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==Notable studies== *2001, Sexual abuse, physical abuse, chronic fatigue, and chronic fatigue syndrome: a community-based study<ref name="Taylor2001" /> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/11708672/ (Abstract)] *2003, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-like Illness among Gulf War Veterans: A Population-based Survey of 30,000 Veterans<ref name="veterans2003">{{Cite journal | last =Murphy | first = Frances M. | author-link = Frances Murphy | last2 = Lee | first2 = Kyung Y. | authorlink2 = Kyung Lee | last3 = Mahan | first3=Clare M. | author-link3 = Clare Mahan | last4 = Natelson | first4=Benjamin H. | authorlink4 = Benjamin Natelson| last5 = Kang | first5 = Han K. | authorlink5 = Han Kang | date = 2003-01-15 | title = Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-like Illness among Gulf War Veterans: A Population-based Survey of 30,000 Veterans|url=https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/157/2/141/90101|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|language=en|volume=157|issue=2|pages=141–148|doi=10.1093/aje/kwf187|issn=0002-9262|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf187 (Full text)] ::This study assessed veterans with both chronic fatigue syndrome and [[idiopathic chronic fatigue]] (persistent chronic fatigue not meeting the diagnostic criteria for CFS). Previous studies had found veterans with [[PTSD]] had higher rates of CFS than the general population, and the study looked to see if this could be caused by the presence of PTSD or by other factors, for example environmental factors caused by the physical environment the Gulf War veterans experienced. The study reported: <blockquote>"The prevalence of PTSD increased with stress intensity, from 3.3 percent to 22.6 percent (test for trend: p < 0.01). In contrast, risk of CFS-like illness did not show a monotonic relation with stressor intensity for the entire stress spectrum. Prevalence increased significantly when nondeployed troops (0.8 percent) were compared with troops deployed outside of the Gulf region (1.7 percent) and when this latter group was compared with troops deployed to the Gulf in noncombat roles (5.4 percent). However, no significant difference in risk of CFS-like illness occurred among four groups of Gulf veterans with different stressor intensities (p > 0.15)."</blockquote> * 2009, Cumulative Childhood Stress and Autoimmune Diseases in Adults<ref name="Dube2009">{{Cite journal | last =Dube | first = Shanta R. | author-link = Shanta Dube | last2 = Fairweather | first2=DeLisa | authorlink2 = DeLisa Fairweather | last3=Pearson | first3=William S. | author-link3 = William Pearson | last4 = Felitti | first4 = Vincent J. | authorlink4 = Vincent Felitti| last5 = Anda | first5 = Robert F. | authorlink5 = Robert Anda | last6 = Croft | first6 = Janet B. | authorlink6 = Janet Croft | date = Feb 2009 | title = Cumulative Childhood Stress and Autoimmune Diseases in Adults|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3318917/|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|volume=71|issue=2|pages=243–250|doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907888|issn=0033-3174|pmc=3318917|pmid=19188532|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3318917/ (Full text)] ::Shanta et al. found that the likelihood of someone being hospitalized for ANY of 21 different [[autoimmune disease]]s, including [[myasthenia gravis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis |rheumatic arthritis]], [[Addison's disease]], [[celiac disease]], [[Graves' disease]], [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], insulin-dependent [[diabetes |diabetes mellitus]], [[irritable bowel syndrome|irritable bowel disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[pernicious anemia]], scleroderma, [[Sjögren's syndrome]], and [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], was increased if a person has experienced 2 or more ACEs compared to none. The study found that hospitalizations were specifically more likely for those who had experienced 2 or more ACEs compared to those with none - with the exception of mixed Th1/Th2 autoimmune diseases (e.g., Addison's disease, celiac disease and multiple sclerosis). *2009, Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Premature Mortality<ref name="Brown2009">{{Cite journal | last7 = Giles | first7 = Wayne H. | authorlink7 = Wayne Giles | last4 = Croft | first4=Janet B. | authorlink4 = Janet Croft | last5 = Edwards | first5 = Valerie J. | authorlink5 = Valerie Edwards | last6 = Felitti | first6 = Vincent J. | authorlink6 = Vincent Felitti | last3 = Tiemeier | first3=Henning | author-link3 = Henning Tiemeier | last2=Anda | first2 = Robert F. | authorlink2 = Robert Anda | last =Brown | first = David W. | author-link = David Brown | date = 2009-11-01 | title = Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Premature Mortality|url=https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(09)00506-6/abstract|journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine|language=English|volume=37|issue=5|pages=389–396|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.021|issn=0749-3797|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Brown37/publication/38021750_Adverse_Childhood_Experiences_and_the_Risk_of_Premature_Mortality/links/5ad49e95aca272fdaf7bf377/Adverse-Childhood-Experiences-and-the-Risk-of-Premature-Mortality.pdf (Full text)] ::Brown et al. found people with 6 or more Adverse Childhood Experiences were 1.7 times more likely to die at or before age 75 years, and 2.4 times more likely to die at or before age 65. ACEs were linked to an increased risk early death, but a graded increase in the risk of early death was not found across the different categories of ACEs. * 2011, Childhood maltreatment and the response to [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|cognitive behavior therapy]] for chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Heins2011">{{Cite journal | last =Heins | first = Marianne J. | author-link = Marianne Heins | last2 = Knoop | first2 = Hans | authorlink2 = Hans Knoop | last3 = Lobbestael | first3 = Jill | author-link3 = Jill Lobbestael | last4 = Bleijenberg | first4 = Gijs | authorlink4 = Gijs Bleijenberg | authorlink5 = | date = Dec 2011 | title = Childhood maltreatment and the response to cognitive behavior therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/22118383/|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=71|issue=6|pages=404–410|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.05.005|issn=1879-1360|pmid=22118383|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/22118383/ (Abstract)] *2018, Rethinking childhood adversity in chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Clark, 2018">{{Citation | last1 = Clark | first1 = James E. | authorlink1 = James Clark | last2 = Davidson | first2 = Sean L. | authorlink2 = Sean Davidson | last3 = Maclachlan | first3 = Laura | authorlink3 = Laura Maclachlan | last4 = Newton | first4 = Julia | authorlink4 = Julia Newton | last5 = Watson | first5 = Stuart | authorlink5 = Stuart Watson | title = Rethinking childhood adversity in chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior | volume = | issue = | page = | date = 2017 | pmid = | doi = 10.1080/21641846.2018.1384095 }}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5774185/ (Full Text)] * 2019, Socioeconomic Deprivation, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Medical Disorders in Adulthood: Mechanisms and Associations<ref name=Morris2019>{{Cite journal | last =Morris | first = Gerwyn | author-link = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Berk | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Berk | last3 = Maes | first3=Michael | author-link3 = Michael Maes | last4 = Carvalho | first4 = André F. | authorlink4 = André Carvalho| last5 = Puri | first5 = Basant K. | authorlink5 = Basant Puri | date = 2019-01-26 | title = Socioeconomic Deprivation, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Medical Disorders in Adulthood: Mechanisms and Associations|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1498-1|journal=Molecular Neurobiology|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=1-25|doi=10.1007/s12035-019-1498-1|issn=1559-1182|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1498-1 (Full text)]
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