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[[File:Reeves.jpg|right|200px]] '''William C. Reeves, MD, MS''' (27 March 1943 - 3 Aug 2012) was an epidemiologist and former [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS) Research Chief of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) from 1992 to 2010. He was criticized for promoting psychological causal factors for [[ME/CFS]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/09/health/dr-william-c-reeves-who-sought-cause-of-fatigue-syndrome-dies-at-69.html | title = Dr. William C. Reeves, Who Sought Cause of Fatigue Syndrome, Dies at 69 | last =Grady | first = Denise | date = 2012-08-08|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-06-24|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> as well as for his department misspending funds appropriated for ME/CFS.<ref>Joe, S., & Valerie, S. (n.d.). [[CDC]] Misled Congress on Spending, Records Show Agency Diverted Funding, Filed False Reports. Retrieved July 16, 2016 from http://www.wicfs-me.org/wi_cfs_-5.htm.</ref> In 2010, he was removed from the [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] program and reassigned as Senior Advisor for Mental Health Surveillance in the Public Health Surveillance Program Office within the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topix.com/forum/atlanta/TAINT9O7K12CMJ864 | title = Topix|website=topix.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref> He died at his home in Atlanta on Aug. 3, 2012 at the age of 69.<ref name=":0" /> ==Wichita clinical study== From December 2002 to July 2003 in Wichita, Kansas, US, a two-day in-hospital clinical assessment study, named the [[Wichita Clinical Study]], was conducted by Reeves and his CDC department. The complete data set is available on the [http://www.cdc.gov/cfs/programs/wichita-data-access/index.html CDC Wichita Clinical Study Data Access website]. The study enrolled 227 people and classified them into five study groups, one with CFS patients as defined by the 1994 CDC [[Fukuda criteria]] case definition, one non-fatigued control group and three other groups reporting ongoing fatigue.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/index.html | title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2019-05-21 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref> The main objective of the study was to characterize the physiologic status of subjects with CFS<ref name=":2" /> and to apply the 1994 CFS criteria to standardized reproducible criteria.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last =Reeves | first = William C | authorlink = William Reeves | last2 = Wagner | first2=Dieter | author-link2 = | last3 = Nisenbaum | first3 = Rosane | author-link3 = | last4 = Jones | first4=James F | authorlink4 = | last5 = Gurbaxani | first5 = Brian | authorlink5 = | last6 = Solomon | first6 = Laura | authorlink6 = | last7 = Papanicolaou | first7 = Dimitris A | last8 = Unger | first8 = Elizabeth R | authorlink8 = Elizabeth Unger | last9 = Vernon | first9 = Suzanne D | authorlink9 = Suzanne Vernon | date = Dec 2005 | title = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – A clinically empirical approach to its definition and study|url=http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-3-19|journal=BMC Medicine|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.1186/1741-7015-3-19|issn=1741-7015|quote=|via=}}</ref> The conclusion of the Wichita Clinical Study published in 2005 stated: "The empirical definition includes all aspects of CFS specified in the 1994 case definition and identifies persons with CFS in a precise manner that can be readily reproduced by both investigators and clinicians."<ref name=":1" /> In 2006, Reeves spoke at ''The National Press Club'' as part of a "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Awareness Campaign". Using results from the Wichita Clinical Study, he stated: "When we completed the medical workups of people in Wichita to confirm that they had CFS, we found that only half of those with the illness had consulted a physician for the illness. We found that only 16 percent had been diagnosed and treated for CFS...We found that a quarter of the people with CFS are either unemployed or receiving disability...We’ve documented, as have others, that the level of functional impairment in people who suffer from CFS is comparable to multiple sclerosis, AIDS, end-stage renal failure, [or] chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The disability is equivalent to that of some well-known, very severe medical conditions.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t061103.htm | title = CDC Press Briefing Transcripts November 3, 2006 | last =Master | first=OEC Web|website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref> ==Case definition== In 2005, the CDC published a paper outlining the Wichita Clinical Study which stated that the 1994 CDC case definition of CFS (called the empirical definition or the Fukuda criteria) was an accurate case definition. The study has garnered much criticism for not being specific enough to exclude patients which other illnesses. In particular, there is no mention of [[post-exertional malaise]], instead they use the symptom "post-exertional fatigue."