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Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
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== Health complications == The symptoms of SIBO can vary greatly depending on the severity and the species of bacteria populating the small intestine.<ref name="Parisi2003" /> Symptoms include bloating, abdominal distension, abdominal pain or discomfort, diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, and brain fog. It causes increased permeability of the small intestine.{{citation needed}} It can cause malabsorption of nutrients including iron and [[Vitamin B12]], resulting in [[microcytic anemia]] or [[megaloblastic anemia]]. ===Nutritional deficiencies=== Vitamin B12 malabsorption may be caused by competitive uptake of B12 by bacteria in the small intestine.<ref name="Dukowicz2007" /> It can also cause excess folic acid due to synthesis by bacteria in the small bowel.<ref name="Camilo1996">{{Cite journal | last1 = Camilo | first1 = E | last2 = Zimmerman | first2 = J | last3 = Mason | first3 = JB | last4 = Golner | first4 = B | last5 = Russell | first5 = R | last6 = Selhub | first6 = J | last7 = Rosenberg | first7 = IH | title = Folate synthesized by bacteria in the human upper small intestine is assimilated by the host | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 110 | issue = 4| pages = 991β998 | date = Apr 1996 | pmid = 8613033 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8613033 }}</ref> In severe cases, malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins ([[Vitamin A|A]],[[Vitamin D|D]],[[Vitamin E|E]] and [[Vitamin K|K]]) due to the deconjugation of [[bile salts]] can cause neuropathies and immune dysfunction. SIBO can also cause carbohydrate and protein malabsorption.<ref name="Dukowicz2007" />
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