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Psychologization
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==Evidence == The best known example of psychologization can be found in the treatment of stomach ulcers, where were assumed to always have a psychological cause until the discovery of the bacteria responsible.<ref name="mpkb">{{Cite web|url=https://mpkb.org/home/alternate/psychosomatic| title = Psychosomatic explanations for disease (MPKB) | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = |website=The Marshall Protocol Knowledge Base|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref> In 1956 [[George Engel|Engel]], creator of the [[biopsychosocial model]] of illness, according to historian [[Edward Shorter]], Engel "asked why patients with ulcerative colitis often seemed to develop headaches when the bowel illness was quiescent. His theory was that when headaches appeared in these patients, 'there was evidence of strong conscious or unconscious aggressive or sadistic impulses. When bleeding occurred, 'the patient was feeling to varying degrees helpless, hopeless, or despairing. The bottom line, not entirely convincing to all gastro-enterologists, was 'Bleeding... characteristically occurs in the setting of a real, threatened, or fantasized loss, leading to psychic helplessness.'13"<ref>{{Cite book | last=Shorter | first=Edward | authorlink = Edward Shorter | date = 2005 | editor-last=White | editor-first = Peter|editor-link=Peter White| title = Biopsychosocial medicine: An integrated approach to understanding illness|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=chwtWAt76JoC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&source=bl&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|volume=|pages=1-19|quote=|via=}}</ref> "[[Niall McLaren|McLaren]] notes that some psychiatrists repeatedly invoke Engel's [[Biopsychosocial model|biopsychosocial "model"]] and that they accept without demur (or references) that it is a reality, when nothing could be further from the truth."Β <ref name="McLaren">{{Cite journal | date = 2002-01-01| title = The myth of the biopsychosocial model|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01076.x|journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry|volume=36|issue=5 | pages = 701β701|doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01076.x|issn=0004-8674}}</ref>
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