Twisk | last2 = Maes | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Maes | date = 2009 | title = A review on cognitive behavorial therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) / chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): CBT/GET is not only ineffective and not evidence-based, but also potentially harmful for many patients with ME/CFS| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19855350|journal=Neuro Endocrinology Letters|volume=30|issue=3 | pages = 284–299|issn=0172-780X|pmid=19855350}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Núñez | first = Montserrat | last2 = Fernández-Solà | first2 = Joaquim | last3 = Nuñez | first3 = Esther | last4 = Fernández-Huerta | first4 = José-Manuel | last5 = Godás-Sieso | first5 = Teresa | last6 = Gomez-Gil | first6 = Esther | date = 2011-01-15 | title = Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: group cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise versus usual treatment. A randomised controlled trial with 1 year of follow-up | url =https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10067-010-1677-y|journal=Clinical Rheumatology|language=en|volume=30|issue=3 | pages = 381–389|doi=10.1007/s10067-010-1677-y|issn=0770-3198}}</ref>

==See also ==
*[[Neuroendocrine system]]
*[[Neuroendocrine symptoms]]

==Learn more ==

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Body systems]]
[[Category:Endocrine system]]

Cardiovascular system

2026-11-11T23:10:32Z

BeardedBaldy:Added authorlinks in refs. Expanded refs.

Svenska:Stress

2026-11-11T22:15:27Z

BeardedBaldy:Relocate lang link.

{{stub}}

'''Stress''' kan vara antingen fysisk eller psykisk, eller både och.<ref name="physiologicalstress" /> Stress defineras som antingen ett tillstånd av emotionell eller [[mental health|psykologisk påfrestning]] eller spänning orsakad av en situation eller händelse, ''eller'' den fysiska stress(tryck eller spänning) som utövas på ett fysiskt objekt, såsom en kroppsdel, t.ex. ett '''stresstest''' är ett medicinskt test som övervakar det [[cardiovascular system|kardiovaskulära systemet]] under ansträngande [[exercise|träning]].<ref name="oxdict">{{Cite book | title=New Oxford American Dictionary | date = 2015 | publisher =Oxford University Press | editor-first = Angus | editor-last = Stevenson|editor-first2 = Christine A.|editor-last2=Lindberg}}</ref><ref name="stresstest">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/stress-test | title = Heart Disease and Stress Tests|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref>

==Bra stress ==
"Bra" stress syftar på upplevelser som är fysiskt eller emotionellt utmanande, men som inte varar och som är inom personens förmåga att bemästra, vilket resulterar i känslan av upprymdhet och prestation.<ref name="goodstress">{{Cite journal | last = McEwen | first = Bruce S. | date = 2007-07-01 | title = Physiology and Neurobiology of Stress and Adaptation: Central Role of the Brain|url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00041.2006|journal=Physiological Reviews|volume=87|issue=3 | pages = 873–904|doi=10.1152/physrev.00041.2006|issn=0031-9333}}</ref> T.ex. att springa längre än normalt för att bli bättre tränad utan att bli sjuk eller utmattad, eller att framgångsrikt hantera en hektisk dag på jobbet.

==Fysiologisk stress ==
Fysiologisk stress är stress utövad på levande organismer, som celler eller personer.<ref name="physiologicalstress">{{Cite book | url =https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/17-6-the-adrenal-glands | first=J. Gordon | last = Betts | first2 = Kelly A. | last2 =Young | first3 = James A. | last3 = Wise | first4 = Eddie | last4 = Johnson | first5 = Brandon | last5 = Poe | first6 = Dean H. | last6 = Kruse | first7 = Oksana | last7 = Korol | first8 = Jody E. | last8 = Johnson | first9 = Mark | last9 = Womble | first10 = Peter | last10 = DeSaix | website = OpenStax | title = Anatomy and Physiology|chapter=17.6 The Adrenal Glands | date = Apr 25, 2013|location= Houston, Texas}}</ref> Fysiologisk stress inkluderar fysisk skada på kroppen, kirurgi, att gå utomhus i kalla och våta förhållanden utan jacka, och undernäring.<ref name="physiologicalstress" />

==ME/CFS==
Emotionell eller psykologisk stress, i synnerhet kronisk, anses vara en potentiell utlösare av [[sv:ME/CFS|ME/CFS]]. Det är även känt att emotionell stress förvärrar symptomen av ME/CFS. ME-patienter rådges vanligtvis att undvika stress närhelst möjligt.

