Vagus nerve stimulation: Difference between revisions

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Source: Jiao et al (2020).
Source: Jiao et al (2020).
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'''Vagus nerve stimulation''' or '''vagal nerve stimulation''' or '''VNS''' is a medical treatment that involves delivering electrical impulses to the [[vagus nerve]] via a device that is either implanted or wearable. This VNS device is referred to informally as a "pacemaker for the brain."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/devices/vagus-nerve-stimulation-vns|title=Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)|website=Epilepsy Foundation|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>
'''Vagus nerve stimulation''' or '''vagal nerve stimulation''' or '''VNS''' is a medical treatment that involves delivering electrical impulses to the [[vagus nerve]] via a device that is either implanted or wearable. This VNS device sometimes referred to informally as a "pacemaker for the brain."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/devices/vagus-nerve-stimulation-vns|title=Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)|website=Epilepsy Foundation|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>


The effects of VNS were first observed in the 1880s that massage and compression of the carotid artery in the neck could suppress [[Seizure|seizures]], an effect attributable to crude, early form of VNS.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lanska|first=DJ|date=February 2002|title=J.L. Corning and vagal nerve stimulation for seizures in the 1880s|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11839848?dopt=Abstract|journal=Neurology|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Currently, VNS is most frequently used as an adjunctive treatment for certain types of intractable [[epilepsy]]<ref name="pisapia2015" /> and treatment-resistant [[depression]].<ref name="pisapia2015" /><ref name="mayo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vagus-nerve-stimulation/about/pac-20384565|title=Vagus nerve stimulation|website=Mayo Clinic|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>
The effects of VNS were first observed in the 1880s that massage and compression of the carotid artery in the neck could suppress [[seizure]]s, an effect attributable to crude, early form of VNS.<ref name="Lanska2002">{{Cite journal|last=Lanska|first=DJ|date=February 2002|title=J.L. Corning and vagal nerve stimulation for seizures in the 1880s|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11839848?dopt=Abstract|journal=Neurology|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Currently, VNS is most frequently used as an adjunctive treatment for certain types of intractable [[epilepsy]]<ref name="pisapia2015" /> and treatment-resistant [[depression]].<ref name="pisapia2015" /><ref name="mayo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vagus-nerve-stimulation/about/pac-20384565|title=Vagus nerve stimulation|website=Mayo Clinic|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>


=== Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation ===
=== Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation ===
Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (t-VNS or ta-VNS) is a wearable form of vagus nerve stimulation involving attaching electrodes to a part of the ear daily, and this can be done by patients at home.<ref name=":1" />
'''Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation''' (t-VNS or ta-VNS), sometimes called '''auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation''' or (aVNS) is a noninvasive method of VNS involving using a device with electrodes attached to the ear to transmit the signal through the skin to stimulate the vagus nerve. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation can be done by patients at home, and the device does not need to be worn continually.<ref name=":1" />
 
