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Spermidine
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'''Spermidine''' or '''spermidin''' or C7H19N3 is a natural component of our cells that is found in sperm, different fruits and vegetables, meat, and cheese.<ref name="PubChem">{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1102 | title = Spermidine | last = | first = | author-link =| last2 = | first2 = | authorlink2 = | date = | website = PubChem|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2022-06-30}}</ref><ref name="DrugBank" /> Spermidine is essential for healthy [[metabolism]] in humans.<ref name="Zheng2022" /> Two-thirds of the spermidine levels in humans are maintained through eating a [[healthy, balanced diet]] combined with certain bacteria in the [[digestive tract]], the remaining third of the spermidine is produced by the body's own cells.<ref name="Edzard2020">{{Cite web|url=https://edzardernst.com/2020/05/spermidine-the-new-wonder-supplement-sadly-not/ | title = Spermidine, the new ‘wonder supplement’? SADLY NOT! | last = Ernst | first=Edzard | authorlink= | last2 = | first2 = | authorlink2 = | date = 2020-05-27 | website = edzardernst.com|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2022-06-30}}</ref><ref name="Madeo2018">{{Cite journal | title = Spermidine in health and disease | date = 2018-01-26|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aan2788|journal=Science|volume=359|issue=6374| pages = eaan2788 | last = Madeo | first = Frank | last2 = Eisenberg | first2 = Tobias | last3 = Pietrocola | first3=Federico | last4 = Kroemer | first4 = Guido|language=en|doi=10.1126/science.aan2788|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Spermidine is a polyamine found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine.<ref name="DrugBank">{{Cite web|url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB03566 | title = Spermidine | last = | first = | author-link =| last2 = | first2 = | authorlink2 = | date = | website = DrugBank|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2022-06-30}}</ref> ==Sources == The main sources of spermidine in humans are plant- and fungal-derived products are the most relevant sources of spermidine, especially: * mushrooms (particularly trumpet mushrooms) * [[soy]] * pine nuts * wheat germ * whole grain products * vegetables * legumes * nuts * seeds<ref name="Zheng2022">{{Cite journal | title = Serum Spermidine in Relation to Risk of Stroke: A Multilevel Study | date = 2022 | url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnut.2022.843616|journal=Frontiers in Nutrition|volume=9 | last = Zheng | first = Liqiang | last2 = Xie | first2 = Yanxia | last3 = Sun | first3=Zhaoqing | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Rui | last5 = Ma | first5 = Yanan | last6 = Xu | first6 = Jiahui | last7 = Zheng | first7 = Jia | last8 = Xu | first8 = Qianyi | last9 = Li | first9 = Zhao | last10 = Guo | first10 = Xiaofan | last11 = Sun | first11 = Guozhe|doi=10.3389/fnut.2022.843616/full|issn=2296-861X}}</ref> ==Theory== A balanced diet can help maintain high levels of spermidine, but spermidine of also sold as a dietary supplement.<ref name="Zheng2022" /> ==Evidence== ===Hair loss=== Spermidine has been tested for a number of different uses, and there is evidence that it is effective for [[hair loss]] (alopecia),<ref name="Ramot2011">{{Cite journal | title = Spermidine Promotes Human Hair Growth and Is a Novel Modulator of Human Epithelial Stem Cell Functions | date = 2011-07-27|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022564|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=7| pages = e22564 | last = Ramot | first=Yuval | last2 = Tiede | first2 = Stephan | last3 = Bíró | first3 = Tamás | last4 = Bakar | first4 = Mohd Hilmi Abu | last5 = Sugawara | first5 = Koji | last6 = Philpott | first6 = Michael P. | last7 = Harrison | first7 = Wesley | last8 = Pietilä | first8 = Marko | last9 = Paus | first9 = Ralf|language=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022564|pmc=PMC3144892|pmid=21818338|issn=1932-6203}}</ref><ref name="Rinaldi2017">{{Cite journal | title = A spermidine-based nutritional supplement prolongs the anagen phase of hair follicles in humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study | date = 2017-10-31|url=https://dpcj.org/index.php/dpc/article/view/dermatol-pract-concept-articleid-dp0704a05|journal=Dermatology Practical & Conceptual|pages=17–21 | last = Rinaldi | first = Fabio | last2 = Marzani | first2 = Barbara | last3 = Pinto | first3 = Daniela | last4 = Ramot | first4 = Yuval|language=en|doi=10.5826/dpc.0704a05|pmc=PMC5718121|pmid=29214104|issn=2160-9381}}</ref> although almost all these studies have been co-authored by and funded by spermidine supplement producers.