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Staphylococcus aureus
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'''''Staphylococcus aureus''''' is a [[gram-positive bacteria]] that is a member of the [[Firmicutes]] phylum. It is found in 30% of the human population. Often commensal but it can sometimes causes disease, including infections of the skin and [[endocarditis]]. It also commonly colonizes the human [[gut]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Lindberg | first = E. | last2 = Adlerberth | first2 = I. | last3 = Matricardi | first3 = P. | last4 = Bonanno | first4 = C. | last5 = Tripodi | first5 = S. | last6 = Panetta | first6 = V. | last7 = Hesselmar | first7 = B. | last8 = Saalman | first8 = R. | last9 = Aberg | first9 = N. | date = Aug 2011 | title = Effect of lifestyle factors on Staphylococcus aureus gut colonization in Swedish and Italian infants|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21073631|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases|volume=17|issue=8|pages=1209–1215|doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03426.x|issn=1469-0691|pmid=21073631|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wold | first=Agnes E. | last2 = Åberg | first2 = Nils | last3 = Strannegård | first3=Inga-Lisa | last4 = Saalman | first4 = Robert | last5 = Hesselmar | first5 = Bill | last6 = Adlerberth | first6 = Ingegerd | last7 = Lindberg | first7 = Erika | date = 2004-02-01 | title = High Rate of Transfer of Staphylococcus aureus from Parental Skin to Infant Gut Flora|url=https://jcm.asm.org/content/42/2/530|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=530–534|doi=10.1128/JCM.42.2.530-534.2004|issn=0095-1137|pmid=14766812}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Lina | first=Gerard | last2 = Wold | first2 = Agnes E. | last3 = Adlerberth | first3 = Ingegerd | last4 = Åberg | first4 = Nils | last5 = Strannegård | first5 = Inga-Lisa | last6 = Saalman | first6 = Robert | last7 = Hesselmar | first7 = Bill | last8 = Lindberg | first8 = Erika | last9 = Vandenesch | first9 = François | date = 2011-09-01 | title = Adhesin and Superantigen Genes and the Capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to Colonize the Infantile Gut|url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/204/5/714/797466|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=204|issue=5 | pages = 714–721|doi=10.1093/infdis/jir388|issn=0022-1899}}</ref> and can also colonize the nose.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Acton | first= D. S. | last2 = Tempelmans Plat-Sinnige | first2 = M.J. | last3 = van Wamel | first3 = W. | last4 = de Groot | first4 = N. | last5 = van Belkum | first5 = A. | date = 2008-08-08 | title = Intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: how does its frequency compare with that of nasal carriage and what is its clinical impact?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-008-0602-7|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=115|doi=10.1007/s10096-008-0602-7|issn=1435-4373}}</ref><ref>http://scienceblogs.com/mikethemadbiologist/2007/10/25/staphylococcus-aureus-dont-pic/</ref> ==Possible biochemical effects== ''S. aureus'' produce [[coagulase]], an enzyme that causes blood clotting. The presence of ''S. aureus'' in a model of the human gut decreased the production of [[butyrate]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Clarke | first = Simon R. | last2 = Gibson | first2 = Glenn R. | last3 = Costabile | first3 = Adele | last4 = Sannasiddappa | first4 = Thippeswamy H. | date = 2011-08-09 | title = The Influence of Staphylococcus aureus on Gut Microbial Ecology in an In Vitro Continuous Culture Human Colonic Model System|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0023227|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=6|issue=8| pages = e23227|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0023227|issn=1932-6203|pmc = 3153491|pmid=21858036}}</ref> Staphyloccocus bacteria produce [[alpha toxin]].{{Citation needed}} ==In chronic disease== Higher levels of ''S. aureus'' was found in the mouths of patients with [[Sj%C3%B6gren's syndrome]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Almståhl | first = A. | last2 = Wikström | first2 = M. | last3 = Kroneld | first3=U. | date = May 2001 | title = Microflora in oral ecosystems in primary Sjögren's syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11361180|journal=The Journal of Rheumatology|volume=28|issue=5|pages=1007–1013|issn=0315-162X|pmid=11361180|quote=|via=}}</ref> A higher prevalence was also found in patients with [[irritable bowel syndrome]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Rinttilä | first = Teemu | last2 = Lyra | first2 = Anna | last3 = Krogius-Kurikka | first3 = Lotta | last4 = Palva | first4 = Airi | date = 2011-04-26 | title = Real-time PCR analysis of enteric pathogens from fecal samples of irritable bowel syndrome subjects|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21518462|journal=Gut Pathogens|volume=3|issue=1 | pages = 6|doi=10.1186/1757-4749-3-6|issn=1757-4749|pmc=3111350|pmid=21518462|quote=|via=}}</ref> and is implicated in [[traumatic brain injury]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sjögren | first=A.M. | last2 = Thelestam | first2 = M. | last3 = Blomqvist | first3 = L. | last4 = Lindå | first4 = H. | last5 = Remahl | first5 = S. | last6 = Risling | first6 = M. | date = 1991-09-20 | title = Extravasation of staphylococcal alpha-toxin in normal and injured CNS regions lacking blood-brain barrier function: observations after ventral root replantation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1794101|journal=Brain Research|volume=559|issue=2|pages=276–282|issn=0006-8993|pmid=1794101}}</ref> ==Probiotics== Several probiotics were found to reduce adhesion of ''S. aureus'' to the human gut including ''[[Lactobacillus rhamnosus]] GG'', ''[[Lactococcus lactis]] subsp. lactis'' and ''[[Propionibacterium freudenreichii]] subsp. shermanii''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Vesterlund | first = Satu | last2 = Karp | first2 = Matti | last3 = Salminen | first3=Seppo | last4 = Ouwehand | first4 = Arthur C. | date = 2006 | title=Staphylococcus aureus adheres to human intestinal mucus but can be displaced by certain lactic acid bacteria|url=https://mic.