===Intranasal Mechanical Stimulation===
===Intranasal Mechanical Stimulation===
Intranasal mechanical stimulation of the vagus nerve (e.g., using INMEST) is a non-invasive wearable form of vagus nerve stimulation which has been the subject of a small clinical trial in ME/CFS patients who met the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]]. INMEST resulted in an significant improvement in symptoms in moderate and severe ME but no improvement in fatigue.<ref name="Rodriguez2020">{{Cite journal|last=Rodriguez|first=Lucie S. T.|author-link=|last2=Pou|first2=Christian|author-link2=|last3=Lakshmikanth|first3=Tadepally|author-link3=|last4=Zhang|first4=Jingdian|author-link4=|last5=Mugabo|first5=Constantin Habimana|author-link5=|last6=Wang|first6=Jun|author-link6=|last7=Mikes|first7=Jaromir|last8=Olin|first8=Axel|last9=Chen|first9=Yang|date=2020-02-28|title=Achieving symptom relief in patients with Myalgic encephalomyelitis by targeting the neuro-immune interface and inducing disease tolerance|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958249v2|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=2020.02.20.958249|doi=10.1101/2020.02.20.958249|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
Intranasal mechanical stimulation of the vagus nerve (e.g., using INMEST) is a non-invasive wearable form of vagus nerve stimulation which has been the subject of a small clinical trial in ME/CFS patients who met the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]]. INMEST resulted in an significant improvement in symptoms in moderate and severe ME but no improvement in fatigue.<ref name="Rodriguez2020">{{Cite journal|last=Rodriguez|first=Lucie S. T.|author-link=|last2=Pou|first2=Christian|author-link2=|last3=Lakshmikanth|first3=Tadepally|author-link3=|last4=Zhang|first4=Jingdian|author-link4=|last5=Mugabo|first5=Constantin Habimana|author-link5=|last6=Wang|first6=Jun|author-link6=|last7=Mikes|first7=Jaromir|last8=Olin|first8=Axel|last9=Chen|first9=Yang|date=2020-02-28|title=Achieving symptom relief in patients with Myalgic encephalomyelitis by targeting the neuro-immune interface and inducing disease tolerance|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958249v2|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=2020.02.20.958249|doi=10.1101/2020.02.20.958249|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
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VNS can also be delivered via an implantable device, requiring surgery.<ref name=":1" />
VNS can also be delivered via an implantable device, requiring surgery.<ref name=":1" />


It is possible that paced breathing (e.g., via deep breathing exercise, yoga or aerobic exercise) can also influence brain electrical activity, mediated by VNS arising from the diaphragm.  
It is possible that paced breathing (e.g., via deep breathing exercise, [[yoga]] or [[aerobic exercise]]) can also influence brain electrical activity, mediated by VNS arising from the diaphragm.  


=== '''Manual Vagus Nerve Stimulation''' ===
=== Manual vagus nerve stimulation ===
Some ME/CFS patients have found that regular manual vagus nerve stimulation improves ME/CFS symptoms both in the short and long term. In addition to deep breathing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/stress-anxiety/breathing-three-exercises/|title=Breathing Exercises: Three To Try {{!}} 4-7-8 Breath {{!}} Andrew Weil, M.D.|date=2016-10-28|website=DrWeil.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-04-07}}</ref>, these techniques include gargling<ref>{{Cite book|title=Why isn't my brain working? : a revolutionary understanding of brain decline and effective strategies to recover your brain's health|isbn=978-0-9856904-3-4|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/853272721|date=2013|last=Kharrazian|first=Datis|oclc=853272721|location=Carlsbad, CA}}</ref>, "The Basic Exercise" (as described by Stanley Rosenberg<ref>{{Cite book|title=Accessing the healing power of the vagus nerve : self-help exercises for anxiety, depression, trauma, and autism|isbn=978-1-62317-024-0|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/918969766|date=2017|last=Rosenberg|first=Stanley|oclc=918969766|location=Berkeley, California}}</ref>), and stimulating the diving reflex by immersing the face in cool water.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Godek|first=Devon|last2=Freeman|first2=Andrew M.|date=2020|title=Physiology, Diving Reflex|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538245/|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=30855833}}</ref> These techniques can be done by the patient at home and are free.  
Some ME/CFS patients have found that regular manual vagus nerve stimulation improves ME/CFS symptoms both in the short and long term, although these reports have not been confirmed by clinicians. In addition to deep breathing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/stress-anxiety/breathing-three-exercises/|title=Breathing Exercises: Three To Try {{!}} 4-7-8 Breath {{!}} Andrew Weil, M.D.|date=2016-10-28|website=DrWeil.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-04-07}}</ref>, these techniques include gargling<ref>{{Cite book|title=Why isn't my brain working? : a revolutionary understanding of brain decline and effective strategies to recover your brain's health|isbn=978-0-9856904-3-4|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/853272721|date=2013|last=Kharrazian|first=Datis|oclc=853272721|location=Carlsbad, CA}}</ref>, "The Basic Exercise" (as described by Stanley Rosenberg<ref>{{Cite book|title=Accessing the healing power of the vagus nerve : self-help exercises for anxiety, depression, trauma, and autism|isbn=978-1-62317-024-0|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/918969766|date=2017|last=Rosenberg|first=Stanley|oclc=918969766|location=Berkeley, California}}</ref>), and stimulating the diving reflex by immersing the face in cool water.<ref name="Godek2020">{{Cite book|last=Godek|first=Devon|last2=Freeman|first2=Andrew M.|date=2020|title=Physiology, Diving Reflex|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538245/|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=30855833}}</ref> These techniques can be done by the patient at home and are free.  


