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Pesticide exposure link to ME/CFS
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== Biological effects of pesticides == ==== Pesticides cause structural changes in the basal ganglia of the brain ==== Studies on asymptomaticĀ agricultural workers exposed to pesticides found micro-structural changes in their substantia nigra, a region in the basal ganglia of the brain.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Du | first = Guangwei | last2 = Lewis | first2 = Mechelle M. | last3 = Sterling | first3 = Nicholas W. | last4 = Kong | first4 = Lan | last5 = Chen | first5 = Honglei | last6 = Mailman | first6 = Richard B. | last7 = Huang | first7 = Xuemei | date = Jan 2014 | title = Microstructural changes in the substantia nigra of asymptomatic agricultural workers|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24334261/|journal=Neurotoxicology and Teratology|volume=41 | pages = 60ā64|doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2013.12.001|issn=1872-9738|pmc=3943901|pmid=24334261|issue=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Lewis | first = Mechelle M. | last2 = Sterling | first2 = Nicholas W. | last3 = Du | first3 = Guangwei | last4 = Lee | first4 = Eun-Young | last5 = Shyu | first5 = Grace | last6 = Goldenberg | first6 = Michael | last7 = Allen | first7 = Thomas | last8 = Stetter | first8 = Christy | last9 = Kong | first9 = Lan | date = Sep 2017 | title = Lateralized Basal Ganglia Vulnerability to Pesticide Exposure in Asymptomatic Agricultural Workers|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28633499/|journal=Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology|volume=159|issue=1|pages=170ā178|doi=10.1093/toxsci/kfx126|issn=1096-0929|pmc=5837257|pmid=28633499|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> Ā Basal ganglia injury was also found in Gulf War illnessĀ patients.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Haley | first = R. W. | last2 = Fleckenstein | first2 = J.L. | last3 = Marshall | first3 = W.W. | last4 = McDonald | first4 = G.G. | last5 = Kramer | first5 = G.L. | last6 = Petty | first6 = F. | date = Sep 2000 | title = Effect of basal ganglia injury on central dopamine activity in Gulf War syndrome: correlation of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and plasma homovanillic acid levels|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10987894|journal=Archives of Neurology|volume=57|issue=9|pages=1280ā1285|doi=10.1001/archneur.57.9.1280|issn=0003-9942|pmid=10987894|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> ==== Organophosphates cause immunosuppression ==== A study in sheep found that the organophosphateĀ pesticide parathion suppressed both the IgM and IgG immune antibodyĀ responses, which is thought to be due to the Ā cholinergicĀ stimulationĀ caused by organophosphates.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Casale | first = G. P. | last2 = Cohen | first2 = S. D. | last3 = DiCapua | first3 = R.A. | date = Apr 1983 | title = The effects of organophosphate-induced cholinergic stimulation on the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in inbred mice|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6857660|journal=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology|volume=68|issue=2|pages=198ā205|doi=10.1016/0041-008x(83)90004-2|issn=0041-008X|pmid=6857660|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>Ā This may in part explain why organophosphate exposure is a risk factor for ME/CFS, as this disease is usually precipitated by a viral infection, and immunosuppression during the acute phase of infection may allow the virus to breach into tissues compartments such as the brain which it would normally not reach. Exposure to immunosuppressiveĀ corticosteroidsĀ during acute viral infection is also a risk factor for developing ME/CFSĀ from the infection (see [[corticosteroids given during acute viral infection may trigger myalgic encephalomyelitis]]).
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