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.28522-0|journal=Microbiology|volume=152|issue=6|pages=1819–1826|doi=10.1099/mic.0.28522-0}}</ref> ==Herbs== Herbs shown to inhibit ''S. aureus'' include [[Bacopa monnieri]],<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Bacopa+monniera+Staphylococcus</ref> [[green tea]] extracts,<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bashir | first = S. | last2 = Khan | first2 = B.M. | last3 = Babar | first3=M. | last4 = Andleeb | first4 = S. | last5 = Hafeez | first5 = M. | last6 = Ali | first6 = S. | last7 = Khan | first7 = M.F. | date = Jul 2014 | title = Assessment of Bioautography and Spot Screening of TLC of Green Tea (Camellia) Plant Extracts as Antibacterial and Antioxidant Agents|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25284935|journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=76|issue=4|pages=364–370|issn=0250-474X|pmc=4171874|pmid=25284935|quote=|via=}}</ref> [[turmeric]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Afrose | first = R. | last2 = Saha | first2 = S. K. | last3 = Banu | first3 = L.A. | last4 = Ahmed | first4 = A. U. | last5 = Shahidullah | first5 = A.S. | last6 = Gani | first6 = A. | last7 = Sultana | first7 = S. | last8 = Kabir | first8 = M.R. | last9 = Ali | first9 = M.Y. | date=Jul 2015 | title = Antibacterial Effect of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26329948|journal=Mymensingh medical journal: MMJ|volume=24|issue=3|pages=506–515|issn=1022-4742|pmid=26329948}}</ref> [[milk thistle]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Kang | first = Hyun-Kyung | last2 = Kim | first2 = Hye-Young | last3 = Cha | first3 = Jeong-Dan | date = Nov 2011 | title = Synergistic effects between silibinin and antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21491604|journal=Biotechnology Journal|volume=6|issue=11|pages=1397–1408|doi=10.1002/biot.201000422|issn=1860-7314|pmid=21491604}}</ref> [[nigella]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Lairungruang | first = Kriyapa | author-link = | last2 = Itharat | first2 = Arunporn | authorlink2 = | last3 = Panthong | first3 = Sumalee | date = Aug 2014 | title = Antimicrobial activity of extracts from a Thai traditional remedy called Kabpi for oral and throat infection and its plant components|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25518302|journal=Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet|volume=97 |issue= Supp 8|pages=S108–115|issn=0125-2208|pmid=25518302|quote=|via=}}</ref> [[cinnamon]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Urbaniak | first = Anna | last2 = Głowacka | first2 = Anna | last3 = Kowalczyk | first3 = Edward | last4 = Lysakowska | first4 = Monika | last5 = Sienkiewicz | first5 = Monika | date = 2014 | title = [The antibacterial activity of cinnamon oil on the selected gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria]|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25369660|journal=Medycyna Doswiadczalna I Mikrobiologia|volume=66|issue=2|pages=131–141|issn=0025-8601|pmid=25369660}}</ref> and [[shrubby sophora]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Chen | first = Li | last2 = Cheng | first2 = Xiaofang | last3 = Shi | first3 = Wenyuan | last4 = Lu | first4 = Qingyi | last5 = Go | first5 = Vay Liang | last6 = Heber | first6 = David | last7 = Ma | first7 = Lili | date = Jul 2005 | title = Inhibition of Growth of Streptococcus mutans, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci by Kurarinone, a Bioactive Flavonoid Isolated from Sophora flavescens|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1169149/|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=43|issue=7|pages=3574–3575|doi=10.1128/JCM.43.7.3574-3575.2005|issn=0095-1137|pmc=1169149|pmid=16000511|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Fakhimi | first = Ali | last2 = Iranshahi | first2 = Mehrdad | last3 = Emami | first3 = Seyed Ahmad | last4 = Amin-Ar-Ramimeh | first4 = Esam | last5 = Zarrini | first5 = Gholamreza | last6 = Shahverdi | first6 = Ahmad Reza | date = Sep 2006 | title = Sophoraflavanone G from sophora pachycarpa enhanced the antibacterial activity of gentamycin against Staphylococcus aureus|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17137127|journal=Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of Biosciences|volume=61|issue=9-10 | pages = 769–772|issn=0939-5075|pmid=17137127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Yamaki | first = Masae | last2 = Kashihara | first2 = Mikiko | last3 = Takagi | first3 = Shuzo | date = 1990 | title = Activity of Ku Shen compounds against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.2650040607|journal=Phytotherapy Research|language=en|volume=4|issue=6|pages=235–236|doi=10.1002/ptr.2650040607|issn=1099-1573}}</ref> This may suggest a role for [[equilibrant]] and [[protandim]] in the control of ''S. aureus''. [[Mastic gum]] also has anti-''S. aureus'' activity.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0964830595001034 Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus var. chia) on Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in broth and in Model Food System], Chrysoula C. Tassou, a, G.J.E. Nychasb, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation</ref> ==See also== *[[Staphylococcal vaccine]] *[[Dr Markov's chronic bacterial intoxication syndrome (CBIS) theory of ME/CFS]] (Dr Markov has evidence that ME/CFS is caused by a dysbiosis in the kidneys) ==Learn more== *"[https://cfsremission.wordpress.com/2016/02/01/staphylococcus-aureus-the-cfs-maintainer/ Staphylococcus aureus – the CFS maintainer?]" CFS remission blog, February 1, 2016 == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Infectious agents]] [[Category:Bacteria]]
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