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{{stub}} A '''<i>p</i> value''' is a value calculated from a research study, which is intended to show whether an outcome is likely to have occurred by chance, when taking into consideration a number of other factors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/p+value| title = Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health|website=TheFreeDictionary.com|access-date=2019-04-21 | date = | last = | first = | authorlink = |archive-date=|url-status=| year = 2003 | editor-last = |edition=7th|archive-url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/P+value| title = Definition of P VALUE | last = Merrian-Webster Dictionary | first = | authorlink = | date = |website=Merrian-Webster Dictionary|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref> ''P'' values are not actually defined as a probability.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Kuffner | first = Todd A. | authorlink = | last2 = Walker | first2 = Stephen G. | date = Jan 2, 2019| title = Why are p-Values Controversial?|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1277161|journal=The American Statistician|volume=73|issue=1|pages=1–3|doi=10.1080/00031305.2016.1277161|issn=0003-1305|quote=|via=}}</ref> '''<i>P</i>-hacking''' is the manipulation of research data to produce a clinically significant result for the calculated <i>p</i> value; meaning manipulating research results in order to achieve '''''p < 0.05''''' rather than publishing a [[null result]].{{citation needed}} ==Theory== ==Evidence== ==Null hypothesis significance testing== ==Articles and blogs == *2010, [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/odds-are-its-wrong Odds are it's wrong] - Article * 2016, [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108?src=recsys The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose] - Editorial ==Notable studies == *2012, A peculiar prevalence of p values just below .05<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Masicampo | first = E.J. | authorlink = | last2 = Lalande | first2 = Daniel R. | date = Nov 2012| title = A peculiar prevalence of p values just below .05|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.711335|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology|language=en|volume=65|issue=11|pages=2271–2279|doi=10.1080/17470218.2012.711335|issn=1747-0218|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.711335 (Abstract)] *2013, The life of p: “Just significant” results are on the rise<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Leggett | first = Nathan C. | authorlink = | last2 = Thomas | first2 = Nicole A. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Loetscher | first3 = Tobias | authorlink3 = | last4 = Nicholls | first4 = Michael E.R. | authorlink4 = | authorlink5 = | date = Dec 1, 2013| title = The life of p: “Just significant” results are on the rise|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2013.863371|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology|volume=66|issue=12|pages=2303–2309|doi=10.1080/17470218.2013.863371|issn=1747-0218|pmid=24205936|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17470218.2013.863371?src=recsys (Abstract)] *2015, [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1080/17470218.2014.982664 What ''p''-Hacking really looks like: A comment on Masicampo & Lalande (2012)]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Lakens | first = Daniël | authorlink = | date = Apr 1, 2015 | title = Comment: What p-hacking really looks like: A comment on Masicampo and LaLande (2012)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.982664|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology|language=en|volume=68|issue=4 | pages = 829–832|doi=10.1080/17470218.2014.982664|issn=1747-0218|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Lakens2/publication/269284058_What_p_-hacking_really_looks_like_A_comment_on_Masicampo_and_LaLande_2012/links/550e87c20cf212874168dbb0/What-p-hacking-really-looks-like-A-comment-on-Masicampo-and-LaLande-2012.pdf (Full text)] *2015, Blinded by the Light: How a Focus on Statistical “Significance” May Cause p-Value Misreporting and an Excess of ''p''-Values Just Below .05 in Communication Science<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Vermeulen | first = Ivar | authorlink = | last2 = Beukeboom | first2 = Camiel J. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Batenburg | first3 = Anika | authorlink3 = | last4 = Avramiea | first4 = Arthur | authorlink4 = | last5 = Stoyanov | first5 = Dimo | authorlink5 = | last6 = van de Velde | first6 = Bob | last7 = Oegema | first7 = Dirk| date = Oct 2, 2015 | title = Blinded by the Light: How a Focus on Statistical “Significance” May Cause p-Value Misreporting and an Excess of p-Values Just Below .05 in Communication Science|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2015.1096333|journal=Communication Methods and Measures|volume=9|issue=4|pages=253–279|doi=10.1080/19312458.2015.1096333|issn=1931-2458|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Camiel_Beukeboom/publication/285358940_Blinded_by_the_Light_How_a_Focus_on_Statistical_Significance_May_Cause_p_-Value_Misreporting_and_an_Excess_of_p_-Values_Just_Below_05_in_Communication_Science/links/56603d2f08ae1ef929857cde/Blinded-by-the-Light-How-a-Focus-on-Statistical-Significance-May-Cause-p-Value-Misreporting-and-an-Excess-of-p-Values-Just-Below-05-in-Communication-Science.pdf (Full text)] *2016, Degrees of Freedom in Planning, Running, Analyzing, and Reporting Psychological Studies: A Checklist to Avoid ''p''-Hacking<ref>{{Cite journal | last = van Assen | first = Marcel A. L.M. | authorlink = | last2 = van Aert | first2 = Robbie C.M. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Bakker | first3 = Marjan | authorlink3 = | last4 = Augusteijn | first4 = Hilde E.M. | author-link4 = | last5 = Veldkamp | first5 = Coosje L.S. | authorlink5= | last6 = Wicherts | first6 = Jelte M. | date = 2016 | title=Degrees of Freedom in Planning, Running, Analyzing, and Reporting Psychological Studies: A Checklist to Avoid p-Hacking | url =https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832/full|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|language=English|volume=7|issue=|pages=|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832|issn=1664-1078|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832/full (Full text)] *2016, Why are ''p''-Values Controversial?<ref name=":0" /> [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2016.1277161?src=recsys (Full text)] ==See also== * [[:Category:Clinical trial terminology|Clinical trial terminology]] * [[Randomized controlled trial]] * [[Research bias in ME/CFS]] ==Learn more== ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Research terminology]]
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