Dorsal root ganglion

2021-09-10T09:45:56Z

AnneM:/* Sjogren’s syndrome */

[[File:Dorsal Root Ganglion.JPG|400px|thumb|right|Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG)]]
[[File:Spinal Cord Sectional Anatomy.png|300px|thumb|right|[[Spinal cord|Spinal Cord]] Sectional Anatomy (Note: Dorsal root and Dorsal root ganglion)]]

A '''dorsal root ganglion''' (DRG) is "a nodule in a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefullwiki.org/Dorsal_root_ganglia|title=Dorsal root ganglia : Wikis (The Full Wiki)|website=www.thefullwiki.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref> Generally speaking, each vertebra of the spinal column has both afferent (sensory) and efferent (effector) nerves emerging from inside the spine, and the dorsal/posterior side of the spine is where the afferent nerve emerges. Each afferent nerve has a bulge containing the cell bodies of the neurons in the afferent nerve. This bulge is called a dorsal root ganglion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/ganglion#ref114478|title=Ganglion {{!}} physiology|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-08-13|language=en}}</ref>

The neuron is parted of two parts:

#[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite Dendrite]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-06-06|title=Dendrite|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dendrite&oldid=844690110|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> receives the information and sends it to the Perykaron (cytoplasm which is around the nucleus).
#[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon Axon]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-07-23|title=Axon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axon&oldid=851666075|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> takes this information and sends forward.

== In human disease ==
[[File:Dorsal Root Ganglion Chicken.JPG|200px|thumb|right|"This is a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) from a chicken embryo (around stage of day 7) after incubation overnight in NGF growth medium stained with anti-neurofilament antibody. Axons growing out of the ganglion are visible."<ref name=":0" />]]Ganglionitis is [[inflammation]] of a nerve ganglion. The dorsal root ganglia can become inflamed causing severe pain and other symptoms. Conditions that can cause dorsa root ganglionitis include trauma, sciatica, compressive neuropathy, herniated disc, [[Cervical spinal stenosis|spinal stenosis]], peripheral neuropathy, [[meningitis]], and [[Spinal cord|spinal]] <nowiki/>infections<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=C.|last2=Greenquist|first2=K. W.|last3=Lamotte|first3=R. H.|date=Apr 2006|title=Inflammatory mediators enhance the excitability of chronically compressed dorsal root ganglion neurons|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16381809|journal=Journal of Neurophysiology|volume=95|issue=4|pages=2098–2107|doi=10.1152/jn.00748.2005|issn=0022-3077|pmid=16381809}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rightdiagnosis.com/organ/dorsal_root_ganglion.htm|title=Dorsal Root Ganglion - RightDiagnosis.com|website=www.rightdiagnosis.com|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref>, including [[Herpes simplex]] virus 1.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Slavin|first=Konstantin V.|last2=Jain|first2=Paavani|last3=Rathore|first3=Ranvir S.|last4=Rakic|first4=Andrei M.|last5=Rathore|first5=Jaivir S.|last6=Valyi-Nagy|first6=Tibor|date=2017|title=Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Human Cervical Dorsal Root Ganglionitis|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/479146|journal=Case Reports in Neurology|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=188–194|doi=10.1159/000479146|issn=1662-680X|pmid=28966586}}</ref>

===ME/CFS ===
[[Inflammation]] of the dorsal root ganglia (ganglionitis) has been found in the [[Autopsy|autopsies]] of several [[Severe and very severe ME|very severely ill]] [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] patients including [[Lynn Gilderdale]], [[Sophia Mirza]] and [[Merryn Crofts]].{{Citation needed|reason=}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/bed-bound-unimaginable-pain-watching-14474293|title='Bed-bound and in unimaginable pain, watching my daughter waste away and die from ME was torture'|last=Wilkinson|first=Damon|date=2018-04-01|work=men|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sophiaandme.org.uk/legal/l1.jpg|title=Certified Copy of an Entry - Death|last=Mirza|first=Sophia|date=Nov 15, 2005|website=sophiaandme.org.uk|publisher=City and County of Brighton and Hove|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://niceguidelines.blogspot.com/2011/04/lynn-gilderdales-autopsy-showed-dorsal.html|title=Lynn Gilderdale's autopsy showed 'dorsal root ganglionitis' - infected nerve roots, just like Sophia Mirza's|last=Dr. Speedy|first=|date=Apr 16, 2011|website=niceguidelines.blogspot.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== Sjogren’s syndrome ===
13 [[Sjögren's syndrome|Sjogren’s]] patients with autonomic dysfunction were found to have lymphocytic (T‐cell) infiltration in the dorsal roots and ganglia, Electrophysical studies also found involvement of the dorsal root ganglia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Malinow|first=K.|last2=Yannakakis|first2=G. D.|last3=Glusman|first3=S. M.|last4=Edlow|first4=D. W.|last5=Griffin|first5=J.|last6=Pestronk|first6=A.|last7=Powell|first7=D. L.|last8=Ramsey‐Goldman|first8=R.|last9=Eidelman|first9=B. H.|date=1986|title=Subacute sensory neuronopathy secondary to dorsal root ganglionitis in primary Sjögren's syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ana.410200416|journal=Annals of Neurology|language=|volume=20|issue=4|pages=535–537|doi=10.1002/ana.410200416|issn=1531-8249}}</ref> Antiganglion autoantibodies have been detected in patients with sensory neuronopathy.<ref name=":1" />