==Autonoma nervsystemet ==
Stress orsakar kroppsliga förändringar via det [[sv:Autonoma nervsystemet|autonoma nervsystemet]].

==Nämnvärda studier==
Flera studier har funnit att det inte är ovanligt att uppleva stor psykologisk kronisk stress(från händelser som skillsmässa, sorg eller betydande ekonomiska problem) under året innan man utvecklar ME/CFS.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Hatcher | first = Simon | last2 = House | first2 = Allan | date = Oct 2003 | title = Life events, difficulties and dilemmas in the onset of chronic fatigue syndrome: a case-control study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14580073|journal=Psychological Medicine|volume=33|issue=7|pages=1185–1192|doi=10.1017/s0033291703008274|issn=0033-2917|pmid=14580073|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Theorell | first = T. | last2 = Blomkvist | first2 = V. | last3 = Lindh | first3 = G. | last4 = Evengård | first4 = B. | date = May 1999 | title = Critical life events, infections, and symptoms during the year preceding chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): an examination of CFS patients and subjects with a nonspecific life crisis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10367610|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|volume=61|issue=3|pages=304–310|issn=0033-3174|pmid=10367610|doi=|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Salit | first=Irving E. | date = 1997-01-01 | title = Precipitating factors for the chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395696000507|journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research|volume=31|issue=1|pages=59–65|doi=10.1016/S0022-3956(96)00050-7|issn=0022-3956}}</ref>

Kronisk psykologisk stress ökar kortisolet, vilket hämmar den antivirala/intracellulära immunresponsen från Th1 och T-cell responsen.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Dhabhar | first=Firdaus S | date = 2008-03-15 | title = Enhancing versus Suppressive Effects of Stress on Immune Function: Implications for Immunoprotection versus Immunopathology|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869337/|journal=Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology : Official Journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=2–11|doi=10.1186/1710-1492-4-1-2|issn=1710-1484|pmc=2869337|pmid=20525121}}</ref> Det har också visats att kronisk stress ökar risken för virusinfektion betydligt.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Murphy | first = Michael L. M. | last2 = Cohen | first2 = Sheldon | last3 = Janicki-Deverts | first3=Denise | last4 = Doyle | first4 = William J. | date = 2017-06-20 | title = Offspring of parents who were separated and not speaking to one another have reduced resistance to the common cold as adults|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28584098|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=114|issue=25 | pages = 6515–6520|doi=10.1073/pnas.1700610114|issn=1091-6490|pmc=5488935|pmid=28584098|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>

Denna ökade mottaglighet observeras inte efter kortsiktig intensiv stress(stressperioder som varar mindre än 1 månad).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Cohen | first = S. | last2 = Frank | first2 = E. | last3 = Doyle | first3 = W.J. | last4 = Skoner | first4 = D.P. | last5 = Rabin | first5 = B.S. | last6 = Gwaltney | first6 = J.M. | date=May 1998 | title = Types of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9619470|journal=Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association|volume=17|issue=3|pages=214–223|doi=10.1037//0278-6133.17.3.214|issn=0278-6133|pmid=9619470|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>

Eftersom ME/CFS vanligtvis framkommer efter intensiv virusinfektion, kanske förekomsten av kronisk stress försvagar immunsystemet och tillåter att ett normalt milt virus triggar den allvarliga sjukdomen ME/CFS.

==Se även ==
*[[Oxidative stress|Oxidativ stress]]
*[[Sv:Ångest|Ångest]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Exercise|Träning]]
*[[Cardiopulmonary exercise test|Kardiopulmonärt arbetsprov]] (CPET)
*[[Corticosteroids given during acute viral infection may trigger myalgic encephalomyelitis|Kartikosteroider givna under allvarlig virusinfektion kanske kan trigga myalgisk encefalomyelit]]

==Vidare Läsning==
*[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response Understanding the stress response] - Harvard Health
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23112806/ Neuronal Responses to Physiological Stress]

==Referenser==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Triggers and risk factors]]
[[Category:Psychological signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Swedish-language articles]]