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Thyroid hormone
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=== Mitochondrial function === T3 plays an important role in the regulation of [[mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] function as well as in [[mitochondrial biogenesis]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Weitzel | first = Joachim | date = May 4, 2004 | title = Regulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis by Thyroid Hormone|url=https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/eph8802506|journal=Experimental Physiology|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>. T3 rapidly stimulates an increase in [[cellular respiration]] within minutes to hours after hormone treatment. One to several days after hormone treatment, changes in gene expression as well as direct binding of hormone to receptors induces mitochondrial biogenesis and changes to mitochondrial mass. T3 stimulates the expression of an inner membrane mitochondrial protein called [[uncoupling protein]], resulting in increased inner membrane proton leak. It also induces changes in phospholipid turnover. [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] synthesis and turnover reactions are also affected.<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Harper | first = ME | last2 = Seifert | first2=EL | date = February 2008 | title = Thyroid hormone effects on mitochondrial energetics|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18279015|journal=Thyroid|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last =Wrutniak-Cabello | first = C | date = February 2001 | title = Thyroid Hormone action in mitochondria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11174855|journal=Journal of Molecular Endocrinology|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last =Cioffi | first = Frederica | date = 15 October 2013 | title = Thyroid hormones and mitochondria: With a brief look at derivatives and analogues|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030372071300244X|journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|volume=379|pages=51-61|via=}}</ref> Uncoupling protein is responsible for [[thermogenesis]], which is why [[hyperthyroidism]] results in excess heat while [[hypothyroidism]] results in cold intolerance.
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