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=== Atlantoaxial instability === {{Main article|page_name=Atlantoaxial instability}}Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is characterized by excessive movement at the junction between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) as a result of either a bone or ligament abnormality. It can be caused by congenital conditions, inflammatory conditions like [[rheumatoid arthritis]], as a result of physical trauma, or infection.<ref name="AI-medscape">{{Cite journal | date = 2019-11-10 | title = Atlantoaxial Instability: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1265682-overview|website=Medscape}}</ref> It has been associated with Down syndrome, Morquio syndrome,<ref name="Li2010">{{Cite journal | last =Li | first = Ming-Feng | last2 = Chiu | first2 = Pao-Chin | last3 = Weng | first3 = Mei-Jui | last4 = Lai | first4 = Ping-Hong | date = 2010-12-13 | title = Atlantoaxial Instability and Cervical Cord Compression in Morquio Syndrome|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/801729|journal=Archives of Neurology|language=en|volume=67|issue=12|pages=1530–1530|doi=10.1001/archneurol.2010.308|issn=0003-9942}}</ref> [[Marfan syndrome]],<ref name="Herza2002">{{Cite journal | last =Herzka | first = Andrea | last2 = Sponseller | first2=Paul D. | last3 = Pyeritz | first3 = Reed E. | date = 2000-02-15 | title = Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation in Patients With Marfan Syndrome: A Report of Three Cases|url=https://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/Abstract/2000/02150/Atlantoaxial_Rotatory_Subluxation_in_Patients_With.22.aspx|journal=Spine|language=en-US|volume=25|issue=4|pages=524|issn=0362-2436}}</ref><ref name="MacKenzie2003">{{Cite journal | last =MacKenzie | first = James MacKintosh | last2 = Rankin | first2 = Rosslyn | date = Dec 2003 | title = Sudden Death Due to Atlantoaxial Subluxation in Marfan Syndrome|url=https://journals.lww.com/amjforensicmedicine/Abstract/2003/12000/Sudden_Death_Due_to_Atlantoaxial_Subluxation_in.12.aspx|journal=The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology|language=en-US|volume=24|issue=4|pages=369|doi=10.1097/01.paf.0000097853.26115.bb|issn=0195-7910|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> and [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]].<ref name="Halko1995">{{Cite journal | last =Halko | first = G.J. | authorlink = | last2 = Cobb | first2 = R.|author-link2 = | last3 = Abeles | first3=M. | author-link3 = | date = Nov 1995 | title = Patients with type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome may be predisposed to atlantoaxial subluxation|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8596160/|journal=The Journal of Rheumatology|volume=22|issue=11|pages=2152–2155|doi=|issn=0315-162X|pmc=|pmid=8596160|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Henderson2017" /><ref name="Castori2015">{{Cite journal | last =Castori | first = Marco | last2 = Morlino | first2 = Silvia | last3 = Ghibellini | first3 = Giulia | last4 = Celletti | first4 = Claudia | last5 = Camerota | first5 = Filippo | last6 = Grammatico | first6 = Paola | date = 2015 | title=Connective tissue, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome(s), and head and cervical pain|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajmg.c.31426|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics|language=en|volume=169|issue=1 | pages = 84–96|doi=10.1002/ajmg.c.31426|issn=1552-4876}}</ref><ref name="Lane2006">{{Cite journal | last =Lane | first = D. | date = 2006-08-01 | title = Anaesthetic Implications of Vascular Type Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057X0603400412|journal=Anaesthesia and Intensive Care|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|pages=501–505|doi=10.1177/0310057X0603400412|issn=0310-057X}}</ref><ref name="Dordoni2016">{{Cite journal | last =Dordoni | first = Chiara | last2 = Ciaccio | first2 = Claudia | last3 = Venturini | first3 = Marina | last4 = Calzavara‐Pinton | first4=Piergiacomo | last5 = Ritelli | first5 = Marco | last6 = Colombi | first6 = Marina | date = 2016 | title=Further delineation of FKBP14-related Ehlers–Danlos syndrome: A patient with early vascular complications and non-progressive kyphoscoliosis, and literature review | url =https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajmg.a.37728|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A|language=en|volume=170|issue=8|pages=2031–2038|doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.37728|issn=1552-4833}}</ref><ref name="Giunta2018">{{Cite journal | last =Giunta | first = Cecilia | last2 = Baumann | first2 = Matthias | last3 = Fauth | first3 = Christine | last4 = Lindert | first4=Uschi | last5 = Abdalla | first5 = Ebtesam M. | last6 = Brady | first6 = Angela F. | last7 = Collins | first7 = James | last8 = Dastgir | first8 = Jahannaz | last9 = Donkervoort | first9 = Sandra | date = Jan 2018 | title = A cohort of 17 patients with kyphoscoliotic Ehlers–Danlos syndrome caused by biallelic mutations in FKBP14 : expansion of the clinical and mutational spectrum and description of the natural history|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/gim201770|journal=Genetics in Medicine|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=42–54|doi=10.1038/gim.2017.70|issn=1530-0366|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Bhahirati1990">{{Cite journal | last =Bhatia | first = S.J. | authorlink = | last2 = Rathod | first2 = N.M.|author-link2 = | last3 = Vasudevan | first3= D. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Abraham | first4 = P. | authorlink4 = | date = May 1990 | title = Sporadic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with neurologic, cardiac and dental involvement|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2387821/|journal=The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India|volume=38|issue=5|pages=361–363|doi=|issn=0004-5772|pmc=|pmid=2387821|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Galan1995">{{Cite journal | last =Galan | first=Enrique | last2 = Kousseff | first2 = Boris G. | date = 1995-04-01 | title = Peripheral neuropathy in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/088789949500003X|journal=Pediatric Neurology|volume=12|issue=3|pages=242–245|doi=10.1016/0887-8994(95)00003-X|issn=0887-8994}}</ref><ref name="Wills2006">{{Cite journal | last =Wills | first=Brian P. D. | last2 = Dormans | first2=John P. | date = Apr 2006 | title = Nontraumatic Upper Cervical Spine Instability in Children|url=https://journals.lww.com/jaaos/Citation/2006/04000/Nontraumatic_Upper_Cervical_Spine_Instability_in.5.aspx|journal=JAAOS - Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|language=en-US|volume=14|issue=4|pages=233|issn=1067-151X| doi = | pmc = | pmid = | quote = |access-date=|via=}}</ref>
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