== Uses ==
== Uses ==
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In parts of Europe noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation devices have been approved for [[pain]], [[depression]] and [[epilepsy]].<ref name="mayo" />
In parts of Europe noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation devices have been approved for [[pain]], [[depression]] and [[epilepsy]].<ref name="mayo" />


While still experimental, researchers are trialing with vagus nerve stimulation as an adjunct therapy on a host of [[mental health]], neurological, and inflammatory illnesses, including [[anxiety]],<ref name="fanselow2013" /> atrial fibrillation,<ref name="stavrakis2015" /> [[chronic pain]],<ref name="chakravarthy2015" /> [[Crohn's disease]],<ref name="bonaz2016" /> [[fibromyalgia]],<ref name="lange2011" /> heart failure,<ref name="hauptman2012" /> [[insomnia]] and [[Sleep dysfunction|sleep problems]],<ref name="Jiao2020" />[[migraine]]s,<ref name="silberstein2016" /> and many other conditions.  
While still experimental, researchers are trialing with vagus nerve stimulation as an adjunct therapy on a host of [[mental health]], neurological, and inflammatory illnesses, including [[anxiety]],<ref name="fanselow2013" /> atrial fibrillation,<ref name="stavrakis2015" /> [[chronic pain]],<ref name="chakravarthy2015" /> [[Crohn's disease]],<ref name="bonaz2016" /> [[fibromyalgia]],<ref name="lange2011" /> heart failure,<ref name="hauptman2012" /> [[insomnia]] [[Sleep dysfunction|sleep problems]],<ref name="Jiao2020" /> [[migraine]]s,<ref name="silberstein2016" /> [[long COVID]],<ref name="Verbanck2021"/> and many other conditions.  


Kevin J. Tracey, MD and his research group at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research have shown that vagus nerve stimulation has decreased [[inflammation]] in methotrexate-resistant [[rheumatoid arthritis]] patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feinstein.northwell.edu/institutes-researchers/our-researchers/kevin-j-tracey-md|title=Kevin J. Tracey, MD|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=feinstein.northwell.edu|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>
Kevin J. Tracey, MD and his research group at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research have shown that vagus nerve stimulation has decreased [[inflammation]] in methotrexate-resistant [[rheumatoid arthritis]] patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feinstein.northwell.edu/institutes-researchers/our-researchers/kevin-j-tracey-md|title=Kevin J. Tracey, MD|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=|website=feinstein.northwell.edu|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>


== Mechanisms ==
== Mechanisms ==
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==News and articles==
==News and articles==