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/index.html | title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2019-05-21 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://me-pedia.org/wiki/Reeves_criteria#Criticism | title = Reeves criteria - MEpedia|website=me-pedia.org|language=en|access-date=2019-06-25}}</ref> Since the study was led by Reeves, the case definition is sometimes referred to as the [[Reeves criteria]] although it has no distinction from the [[Fukuda criteria|1994 CDC case definition]] of CFS. ==Notable studies related to ME/CFS== *1997, The Prevalence of Chronic Fatiguing Illnesses Among Adolescents in the [[United States]]<ref name="Dobbins, 1997" /> - [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/j092v03n02_03 (Abstract)] *1999, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Progression and Self-Defined Recovery: Evidence from the CDC Surveillance System<ref name="Reyes, 1999" /> - [http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v05n01_03 (Abstract)] *2003, Identification of ambiguities in the [[Fukuda criteria|1994 chronic fatigue syndrome research case definition]] and recommendations for resolution<ref name="Reeves,2003">{{Citation | last1 = Reeves | first1 = W.C. | authorlink = William Reeves | last2 = Lloyd | first2=A. | authorlink2 = Andrew Lloyd | last3 = Vernon | first3=S.D. | authorlink3 = Suzanne Vernon | last4 = Klimas | first4 = N. | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Jason | first5 = L.A. | authorlink5 = Leonard Jason | last6 = Bleijenberg | first6 = G. | authorlink6 = Gijs Bleijenberg | last7 = Evengard | first7 = B. | authorlink7 = Birgitta Evengård | last8 = White | first8 = P.D. | authorlink8 = Peter White | last9 = Nisenbaum | first9 = R. | author-link9 = Rosane Nisenbaum | last10 = Unger | first10 = E. | authorlink10=Elizabeth Unger | title = Identification of ambiguities in the 1994 chronic fatigue syndrome research case definition and recommendations for resolution|journal=BMC Health Services Research|volume=3|issue=25 | date = 2003 | doi=10.1186/1472-6963-3-25}}</ref> - [https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-3-25 (Full Text)] *2004, Factor analysis of symptoms among subjects with unexplained chronic fatigue: what can we learn about chronic fatigue syndrome?<ref name="Nisenbaum, 2004" /> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016574 (Abstract)] *2005, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – A clinically empirical approach to its definition and study<ref name=":1" /> - [https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-3-19 (Full Text)] *2005, Psychometric properties of the [[CDC 2005 Symptom Inventory for CFS|CDC Symptom Inventory]] for assessment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name="Wagner, 2005" /> - [https://pophealthmetrics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1478-7954-3-8 (Full Text)] *2006, Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: Prospective cohort study<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Hickie | first = Ian | author-link = Ian Hickie | last2 = Davenport | first2=Tracey | author-link2 = Tracey Davenport | last3 = Wakefield | first3=Denis | author-link3 = Denis Wakefield | last4 = Vollmer-Conna | first4 = Ute | authorlink4 = Uté Vollmer-Conna | last5 = Cameron | first5 = Barbara | authorlink5 = Barbara Cameron | last6 = Vernon | first6 = Suzanne D | authorlink6 = Suzanne Vernon | last7 = Reeves | first7 = William C | authorlink7 = William Reeves | last8 = Lloyd | first8 = Andrew | authorlink8 = Andrew Lloyd| date = 2006-09-16 | title = Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study|url=http://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.38933.585764.AE|journal=BMJ|volume=333|issue=7568|pages=575–|doi=10.1136/bmj.38933.585764.ae|pmc=1569956|pmid=16950834|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6838807_Post-infective_and_chronic_fatigue_syndromes_precipitated_by_viral_and_non-viral_pathogens_Prospective_cohort_study (Full Text)] *2006, Sleep characteristics of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome and non-fatigued controls: results from a population-based study<ref name="Reeves,2006" /> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2483445/ (Full Text)] *2006, [[Cognitive dysfunction]] relates to subjective report of mental fatigue in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Capuron, 2006" /> - [https://www.nature.com/articles/1301005 (Full Text)] *2006, Preliminary evidence of [[mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] dysfunction associated with post-infective fatigue after acute infection with [[Epstein-Barr virus|Epstein Barr Virus]]<ref name="Vernon, 2006" /> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1373655/ (Full Text)] *2007, Perception versus polysomnographic assessment of sleep in CFS and non-fatigued control subjects: results from a population-based study<ref name="Majer, 2007" /> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2231384/ (Full Text)] *2009, An evaluation of exclusionary medical/psychiatric conditions in the definition of chronic fatigue syndrome<ref>{{Cite journal | last= Jones | first = James F | author-link = James Jones | last2 = Lin | first2=Jin-Mann S | authorlink2 = Jin-Mann Sally Lin | last3 = Maloney | first3 = Elizabeth M | authorlink3 = Elizabeth M. Maloney | last4 = Boneva | first4 = Roumiana S | authorlink4 = | last5 = Nater | first5 = Urs M | authorlink5 = | last6 = Unger | first6 = Elizabeth R | authorlink6 = Elizabeth Unger | last7 = Reeves | first7 = William C | authorlink7 = William Reeves| date = Dec 2009 | title = An evaluation of exclusionary medical/psychiatric conditions in the definition of chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-7-57|journal=BMC Medicine|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.1186/1741-7015-7-57|issn=1741-7015|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768736/ (Full Text)] *2009, Chronic fatigue syndrome and high allostatic load: results from a population-based case-control study in Georgia<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Maloney | first = Elizabeth M. | last2 = Boneva | first2 = Roumiana | last3 = Nater | first3=Urs M. | last4 = Reeves | first4=William C. | authorlink4 = William Reeves| date = Jun 2009 | title = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and High Allostatic Load: Results From a Population-Based Case-Control Study in Georgia|url=https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00006842-200906000-00010|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|language=en|volume=71|issue=5|pages=549–556|doi=10.1097/psy.0b013e3181a4fea8|issn=0033-3174|via=}}</ref> - [[pubmed:19414615|(Abstract)]] *2009, Childhood Trauma and Risk for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Association With Neuroendocrine Dysfunction<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Heim | first = Christine Heim | authorlink = Christine | last2 = Nater | first2=Urs M. | author-link2 = Urs Nater | last3=Maloney | first3 = Elizabeth | authorlink3 = Elizabeth M. Maloney | last4 = Boneva | first4 = Roumiana | authorlink4 = Roumiana Boneva | last5 = Jones | first5 = James F. | authorlink5 = James Jones | last6 = Reeves | first6 = William C. | authorlink6 = William Reeves| date = 2009-01-01 | title = Childhood Trauma and Risk for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Association With Neuroendocrine Dysfunction|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.508|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=66|issue=1|pages=72|doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.508|issn=0003-990X|quote=|via=}}</ref> *2011, Gynecological History in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Population-Based Case-Control Study<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Boneva | first = Roumiana S. | last2 = Maloney | first2 = Elizabeth M. | last3 = Lin | first3 = Jin-Mann | last4 = Jones | first4=James F. | last5 = Wieser | first5 = Friedrich | last6 = Nater | first6 = Urs M. | last7 = Heim | first7 = Christine M. | last8 = Reeves | first8 = William C. | date = Jan 2011 | title = Gynecological history in chronic fatigue syndrome: a population-based case-control study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21091051|journal=Journal of Women's Health (2002)|volume=20|issue=1|pages=21–28|doi=10.1089/jwh.2009.1900|issn=1931-843X|pmc=3017420|pmid=21091051|quote= | author-link3 = Jin-Mann Sally Lin | authorlink4 = | authorlink5 = |via= | authorlink8 = William Reeves}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017420/ (Full Text)] *2012, Prevalence, incidence, and classification of chronic fatigue syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, as estimated using the Rochester Epidemiology Project.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Vincent | first=Ann | author-link = Ann Vincent | last2 = Brimmer | first2=Dana J. | last3 = Whipple | first3 = Mary O. | last4 = Jones | first4=James F. | last5 = Boneva | first5 = Roumiana | last6 = Lahr | first6 = Brian D. | last7 = Maloney | first7 = Elizabeth | last8 = St. Sauver | first8 = Jennifer L. | last9 = Reeves | first9 = William C. | authorlink9 = William Reeves| date = Dec 2012 | title = Prevalence, Incidence, and Classification of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, as Estimated Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025619612009238|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=87|issue=12|pages=1145–1152|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.08.015|issn=0025-6196|pmc=|pmid=23140977|via=}}</ref> == News articles== * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/08/06/retaliation-alleged-at-cdc/c3ea5fdd-fc7f-4cd1-8dbf-c42e76f75c7f/ 1999 Washington Post article about Dr. Reeves being retaliated against following the CFS budget misspending] * [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/09/health/dr-william-c-reeves-who-sought-cause-of-fatigue-syndrome-dies-at-69.html?_r=0 Obituary] ==Talks and interviews== *2000 Documentary, ''[[I Remember Me]],'' directed by Kim A. Snyder<ref name="imdb">http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0293270/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl</ref><ref name="rt">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = I Remember Me | date = |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/i_remember_me|work=Rotten Tomatoes|language=en|access-date=2021-12-07}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] *[[Wichita Clinical Study]] *[[Reeves criteria]] ==References== <references> <ref name="Capuron, 2006">{{Citation | last1 = Capuron | first1 = Lucile | authorlink1 = | last2 = Welberg | first2 = Leonie | authorlink2 = | last3 = Heim | first3 = Christine | authorlink3 = | last4 = Wagner | first4 = Dieter | authorlink4 = | last5 = Solomon | first5 = Laura| authorlink5 = | last6 = Papanicolaou | first6 = Dimitris A | authorlink6 = | last7 = Craddock | first7 = R Cameron | authorlink7 = | last8 = Miller | first8 = Andrew H | authorlink8 = | last9 = Reeves | first9 = William C | authorlink9 = William Reeves | title = Cognitive Dysfunction Relates to Subjective Report of Mental Fatigue in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 31 | issue = | page = 1777–1784 | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1038/sj.npp.1301005 }}</ref> <ref name="Dobbins, 1997">{{Citation | last1 = Dobbins | first1 = James G. | authorlink1 = | last2 = Randall | first2 = Bonnie| authorlink2 = | last3 = Reyes | first3 = Michele | authorlink3 = | last4 = Steete | first4 = Lea| authorlink4 = | last5 = Livens | first5 = Elizabeth A. