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Non-cytolytic enterovirus
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== Summary characteristics of non-cytolytic enterovirus infection == Non-cytolytic enterovirus infection: * Is a self-sustaining intracellular infection of naked viral RNA possessing genomic deletions which are responsible for transmuting the original lytic virus into the non-cytolytic form. * Is born in non-dividing (quiescent) cells such as muscle cells, where cellular conditions promote the evolutionary selection of non-cytolytic virus defective genomes in preference to intact lytic virus genomes. * Is made of positive and negative single-stranded viral RNA as well as double-stranded viral RNA. This RNA replicates very slowly and at a low level. The dsRNA may contribute to pathogenicity of non-cytolytic infection. * Is likely capable of replicating independently of the lytic enterovirus infection; tissues infected with non-cytolytic enterovirus are often largely devoid of lytic virus. * Is able to synthesize all the normal viral proteins in the host cell, which may alter cellular functioning and cause pathogenicity. * Is resistant to the immune response, and can thus reside inside host cells for very long periods. Its double-stranded RNA form is postulated to confer resistance to immune clearance; other theories suggest the genomic deletions furnish the non-cytolytic virus with the ability to evade the immune response. * Is not cytolytic or cytopathic: there is no significant destruction of cells (a marker of lytic infection) either in vivo or when non-cytolytic infections are cultured in vitro (hence the names non-cytolytic and non-cytopathic). The presence of enteroviral RNA in the tissues in the absence of cell destruction is a signature of non-cytolytic enterovirus infection. * Is able to encapsidate its defective genome into capsids to create viral particles (virions), enabling non-cytolytic virus to spread. Just as many negative strand anti-genomes are encapsidated as positive strand genomes, and the presence of negative strand virions is a signature of non-cytolytic enterovirus infection. * Is observed to have a reduced positive to negative single-stranded RNA ratio: the ratio in acute lytic infection is around 100:1 (around 100 times more positive strand than negative strand), but in persistent non-cytolytic infection the ratio is closer to 1:1. Such reduced ratios are a signature of non-cytolytic enterovirus infection.
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