*2016, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/07/07/electronic-implant-in-spock-nerve-could-reverse-rheumatoid-arthr/ Electronic implant in 'Spock' nerve could reverse rheumatoid arthritis] ''The Telegraph.''<ref>{{citation |last= Knapton|first= Sarah|date= 7 July 2016|title= Electronic implant in 'Spock' nerve could reverse rheumatoid arthritis|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/07/07/electronic-implant-in-spock-nerve-could-reverse-rheumatoid-arthr/|newspaper= The Telegraph|location= London|access-date= 2016-12-12}}</ref>
*2016, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/07/07/electronic-implant-in-spock-nerve-could-reverse-rheumatoid-arthr/ Electronic implant in 'Spock' nerve could reverse rheumatoid arthritis] - The Telegraph<ref>{{Cite news  |last= Knapton|first= Sarah|date=July 7, 2016|title= Electronic implant in 'Spock' nerve could reverse rheumatoid arthritis|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/07/07/electronic-implant-in-spock-nerve-could-reverse-rheumatoid-arthr/|newspaper= The Telegraph|location= London|access-date= 2016-12-12}}</ref>
*2016, [http://www.cortjohnson.org/blog/2016/01/11/vagus-nerve-stimulation-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs/ Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)] ''[[Health Rising]].''<ref>{{citation |last= Johnson|first= Cort|date= 11 January 2016|title= Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)|url= http://www.cortjohnson.org/blog/2016/01/11/vagus-nerve-stimulation-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs/|newspaper= HealthRising|location= Henderson, NV|access-date= 2016-12-12}}</ref>
*2016, [http://www.cortjohnson.org/blog/2016/01/11/vagus-nerve-stimulation-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs/ Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)] - [[Health Rising]]<ref>{{Cite web  |last= Johnson|first= Cort|date=January 11, 2016|title= Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)|url= http://www.cortjohnson.org/blog/2016/01/11/vagus-nerve-stimulation-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs/|website= HealthRising|location= Henderson, NV|access-date= 2016-12-12}}</ref>
*2014, [http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/magazine/can-the-nervous-system-be-hacked.html Can the Nervous System Be Hacked?] ''The New York Times.''<ref>{{citation |last= Behar|first= Michael|date= 23 May 2014|title= Can the Nervous System Be Hacked?|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/magazine/can-the-nervous-system-be-hacked.html|newspaper= The New York Times|location= |access-date= 2016-12-12}}</ref>
*2014, [http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/magazine/can-the-nervous-system-be-hacked.html Can the Nervous System Be Hacked?] - The New York Times<ref>{{Cite news  |last= Behar|first= Michael|date= May 23, 2014|title= Can the Nervous System Be Hacked?|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/magazine/can-the-nervous-system-be-hacked.html|newspaper= The New York Times|location= |access-date= 2016-12-12}}</ref>


==Notable studies ==
==Notable studies ==
* 2020, Achieving symptom relief in patients with Myalgic encephalomyelitis by targeting the neuro-immune interface and inducing disease tolerance<ref name="Rodriguez2020" /> - [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958249v2]
* 2021, Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) can
Reverse the Manifestations of the Long-COVID Syndrome: A Pilot<ref name="Verbanck2021">https://doi.org/10.51956/ANNR.100011</ref> - [https://emrespublisher.com/open-access-pdf/transcutaneous-auricular-vagus-nerve-stimulation-can-reverse-the-manifestations-of-the-long-covid-syndrome-a-pilot-study-100011.pdf (Full text)]
* 2020, Achieving symptom relief in patients with Myalgic encephalomyelitis by targeting the neuro-immune interface and inducing disease tolerance<ref name="Rodriguez2020" /> - [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958249v2 (Full text)]]
* 2020, Effect of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation at Auricular Concha for Insomnia: A Randomized Clinical Trial<ref name="Jiao2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2020/6049891/|title=Effect of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation at Auricular Concha for Insomnia: A Randomized Clinical Trial|last=Jiao|first=Yue|last2=Guo|first2=Xiao|date=2020-08-07|website=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine|language=en|doi=10.1155/2020/6049891|pmc =  7429019|pmid=32831871|access-date=2020-12-15|last3=Luo|first3=Man|last4=Li|first4=Suxia|last5=Liu|first5=Aihua|last6=Zhao|first6=Yufeng|last7=Zhao|first7=Bin|last8=Wang|first8=Dequan|last9=Li|first9=Zaifang}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6049891 (Full text)]
* 2020, Effect of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation at Auricular Concha for Insomnia: A Randomized Clinical Trial<ref name="Jiao2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2020/6049891/|title=Effect of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation at Auricular Concha for Insomnia: A Randomized Clinical Trial|last=Jiao|first=Yue|last2=Guo|first2=Xiao|date=2020-08-07|website=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine|language=en|doi=10.1155/2020/6049891|pmc =  7429019|pmid=32831871|access-date=2020-12-15|last3=Luo|first3=Man|last4=Li|first4=Suxia|last5=Liu|first5=Aihua|last6=Zhao|first6=Yufeng|last7=Zhao|first7=Bin|last8=Wang|first8=Dequan|last9=Li|first9=Zaifang}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6049891 (Full text)]
*2019, Current Directions in the Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation I -A Physiological Perspective<ref name="Kaniusas2019">https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00854</ref> - [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marc-Tittgemeyer/publication/335082729_Current_Directions_in_the_Auricular_Vagus_Nerve_Stimulation_I_-A_Physiological_Perspective/links/5d4da9d74585153e5949dc4a/Current-Directions-in-the-Auricular-Vagus-Nerve-Stimulation-I-A-Physiological-Perspective.pdf (Full text)]


