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Pseudobulbar affect
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'''Pseudobulbar affect''' (PBA) is a form of '''emotional liability''' that causes sudden, inappropriate, uncontrollable laughing or crying which does not usually reflect the person's mood.<ref name="psychtimes" /> It is sometimes referred to as '''involuntary emotional expression''', '''emotional incontinence''', or '''uncontrollable laughing and crying'''.<ref name="RipleyCh11">{{Cite book | last = Ripley | first = David L. | last2 = Driver | first2 = Sangeeta | last3 = Stork | first3 = Ryan | last4 = Maneyapanda | first4 = Mithra | date = 2019-01-01 | editor-last = Eapen | editor-first = Blessen C.|editor2-last=Cifu|editor2-first=David X. | title=Chapter 11 - Pharmacologic Management of the Patient With Traumatic Brain Injury|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323544566000116|language=en|publisher=Elsevier|pages=133β163|isbn=978-0-323-54456-6}}</ref> PBA is a [[neurological disorder]] that is often mistaken for [[depression]].<ref name="psychtimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/article/pseudobulbar-affect-versus-depression-issues-diagnosis-and-treatment | title = Pseudobulbar Affect Versus Depression: Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment | last = Lochhead | first=Jeannie D. | authorlink = | last2 = Maguire | first2 = Gerald A. | authorlink2 = | date = 2018-07-31 | website = Psychiatric Times|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-12-04 | last3 = Nelson | first3 = Michele A.}}</ref> ==Causes== Pseudobulbar affect is typically caused by neurological diseases or injuries including [[multiple sclerosis]], stroke, [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS), traumatic brain injury (a head injury causing loss of consciousness), or [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="psychtimes" /><ref>{{Cite book | title = Neurology Review for Psychiatrists | pages = 70|isbn=978-0-7817-6666-1|edition=|volume=|language=en|title-link=|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=caqC035xk7YC&lpg=PA70&dq=pseudobulbar&pg=PA70&#v=onepage&q&f=false|access-date= | date = 2008-11-01|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | last = Savitz | first = Sean I. | author-link = | last2 = Ronthal | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = |veditors=|others=|doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location= | editor-last = | editor-first = |editor1-link=|editor-last2=|editor-first2 = }}</ref> The emotional outbursts caused by PBA may last up to several minutes, and are different from how the person would normally have responded, and may occur in response to even mild or neutral stimuli.<ref name="psychtimes" /> Crying is more common than laughing, and laughing may turn into crying.<ref name="drugscom" /> ==Depression== Pseudobulbar affect is often mistaken for [[depression]], but in-between emotional outbrusts the person's mood is normal.<ref name="drugscom">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/mcd/pseudobulbar-affect | title = Pseudobulbar affect Disease Reference Guide|website=Drugs.com|language=en|access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref> ==Treatment== [[Nuedexta]] was approved by the FDA in 2010, and certain [[antidepressant]]s may also be helpful, for example [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRIs]] and [[Tricyclic antidepressant|TCAs]].<ref name="psychtimes" /><ref name="drugscom">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/mcd/pseudobulbar-affect | title = Pseudobulbar affect Disease Reference Guide|website=Drugs.com|language=en|access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref> Combined [[dextromethorphan]] and [[quinidine]] may also be used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/dextromethorphan-and-quinidine.html | title = Dextromethorphan and quinidine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings|website=Drugs.com|language=en|access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref> ==Learn more == *[https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-reports/pseudobulbar-affect-versus-depression-issues-diagnosis-and-treatment Pseudobulbar Affect Versus Depression: Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment] - Psychiatric Times *[https://www.drugs.com/mcd/pseudobulbar-affect PBA Treatment] - drugs.com *[https://mss-web-prod-cd.azurewebsites.net/care-and-support/resources-and-publications/publications-search/anger-laughter-and-tears-understanding-emotional-outbursts-in-ms Anger, laughter and tears: Understanding emotional outbursts in MS] - Multiple Sclerosis Society *[https://www.drugs.com/mtm/dextromethorphan-and-quinidine.html Dextromethorphan and quinidine] - drugs.com ==See also== *[[Emotional liability]] *[[Nuedexta]] *[[Depression]] *[[Mental health]] ==References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Neurological diseases and disorders]] [[Category:Neurological signs and symptoms]] [[Category:Psychological signs and symptoms]]
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