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Randomized controlled trial
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==Comparison== Other types of treatment evidence include: * '''Case studies:''' The treatment of one or more patients is described, typically without any original intention for the results to form part of research. These commonly identify treatments that may be worth further investigation, or diagnostic issues. In rare diseases, most evidence is in the form of case studies or expert consensus due to the very small number of patients available for trials. *'''Case series:''' A group of patients are reported on who share the same or similar characteristics, or who receive the same diagnosis or treatments. For example, outcomes of a group of 100 consecutive patients admitted to hospital ICU or outcomes of 12 patients receiving surgery for [[craniocervical instability]]. * '''Randomized trial:''' There are two or more treatment arms, which participants are randomly allocated to.<ref name="Glossary-R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hra.nhs.uk/approvals-amendments/glossary/#r | title = Glossary | website = Health Research Authority|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref> Without a control group with a placebo or sham treatment for comparison, it is possible to determine which treatment is most effective but it is not be possible to determine if both are ineffective, harmful, or effective. *'''Expert consensus:''' A selected group of clinicians discuss or agree on diagnostic and/or treatment guidelines based on their personal experiences. Clinicians may be representatives of particular organisations or members of a particular professional organization. Examples include the Italian consensus for [[multiple chemical sensitivity]]. *'''Historical use''' or '''historical evidence''': A treatment that has been used for an extended period of time and prior to modern medicine systems may have been assessed as safe and/or effective based on considerable historic anecdotal evidence. This type of evidence commonly applies to certain [[alternative medicine]]s or [[:Category:Traditional Chinese medicine|traditional treatments]]. *'''Patient surveys:''' These are typically disregarded in evidence-based medicine, but can provide significant information on the effectiveness of real-world treatments that may differ from the results of RCTs, or on treatments that may be worth further funding RCTs for. Large surveys are commonly conducted by a number of ME/CFS [[:Category:patient groups|patient groups]]. In the case of [[graded exercise therapy]], patient surveys consistently reported both very high rates of harm and a lack of effectiveness which was not found by most RCTs. *'''Patient evidence:''' Individual patients are interviewed or asked to provide information based on their personal experiences.
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