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 16:23, January 19, 2022

Ear with crocodile crips attaching electrodes to the auricular concha part of the ear for vagus nerve stimulation
Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation at Auricular Brandh of the Vagus Nerve (in red). Source: Jiao et al (2020).

Vagus nerve stimulation or vagal nerve stimulation or VNS is a medical treatment that involves delivering electrical impulses to the vagus nerve via a device that is either implanted or wearable. This VNS device sometimes referred to informally as a "pacemaker for the brain."[1]

The effects of VNS were first observed in the 1880s that massage and compression of the carotid artery in the neck could suppress seizures, an effect attributable to crude, early form of VNS.[2] Currently, VNS is most frequently used as an adjunctive treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy[3] and treatment-resistant depression.[3][4]

Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation[edit | edit source]

Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (t-VNS or ta-VNS), sometimes called auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation or (aVNS) is a noninvasive method of VNS involving using a device with electrodes attached to the ear to transmit the signal through the skin to stimulate the vagus nerve. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation can be done by patients at home, and the device does not need to be worn continually.[1]

Intranasal Mechanical Stimulation[edit | edit source]

Intranasal mechanical stimulation of the vagus nerve (e.g., using INMEST) is a non-invasive wearable form of vagus nerve stimulation which has been the subject of a small clinical trial in ME/CFS patients who met the Canadian Consensus Criteria. INMEST resulted in an significant improvement in symptoms in moderate and severe ME but no improvement in fatigue.[5]

Surgical VNS[edit | edit source]

VNS can also be delivered via an implantable device, requiring surgery.[1]

It is possible that paced breathing (e.g., via deep breathing exercise, yoga or aerobic exercise) can also influence brain electrical activity, mediated by VNS arising from the diaphragm.

Manual vagus nerve stimulation[edit | edit source]

Some ME/CFS patients have found that regular manual vagus nerve stimulation improves ME/CFS symptoms both in the short and long term, although these reports have not been confirmed by clinicians. In addition to deep breathing[6], these techniques include gargling[7], "The Basic Exercise" (as described by Stanley Rosenberg[8]), and stimulating the diving reflex by immersing the face in cool water.[9] These techniques can be done by the patient at home and are free.

Uses[edit | edit source]

Implantable vagus nerve stimulation has been approved for epilepsy and depression in the US, and a non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation device has been approved for cluster headaches in the US.[4]

In parts of Europe noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation devices have been approved for pain, depression and epilepsy.[4]

While still experimental, researchers are trialing with vagus nerve stimulation as an adjunct therapy on a host of mental health, neurological, and inflammatory illnesses, including anxiety,[10] atrial fibrillation,[11] chronic pain,[12] Crohn's disease,[13] fibromyalgia,[14] heart failure,[15] insomnia sleep problems,[16] migraines,[17] long COVID,[18] and many other conditions.

