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Vaccine
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==Types== ===Live vaccines === Live vaccines contain either weakened or killed pathogens which cannot cause disease. Different types include: * Whole-pathogen vaccines, for example the Harvix Hepatitis A vaccine, these provide very good immunity for either a lifetime. or a very long period of time * Subunit vaccines that just contain the antigens needed.<ref name="niaid-types" /> Live vaccines may not be suitable for some people, for example those who have received an organ transparent, or those with a weakened immune system, or people with long-term conditions.<ref name="hhs-types">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaccines.gov/types | title = Vaccine Types | last =Health and Human Services | first = | authorlink = | date = |website=vaccines.gov|access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref> ===Inactivated vaccines=== These may contain all the pathogen, which has been killed or inactivated in a lab, for example by heat or another method, or just the antigens needed, for example the newer whooping cough (pertussis) which has a lower risk of fever or swelling at the injection site.<ref name="niaid-types" /> Protection is not as strong as with live vaccines, so several booster shots are usually needed.<ref name="hhs-types" /> ===Toxoid vaccines === These contain chemically inactivated toxins, for example the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines that protect against those bacteria.<ref name="niaid-types" /> ===Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines=== These vaccines do not contain the whole virus or pathogen, they may contain just particular pieces, e.g. a protein, sugar or part of the shell of the pathogen. This creates a very strong targetted immune response.<ref name="hhs-types" /> Recombinant vaccines have been around since the 1970s and use DNA technology to combine two or more sources, e.g., antigen in the hepatitis B vaccine is a hepatitis B virus protein produced by yeast cells into which the genetic code for the viral protein has been inserted into. These may use virus-like particles (VLP) from the shell of a virus to cause immunity without the risk of infection.<ref name="niaid-types" /> Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate viruses are suitable for people with '''weakened immune systems''', chronic illness or other long-term health conditions as well as the general population. Examples include the current Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b) vaccines, [[HPV]] vaccines, and [[hepatitis B vaccine]].<ref name="hhs-types" /> Several booster shots may be needed.<ref name="hhs-types" /> ===New types of vaccines=== The first COVID-19 vaccines to be approved in the [[United States]], [[UK]] and European Union are the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA vaccines do not contain live or weakened [[COVID-19]], so these vaccines are suitable for severely immunocompromised people as well as people in the general population and cannot cause COVID-19.<ref name="CDC-">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html | title = mRNA vaccines {{!}} COVID-19 and Your Health | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2020-02-11 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref> A number of other new types of vaccines are being developed. A vaccine to protect against multiple diseases caused by mosquitos is being developed to cause an immune response to mosquitos saliva rather than a particular virus or bacterium.<ref name="niaid-types" />
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