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Progesterone
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===Exogenous Progesterone, Preventing Ovulation, and Contraceptives === Many contraceptives use [[progestin]]s (synthetic progesterone) to prevent ovulation. They can also prevent pregnancy by thickening the cervical mucus, which blocks sperm from entering the uterus, and thinning the lining of the uterine wall, which prevents implantation of a fertilized egg (although endogenous progesterone helps to ''thicken'' this lining, the slightly different structure of some progestins results in the opposite effect). The most common form of birth control, combined oral contraceptive pills, also simply called "The Pill," uses progestins and estrogen to prevent pregnancy. ====How Progestins & Progesterone Prevent Ovulation ==== The chemical process by which progesterone and progestins prevent ovulation centers around their ability in the Follicular Phase to stop the release of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary. Progesterone/progestins naturally create a negative feedback to the Hypothalamus, causing the latter to inhibit the release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH). Without enough GnRH to stimulate the release of LH from the pituitary, LH levels will not spike as they usually do around day 13-14 in the cycle, and ovulation will not occur. ==== Endogenous Progesterone Levels in Luteal Phase when Ovulation Fails ==== This failure to ovulates means no follicle will release an egg and degrade into a corpus luteum. The corpus luteum (CL), or dying follicle, is the main source of endogenous progesterone in the female cycle, therefore without the CL, endogenous progesterone levels will remain low during the second half of the cycle. Women taking either progestins or exogenous bio-identical progesterone at certain levels should be aware that this process halting the production of endogenous progesterone may be taking place, especially for those trying to conceive and because this hormone plays an important role not only in reproduction, but in the brain as well (see "[[#Progesterone_in_the_Brain|Progesterone in the Brain]]" below). There is currently no research suggesting universally "safe" levels of exogenous bio-identical progesterone doses that will not prevent ovulation from occurring. The hormone feedback loops that are integral to the female cycle are incredibly complex and sensitive, and exogenous progesterone is metabolized at different rates in different females. These factors make ovulation-safe levels very difficult to predict.
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