== Chronic pain ==
Changes in microRNA expression in the dorsal root ganglia are consistently found in pre-clinical [[chronic pain]] patients, leading to clinical trials targetting dorsal root ganglia stimulation as a potential treatment for chronic pain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Montague-Cardoso|first=Karli|last2=Malcangio|first2=Marzia|date=2020-09-14|title=The role of microRNAs in neurons and neuroimmune communication in the dorsal root ganglia in chronic pain|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394020305000|journal=Neuroscience Letters|language=en|volume=735|pages=135230|doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135230|issn=0304-3940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deer|first=Timothy R.|last2=Grigsby|first2=Eric|last3=Weiner|first3=Richard L.|last4=Wilcosky|first4=Bernard|last5=Kramer|first5=Jeffery M.|date=2013|title=A Prospective Study of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for the Relief of Chronic Pain|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ner.12013|journal=Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=67–72|doi=10.1111/ner.12013|issn=1525-1403}}</ref>

== Learn more ==
* 2006, [[pubmed:16381809|Inflammatory mediators enhance the excitability of chronically compressed dorsal root ganglion neurons.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=C.|last2=Greenquist|first2=K. W.|last3=Lamotte|first3=R. H.|date=2006|title=Inflammatory mediators enhance the excitability of chronically compressed dorsal root ganglion neurons|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16381809|journal=Journal of Neurophysiology|volume=95|issue=4|pages=2098–2107|doi=10.1152/jn.00748.2005|issn=0022-3077|pmid=16381809|via=}}</ref>
* 2013, dorsal root ganglionitis: Kay Gilderdale writes of her late, severely affected, daughter:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.talkhealthpartnership.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4600|title=dorsal root ganglionitis - Kay Gilderdale writes of her late, severely affected, daughter|last=|first=|date=Aug 14, 2013|website=talkhealthpartnership.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref>

* 2014, Inflammation in dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury: Effects of the sympathetic innervation<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014-05-01|title=Inflammation in dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury: Effects of the sympathetic innervation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070213007790|journal=Autonomic Neuroscience|language=en|volume=182|pages=108–117|doi=10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.009|issn=1566-0702}}</ref>

* 2015, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Dorsal Root Ganglionitis in a 34 Year Old Male With Occipital Neuralgia Refractory to Medical and Radiofrequency Ablation Therapies: A Clinicopathological Report and Literature Review (P1.293)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rathore|first=Jaivir|last2=Slavin|first2=Konstantin|last3=Rathore|first3=Ranvir|last4=Rakic|first4=Andrei|last5=Valyi-Nagy|first5=Tibor|date=2015-04-06|title=Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Dorsal Root Ganglionitis in a 34 Year Old Male With Occipital Neuralgia Refractory to Medical and Radiofrequency Ablation Therapies: A Clinicopathological Report and Literature Review (P1.293)|url=http://n.neurology.org/content/84/14_Supplement/P1.293|journal=Neurology|language=en|volume=84|issue=14 Supplement|pages=P1.293|issn=0028-3878}}</ref>
* 2015, Dorsal Root Ganglionitis - infection of inflammation?<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://forums.phoenixrising.me/index.php?threads/dorsal-root-ganglionitis-infection-of-inflammation.35142/|title=Dorsal Root Ganglionitis - infection of inflammation?|work=Phoenix Rising ME / CFS Forums|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [https://www.thefullwiki.org/Dorsal_root_ganglion Dorsal root ganglion: Wikis]<ref name=":0" /> Images and diagrams.
* [http://eugraph.com/histology/nervous/drgang.html Histology Photomicrographs]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eugraph.com/histology/nervous/drgang.html|title=Histology Photomicrographs - Dorsal root ganglion|last=Hart|first=Karen|date=|website=eugraph.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref>
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTPqAYqMsFk Shotgun Histology Dorsal Root Ganglion]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTPqAYqMsFk|title=Shotgun Histology Dorsal Root Ganglion|last=|first=|date=Aug 23, 2007|website=YouTube|publisher=WashingtonDeceit|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref> Video
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaEKaAHgOus Slide 42 - Dorsal Root Sensory Ganglion]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaEKaAHgOus|title=Slide 42 - Dorsal Root Sensory Ganglion|last=Larsen|first=Stephen|date=Apr 2, 2010|website=YouTube|publisher=DrStephenLarsen|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref> Video explanation of histology slide

== See also ==
*[[Glial cell]]
*[[Lynn Gilderdale]]
*[[Merryn Crofts]]
*[[Microglia]]
*[[Nervous system]]
*[[Sophia Mirza]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Anatomy]]
[[Category:Body systems]]
[[Category:Central nervous system]]
[[Category:Neurology]]

MEpedia - User contributions [en]

Dorsal root ganglion