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Spermidine
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==Evidence== ===Hair loss=== Spermidine has been tested for a number of different uses, and there is evidence that it is effective for [[hair loss]] (alopecia),<ref name="Ramot2011">{{Cite journal | title = Spermidine Promotes Human Hair Growth and Is a Novel Modulator of Human Epithelial Stem Cell Functions | date = 2011-07-27|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022564|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=7| pages = e22564 | last = Ramot | first=Yuval | last2 = Tiede | first2 = Stephan | last3 = Bíró | first3 = Tamás | last4 = Bakar | first4 = Mohd Hilmi Abu | last5 = Sugawara | first5 = Koji | last6 = Philpott | first6 = Michael P. | last7 = Harrison | first7 = Wesley | last8 = Pietilä | first8 = Marko | last9 = Paus | first9 = Ralf|language=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022564|pmc=PMC3144892|pmid=21818338|issn=1932-6203}}</ref><ref name="Rinaldi2017">{{Cite journal | title = A spermidine-based nutritional supplement prolongs the anagen phase of hair follicles in humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study | date = 2017-10-31|url=https://dpcj.org/index.php/dpc/article/view/dermatol-pract-concept-articleid-dp0704a05|journal=Dermatology Practical & Conceptual|pages=17–21 | last = Rinaldi | first = Fabio | last2 = Marzani | first2 = Barbara | last3 = Pinto | first3 = Daniela | last4 = Ramot | first4 = Yuval|language=en|doi=10.5826/dpc.0704a05|pmc=PMC5718121|pmid=29214104|issn=2160-9381}}</ref> although almost all these studies have been co-authored by and funded by spermidine supplement producers.<ref name="Edzard2020" /> ===Endothelial function improvements === Matsumoto et al. 2019 conducted a double-blinded placebo-controlled study of a yogurt containing [[Bifidobacterium animalis]] subsp. lactis (Bifal) and the amino acid [[arginine]], concluding that this increased the production of putrescine, a spermidine precursor, which increased spermidine levels, resulting in improved a marker of [[endothelial dysfunction|endothelial function]] in healthy adults after 12 weeks.<ref name="Matsumoto2019" /> The [[Wirth-Scheibenbogen hypothesis]] of ME/CFS states that [[endothelial dysfunction]] is the cause of the symptoms of ME/CFS. Matsumoto's study also suggested that the yogurt is likely to prevent or reduce the risk of [[atherosclerosis]], and found no self-reported changes in mental or physical health, and that the yogurt did not affect weight or vital signs, did not cause safety issues, and did not have a negative effect on blood parameters.<ref name="Matsumoto2019">{{Cite journal | title = Endothelial Function is improved by Inducing Microbial Polyamine Production in the Gut: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial | date = May 2019|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/5/1188|journal=Nutrients|volume=11|issue=5|pages=1188 | last = Matsumoto | first = Mitsuharu | author-link = | last2 = Kitada | first2 = Yusuke | authorlink2 = | last3 = Naito | first3 = Yuji | authorlink3 = | last4 = | first4 = | authorlink4 = | last5 = | first5 = | authorlink5 = | last6 = | first6 = | authorlink6 = |language=en|doi=10.3390/nu11051188|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=2072-6643|quote=|via=}}</ref> {{See also|Wirth-Scheibenbogen hypothesis}} ===Animal experiments=== Experiments on animals (rodents) provide evidence that higher polyamine intake inhibits the emergence of tumors (including cancer) in rodents, promote the growth of existing, and that spermidine has similar effects to [[caloric restriction]] - including causing increased anticancer immune-surveillance in mice (when spermidine or other polyamines are increased in the diet) - increasing life span and [[autophagy]] in worms, flies, yeast, and mice.<ref name="Schwarz2018">{{Cite journal | title = Safety and tolerability of spermidine supplementation in mice and older adults with subjective cognitive decline | date = 2018-01-08|url=https://www.aging-us.com/article/101354/text|journal=Aging|volume=10|issue=1|pages=19–33 | last = Schwarz | first = Claudia | last2 = Stekovic | first2 = Slaven | last3 = Wirth | first3 = Miranka | last4 = Benson | first4 = Gloria | last5 = Royer | first5 = Philipp | last6 = Sigrist | first6 = Stephan J. | last7 = Pieber | first7 = Thomas | last8 = Dammbrueck | first8 = Christopher | last9 = Magnes | first9 = Christoph | last10 = Eisenberg | first10 = Tobias | last11 = Pendl | first11 = Tobias|doi=10.18632/aging.101354|pmid=29315079|issn=1945-4589}}</ref> ===Cognitive dysfunction === Spermidine has shown promise for improving [[cognitive impairment]] in older adults with cognitive decline and in patients with dementia.<ref name="Schwarz2018" /><ref name="Pekar2020">{{Cite journal | title = The positive effect of spermidine in older adults suffering from dementia | date = 2021-05-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01758-y|journal=Wiener klinische Wochenschrift|volume=133|issue=9 | pages = 484–491 | last = Pekar | first=Thomas | last2 = Bruckner | first2 = Katharina | last3 = Pauschenwein-Frantsich | first3 = Susanne | last4 = Gschaider | first4 = Anna | last5 = Oppliger | first5 = Martina | last6 = Willesberger | first6 = Julia | last7 = Ungersbäck | first7 = Petra | last8 = Wendzel | first8 = Aribert | last9 = Kremer | first9 = Alexandra | last10 = Flak | first10 = Walter | last11 = Wantke | first11 = Felix|language=en|doi=10.1007/s00508-020-01758-y|pmc=PMC8116233|pmid=33211152|issn=1613-7671}}</ref> There are no clinical trials of spermidine published for [[ME/CFS]], [[fibromyalgia]] or [[Long COVID]] so effectiveness, safety and side effects in these patients are unknown.
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