Mitochondrion

2018-04-20T04:37:52Z

AbstractMonkey:/* Biogenesis */ Added another primary means of stimulating mitochondria

[[File:Mitochondrion.png|frame|right|A single cellular mitochondrion]]'''Mitochondria''' are organelles found in all cells that have a nucleus. In the human body, that would be all cells except red blood cells. They generate most of a cell's energy by manufacturing adenosine triphosphate, [[ATP]]. Mitochondria have their own independent genome called [[mitochondrial DNA]].

==Biogenesis==

Mitochondria biogenesis (the creation of new mitochondria) can be increased via [[hormesis]], the exposure of the body to short-term stressors. Healthy stressors include [[exercise]], [[fasting]], [[cryotherapy|cold]], [[thermotherapy|heat]] and light. [[Resveratrol]] can also increase mitochondrial biogenesis.

==Immunity==

Mitochondria play crucial role in [[innate immune system|innate immunity]], namely through their induction of [[interferon]] production and [[apoptosis]] through [[mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein]] (MAVS). Many viruses evade host immunity by cleaving or downregulating MAVS.

== In human disease ==

Infection with pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can all induce changes in mitochondrial function and energy metabolism.

Viruses can induce or inhibit mitochondrial processes in order to replicate. "Viruses like [[Herpes simplex virus]] 1 deplete the host mitochondrial DNA and some, like human immunodeficiency virus and Hepatitis C Virus, hijack the host mitochondrial proteins to function fully inside the host cell."<ref name="Anand2013" /><ref name="Siu2016" /> [[Hepatitis C]] has also been shown to "fragment host mitochondria".<ref name="Siu2016" />

Parasites such as ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'' have also been shown to modulate host energy metabolism and dysregulate mitochondrial function,<ref name="Saric2009" />, as have bacteria <ref name="Rudel2010" /> such as ''[[E. coli]]'', which has been shown to modulate mitochondrial receptor function.<ref name="Nagai2005" />

Mitochondrial disease has a high prevalence of fatigue and debilitation.<ref name="Gorman2015" />

=== Chronic fatigue syndrome ===

There is evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] patients. Muscle biopsies have shown evidence of mitochondrial degeneration <ref name="Behan1991" />, deletions of mitochondrial DNA <ref name="Vecchiet1996" /><ref name="ZhangC1995" />, the reduction of mitochondrial activity <ref name="Vecchiet1996" />, and [[Sarah Myhill]] found measurable mitochondrial dysfunction correlating with severity of illness.<ref name="Booth2012" /><ref name="Myhill2009" /> Myhill also produced improvement by targeting those dysfunctions.<ref name="Myhill2013" /> Mitochondrial DNA variants correlate with symptoms, symptom clusters & symptom severity.<ref name="BillingRoss2016" />

[[Mitochondrial disorders]] can be mistaken for [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]].<ref name="Galán2015" />

There is evidence of genetic risk factors for mitochondrial dysfunction in related diseases such as complex regional pain syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome ([[POTS]]), and [[dysautonomia]].<ref name="Boles2015" />

==Potential treatment==
[[Garth Nicolson]] has proposed that mitochondrial [[lipid replacement therapy]] can ameliorate mitochondrial related fatigue using a proprietary blend of phospholipids called [[NT Factor]].

[[Courtney Craig]] has proposed treatment of mitochondrial damage in [[ME/CFS]] patients using [[fasting]], [[caloric restriction]] and a [[ketogenic diet]].<ref name="Craig2015" />

==Notable studies==

*2016, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27389587 Exercise-induced mitochondrial dysfunction: a myth or reality?]
*2016, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788480 Pharmacological NAD-Boosting Strategies Improve Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Human Complex I-Mutant Fibroblasts]
*2015, [https://meaustralia.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/metabolic-profiling-reveals-anomalous-energy-metabolism-and-oxidative-stress-pathways-in-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-patients.pdf Metabolic profiling reveals anomalous energy metabolism and oxidative stress pathways in chronic fatigue syndrome patients]
*1997, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9149090 Chronic fatigue syndrome and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function]

==Videos==

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSlEmBeHlgg "Mitochondria: The Powerhouse of the Cell" by Bozeman Science]

==Learn more==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion Wikipedia - Mitochondrion]
*2016, [http://www.labroots.com/trending/immunology/3536/immune-system-conserves-energy-altering-metabolism Immune System Conserves Energy By Altering Metabolism]
*2016, [http://www.meassociation.org.uk/2016/03/me-association-to-fund-fourth-study-into-the-role-of-the-mitochondria-in-mecfs-10-march-2016/ ME Association to fund fourth study into the role of the mitochondria in ME/CFS] ([[ME Association]])
*[http://www.drmyhill.co.uk/wiki/CFS_-_The_Central_Cause:_Mitochondrial_Failure CFS - The Central Cause - Mitochondrial Failure] ([[Sarah Myhill]])
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/forums/threads/me-association-goes-all-in-on-the-mitochondria-in-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-me-cfs.4645/ ME Association Goes All in on the Mitochondria in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)]
*2016, [https://meaustralia.net/2016/07/06/australian-metabolomics-study-of-young-women/ Australian metabolomics study of young women with ME/CFS (CCC)]
*2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/05/19/mitochondria-man-gets-money-uk-goes-mega-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-research-moves-forward/ "Mitochondria Man Gets Money UK Goes Mega Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research Moves Forward"]

==See also==

*[[Cellular respiration]]
*[[Sarah Myhill]]
*[[Robert Naviaux]]
*[[NT Factor]]
*[[NADH]]
*[[Ketogenic diet]]
*[[Exercise]]
*[[Genetics of chronic fatigue syndrome|Genetics]]
*[[Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein]] (MAVS)

== Unused Citations ==

Armstrong2014 <ref name="Armstrong2014" />
Vermeulen2010 <ref name="Vermeulen2010" />
Maes2009 <ref name="Maes2009" />
Morris2013 <ref name="Morris2013" />.
Morris2014 <ref name="Morris2014" />
Meeus2013 <ref name="Meeus2013" />

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==Citations==
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Mitochondrion