Kevin J. Tracey, MD and his research group at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research have shown that vagus nerve stimulation has decreased inflammation in methotrexate-resistant rheumatoid arthritis patients.[19]

Mechanisms[edit | edit source]

The vagus nerve can inhibit cytokine release, via release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine[20] and thereby prevent tissue injury and death. In research studies, stimulation of the vagus nerve prevents the damaging effects of cytokine release in experimental sepsis, endotoxemia,[21] ischemia/reperfusion injury, hemorrhagic shock, arthritis, and other inflammatory syndromes.[22]

ME/CFS[edit | edit source]

News and articles[edit | edit source]

Notable studies[edit | edit source]

  • 2021, Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) can

Reverse the Manifestations of the Long-COVID Syndrome: A Pilot[18] - (Full text)

  • 2020, Achieving symptom relief in patients with Myalgic encephalomyelitis by targeting the neuro-immune interface and inducing disease tolerance[5] - (Full text)]
  • 2020, Effect of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation at Auricular Concha for Insomnia: A Randomized Clinical Trial[16] - (Full text)
  • 2019, Current Directions in the Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation I -A Physiological Perspective[26] - (Full text)

See also[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)". Epilepsy Foundation. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  2. Lanska, DJ (February 2002). "J.L. Corning and vagal nerve stimulation for seizures in the 1880s". Neurology.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Pisapia, Jared; Baltuch, Gordon (January 22, 2016). "Vagus nerve stimulation: Introduction and technical aspects". In Hamani, Clement; Holtzheimer, Paul; Lozano, Andres; Mayberg, Helen (eds.). Neuromodulation in Psychiatry. Chicester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118801086.ch17/. ISBN 978-1118801048.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Vagus nerve stimulation". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Rodriguez, Lucie S. T.; Pou, Christian; Lakshmikanth, Tadepally; Zhang, Jingdian; Mugabo, Constantin Habimana; Wang, Jun; Mikes, Jaromir; Olin, Axel; Chen, Yang (February 28, 2020). "Achieving symptom relief in patients with Myalgic encephalomyelitis by targeting the neuro-immune interface and inducing disease tolerance". bioRxiv: 2020.02.20.958249. doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.958249.
  6. "Breathing Exercises: Three To Try | 4-7-8 Breath | Andrew Weil, M.D." DrWeil.com. October 28, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  7. Kharrazian, Datis (2013). Why isn't my brain working? : a revolutionary understanding of brain decline and effective strategies to recover your brain's health. Carlsbad, CA. ISBN 978-0-9856904-3-4. OCLC 853272721.
  8. Rosenberg, Stanley (2017). Accessing the healing power of the vagus nerve : self-help exercises for anxiety, depression, trauma, and autism. Berkeley, California. ISBN 978-1-62317-024-0. OCLC 918969766.
  9. Godek, Devon; Freeman, Andrew M. (2020). Physiology, Diving Reflex. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30855833.
  10. Fanselow, Michael S. (June 1, 2013). "Fear and anxiety take a double hit from vagal nerve stimulation". Biological Psychiatry. 73 (11): 1043–1044. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.025. ISSN 1873-2402. PMID 23647735.
  11. Stavrakis, Stavros; Humphrey, Mary Beth; Scherlag, Benjamin J.; Hu, Yanqing; Jackman, Warren M.; Nakagawa, Hiroshi; Lockwood, Deborah; Lazzara, Ralph; Po, Sunny S. (March 10, 2015). "Low-level transcutaneous electrical vagus nerve stimulation suppresses atrial fibrillation". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 65 (9): 867–875. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.026. ISSN 1558-3597. PMID 25744003.
  12. Chakravarthy, Krishnan; Chaudhry, Hira; Williams, Kayode; Christo, Paul J. (December 2015). "Review of the Uses of Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Pain Management". Current Pain and Headache Reports. 19 (12): 54. doi:10.1007/s11916-015-0528-6. ISSN 1534-3081. PMID 26493698.
  13. Bonaz, B.; Sinniger, V.; Hoffmann, D.; Clarençon, D.; Mathieu, N.; Dantzer, C.; Vercueil, L.; Picq, C.; Trocmé, C.; Faure, P.; Cracowski, J.-L.; Pellissier, S. (June 2016). "Chronic vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease: a 6-month follow-up pilot study". Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. 28 (6): 948–953. doi:10.1111/nmo.12792. ISSN 1365-2982. PMID 26920654.
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