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{{stub}} '''Stress''' can by either physical or psychological, or both.<ref name="physiologicalstress" /> Stress is defined as either a state of emotional or [[mental health|psychological strain]] or tension resulting from a situation or event, ''or'' the physical stress (pressure or tension) exerted on a physical object such as a part of the body, e.g., a '''stress test''' is a medical test that monitors the [[cardiovascular system]] during strenuous [[exercise]].<ref name="oxdict">{{Cite book | title=New Oxford American Dictionary | date = 2015 | publisher =Oxford University Press | editor-first = Angus | editor-last = Stevenson|editor-first2 = Christine A.|editor-last2=Lindberg}}</ref><ref name="stresstest">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/stress-test | title = Heart Disease and Stress Tests|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref> ==Good stress == "Good" stress refers to experiences that are physically or emotionally challenging but don't last, and are within the person's ability to master, resulting in feelings of exhilaration and accomplishment.<ref name="goodstress">{{Cite journal | last = McEwen | first = Bruce S. | date = 2007-07-01 | title = Physiology and Neurobiology of Stress and Adaptation: Central Role of the Brain|url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00041.2006|journal=Physiological Reviews|volume=87|issue=3 | pages = 873β904|doi=10.1152/physrev.00041.2006|issn=0031-9333}}</ref> For example, running for longer than normal in order to get fitter without becoming ill or exhausted, or handling a very busy day at work successfully. ==Physiological stress == Physiological stress is stress placed on living organisms, such as cells or people.<ref name="physiologicalstress">{{Cite book | url =https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/17-6-the-adrenal-glands | first=J. Gordon | last = Betts | first2 = Kelly A. | last2 =Young | first3 = James A. | last3 = Wise | first4 = Eddie | last4 = Johnson | first5 = Brandon | last5 = Poe | first6 = Dean H. | last6 = Kruse | first7 = Oksana | last7 = Korol | first8 = Jody E. | last8 = Johnson | first9 = Mark | last9 = Womble | first10 = Peter | last10 = DeSaix | website = OpenStax | title = Anatomy and Physiology|chapter=17.6 The Adrenal Glands | date = Apr 25, 2013|location= Houston, Texas}}</ref> Physiological stresses include physical injury to the body, surgery, walking outside in cold and wet conditions without a coat on, and malnutrition.<ref name="physiologicalstress" /> ==ME/CFS== Emotional or psychological stress, particularly when chronic, is considered a potential trigger for [[ME/CFS]]. Emotional stress is also known to worsen ME/CFS symptoms. ME patients are usually advised to avoid stress wherever possible. ==Autonomic nervous system == Stress causes bodily changes via the [[autonomic nervous system]]. ==Notable studies== Several studies found it is not uncommon to experience major psychological chronic stress (from events such as divorce, bereavement or serious financial worries) in the year prior to developing ME/CFS.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Hatcher | first = Simon | last2 = House | first2 = Allan | date = Oct 2003 | title = Life events, difficulties and dilemmas in the onset of chronic fatigue syndrome: a case-control study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14580073|journal=Psychological Medicine|volume=33|issue=7|pages=1185β1192|doi=10.1017/s0033291703008274|issn=0033-2917|pmid=14580073|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Theorell | first = T. | last2 = Blomkvist | first2 = V. | last3 = Lindh | first3 = G. | last4 = EvengΓ₯rd | first4 = B. | date = May 1999 | title = Critical life events, infections, and symptoms during the year preceding chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): an examination of CFS patients and subjects with a nonspecific life crisis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10367610|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|volume=61|issue=3|pages=304β310|issn=0033-3174|pmid=10367610|doi=|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Salit | first=Irving E. | date = 1997-01-01 | title = Precipitating factors for the chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395696000507|journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research|volume=31|issue=1|pages=59β65|doi=10.1016/S0022-3956(96)00050-7|issn=0022-3956}}</ref> Chronic psychological stress elevates cortisol which suppresses the Th1 antiviral/intracellular immune response and the T-cell response.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Dhabhar | first=Firdaus S | date = 2008-03-15 | title = Enhancing versus Suppressive Effects of Stress on Immune Function: Implications for Immunoprotection versus Immunopathology|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869337/|journal=Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology : Official Journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=2β11|doi=10.1186/1710-1492-4-1-2|issn=1710-1484|pmc=2869337|pmid=20525121}}</ref> Chronic stress has also been shown to greatly increase susceptibility to viral infection.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Murphy | first = Michael L. M. | last2 = Cohen | first2 = Sheldon | last3 = Janicki-Deverts | first3=Denise | last4 = Doyle | first4 = William J. | date = 2017-06-20 | title = Offspring of parents who were separated and not speaking to one another have reduced resistance to the common cold as adults|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28584098|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=114|issue=25 | pages = 6515β6520|doi=10.1073/pnas.1700610114|issn=1091-6490|pmc=5488935|pmid=28584098|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> This increased susceptibility is not observed after short-term acute stress (periods of stress of less than 1 month duration).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Cohen | first = S. | last2 = Frank | first2 = E. | last3 = Doyle | first3 = W.J. | last4 = Skoner | first4 = D.P. | last5 = Rabin | first5 = B.S. | last6 = Gwaltney | first6 = J.M. | date=May 1998 | title = Types of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9619470|journal=Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association|volume=17|issue=3|pages=214β223|doi=10.1037//0278-6133.17.3.214|issn=0278-6133|pmid=9619470|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> As ME/CFS normally appears after acute viral infection, the presence of chronic stress may weaken immunity and allow a normally mild virus to trigger the serious disease of ME/CFS. ==See also == *[[Oxidative stress]] *[[Anxiety]] *[[Trauma]] *[[Exercise]] *[[Cardiopulmonary exercise test]] (CPET) *[[Corticosteroids given during acute viral infection may trigger myalgic encephalomyelitis]] ==Learn more == *[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response Understanding the stress response] - Harvard Health *[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23112806/ Neuronal Responses to Physiological Stress] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Triggers and risk factors]] [[Category:Psychological signs and symptoms]]
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