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Reeves | first6 = William C. | authorlink6 = William Reeves | title = The Prevalence of Chronic Fatiguing Illnesses Among Adolescents in the United States | journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | page = 15-27 | date = 1997 | pmid = | doi = 10.1300/J092v03n02_03 }}</ref> <ref name="Majer, 2007">{{Citation | last1 = Majer | first1 = M | authorlink1 = | last2 = Jones | first2 = JF | authorlink2 = | last3 = Unger | first3 = E | authorlink3 = Elizabeth Unger | last4 = Youngblood | first4 = LS | authorlink4 = | last5 = Decker | first5 = MJ | authorlink5 = | last6 = Gurbaxani | first6 = B | authorlink6 = | last7 = Heim | first7 = C | authorlink7 = | last8 = Reeves | first8 = WC | authorlink8 = William Reeves | title = Perception versus polysomnographic assessment of sleep in CFS and non-fatigued control subjects: results from a population-based study | journal = BMC Neurology | volume = 7 | issue = 40 | page = | date = 2007 | pmid = 18053240 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2377-7-40 }}</ref> <ref name="Nisenbaum, 2004">{{Citation | last1 = Nisenbaum | first1 = R | authorlink1 = | last2 = Reyes | first2 = M | authorlink2 = | last3 = Unger | first3 = ER | authorlink3 = Elizabeth Unger | last4 = Reeves | first4 = W | authorlink4 = William Reeves | title = Factor analysis of symptoms among subjects with unexplained chronic fatigue: what can we learn about chronic fatigue syndrome? | journal = J Psychosom Res. | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | page = 171-8 | date = Feb 2004 | pmid = 15016574 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00039-4 }}</ref> <ref name="Reeves,2006">{{Citation | last1 = Reeves | first1 = W. C. | authorlink1 = William Reeves | last2 = Heim | first2 = C. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Maloney | first3 = E. M. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Youngblood | first4 = L. S. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Unger | first5 = E. R. | authorlink5 = Elizabeth Unger | last6 = Decker | first6 = M. J. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Jones | first7 = J. F. | authorlink7 = | last8 = Rye | first8 = D. B. | authorlink8 = | title = Sleep characteristics of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome and non-fatigued controls: results from a population-based study | journal = BMC Neurology | volume = 6 | issue = 41 | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2377-6-41 }}</ref> <ref name="Reyes, 1999">{{Citation | last1 = Reyes | first1 = Michele | authorlink1 = | last2 = Dobbins | first2 = James G. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Nisenbaum | first3 = Rosane| authorlink3 = | last4 = Subedar | first4 = Nazerah S. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Randall | first5 = Bonnie| authorlink5 = | last6 = Reeves | first6 = William C. | authorlink6 = William Reeves | title = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Progression and Self-Defined Recovery: Evidence from the CDC Surveillance System | journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | page = 17-27 | date = 1999 | pmid = | doi = 10.1300/J092v05n01_03 }}</ref> <ref name="Vernon, 2006">{{Citation | last1 = Vernon | first1 = SD | authorlink1 = Suzanne Vernon | last2 = Whistler | first2 = T | authorlink2 = | last3 = Cameron | first3 = B | authorlink3 = | last4 = Hickie | first4 = IB | authorlink4 = | last5 = Reeves | first5 = WC | authorlink5 = William Reeves | last6 = Lloyd | first6 = A | authorlink6 = Andrew Lloyd | title = Preliminary evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with post-infective fatigue after acute infection with Epstein Barr Virus | journal = BMC Infectious Diseases | volume = 6 | issue = 15 | page = | date = 2006 | pmid = 16448567 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-6-15 }}</ref> <ref name="Wagner, 2005">{{Citation | last1 = Wagner | first1 = Dieter | authorlink1 = | last2 = Nisenbaum | first2 = Rosane | authorlink2 = | last3 = Heim | first3 = Christine | authorlink3 = | last4 = Jones | first4 = James F. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Unger | first5 = Elizabeth R. | authorlink5 = Elizabeth Unger | last6 = Reeves | first6 = William C. | authorlink6 = William Reeves | title = Psychometric properties of the CDC Symptom Inventory for assessment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. | journal = Population Health Metrics | volume = 3 | issue = 8 | page = 1 | date = 2005 | doi = 10.1186/1478-7954-3-8 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Psychological paradigm proponents]] [[Category:Researchers]] [[Category:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention officials]] [[Category:US researchers]]
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