<ref name="Edzard2020" /> ===Endothelial function improvements === Matsumoto et al. 2019 conducted a double-blinded placebo-controlled study of a yogurt containing [[Bifidobacterium animalis]] subsp. lactis (Bifal) and the amino acid [[arginine]], concluding that this increased the production of putrescine, a spermidine precursor, which increased spermidine levels, resulting in improved a marker of [[endothelial dysfunction|endothelial function]] in healthy adults after 12 weeks.<ref name="Matsumoto2019" /> The [[Wirth-Scheibenbogen hypothesis]] of ME/CFS states that [[endothelial dysfunction]] is the cause of the symptoms of ME/CFS. Matsumoto's study also suggested that the yogurt is likely to prevent or reduce the risk of [[atherosclerosis]], and found no self-reported changes in mental or physical health, and that the yogurt did not affect weight or vital signs, did not cause safety issues, and did not have a negative effect on blood parameters.<ref name="Matsumoto2019">{{Cite journal | title = Endothelial Function is improved by Inducing Microbial Polyamine Production in the Gut: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial | date = May 2019|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/5/1188|journal=Nutrients|volume=11|issue=5|pages=1188 | last = Matsumoto | first = Mitsuharu | author-link = | last2 = Kitada | first2 = Yusuke | authorlink2 = | last3 = Naito | first3 = Yuji | authorlink3 = | last4 = | first4 = | authorlink4 = | last5 = | first5 = | authorlink5 = | last6 = | first6 = | authorlink6 = |language=en|doi=10.3390/nu11051188|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=2072-6643|quote=|via=}}</ref> {{See also|Wirth-Scheibenbogen hypothesis}} ===Animal experiments=== Experiments on animals (rodents) provide evidence that higher polyamine intake inhibits the emergence of tumors (including cancer) in rodents, promote the growth of existing, and that spermidine has similar effects to [[caloric restriction]] - including causing increased anticancer immune-surveillance in mice (when spermidine or other polyamines are increased in the diet) - increasing life span and [[autophagy]] in worms, flies, yeast, and mice.<ref name="Schwarz2018">{{Cite journal | title = Safety and tolerability of spermidine supplementation in mice and older adults with subjective cognitive decline | date = 2018-01-08|url=https://www.aging-us.com/article/101354/text|journal=Aging|volume=10|issue=1|pages=19–33 | last = Schwarz | first = Claudia | last2 = Stekovic | first2 = Slaven | last3 = Wirth | first3 = Miranka | last4 = Benson | first4 = Gloria | last5 = Royer | first5 = Philipp | last6 = Sigrist | first6 = Stephan J. | last7 = Pieber | first7 = Thomas | last8 = Dammbrueck | first8 = Christopher | last9 = Magnes | first9 = Christoph | last10 = Eisenberg | first10 = Tobias | last11 = Pendl | first11 = Tobias|doi=10.18632/aging.101354|pmid=29315079|issn=1945-4589}}</ref> ===Cognitive dysfunction === Spermidine has shown promise for improving [[cognitive impairment]] in older adults with cognitive decline and in patients with dementia.<ref name="Schwarz2018" /><ref name="Pekar2020">{{Cite journal | title = The positive effect of spermidine in older adults suffering from dementia | date = 2021-05-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01758-y|journal=Wiener klinische Wochenschrift|volume=133|issue=9 | pages = 484–491 | last = Pekar | first=Thomas | last2 = Bruckner | first2 = Katharina | last3 = Pauschenwein-Frantsich | first3 = Susanne | last4 = Gschaider | first4 = Anna | last5 = Oppliger | first5 = Martina | last6 = Willesberger | first6 = Julia | last7 = Ungersbäck | first7 = Petra | last8 = Wendzel | first8 = Aribert | last9 = Kremer | first9 = Alexandra | last10 = Flak | first10 = Walter | last11 = Wantke | first11 = Felix|language=en|doi=10.1007/s00508-020-01758-y|pmc=PMC8116233|pmid=33211152|issn=1613-7671}}</ref> There are no clinical trials of spermidine published for [[ME/CFS]], [[fibromyalgia]] or [[Long COVID]] so effectiveness, safety and side effects in these patients are unknown. ==Clinicians== ==Risks and safety== A very large trial found an increased risk of stroke in healthy people taking spermidine supplement.<ref name="Zheng2022" /> ==Costs and availability== Spermidine is expensive compared to other nutritional supplements.{{citation needed | date = 2022}} ==Notable studies == ==See also== ==Learn more== * [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB03566 Spermidine - DrugBank] * [https://edzardernst.com/2020/05/spermidine-the-new-wonder-supplement-sadly-not/ Spermidine, the new 'wonder supplement'? SADLY NOT!] - Edzard Ernst, MD ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Alternative medicine]] [[Category:Supplements]]
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