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Nicotinamide
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{{Cleanup/Citations needed | date = Oct 2020}} '''Nicotinamide''' (niacinamide) is a form of [[niacin|vitamin B3]] (niacin). Nicotinamide, (/ˌnɪkəˈtɪnəmaɪd/) also known as niacinamide, NAA, and nicotinic amide, is the amide of nicotinic acid (niacin). Nicotinamide is a water-soluble [[B vitamin]]. Nicotinic acid is converted to nicotinamide in vivo, and, though the two are identical in their vitamin functions, nicotinamide does not have the same pharmacological and toxic effects as [[niacin]], which occurs incidental to niacin's conversion. Nicotinamide does not reduce cholesterol or cause flushing, although it may be toxic to the liver at doses exceeding 3g/day in adults. In cells, niacin is incorporated into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), although the pathways for nicotinic acid amide and nicotinic acid are very similar. [[NAD+]] and [[NADP+]] are coenzymes in a wide variety of enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions. Commercial production of niacin and niacinamide (several thousand tons annually) is by hydrolysis or aminolysis of 3-cyanopyridine (nicotinonitrile).{{citation needed | date = Oct 2020}} [[Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]] is one known cause of nicotinamide deficiency.{{citation needed | date = Oct 2020}} Niacinamide flush-free supports the [[Mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] function. Nicotinamide riboside improves the [[energy metabolism]]<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12948 Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans]</ref> and [[neuroprotection]]<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24071780 Nicotinamide riboside, a trace nutrient in foods, is a vitamin B3 with effects on energy metabolism and neuroprotection.]</ref>. It seems that it also works against [[multi-drug resistant germ]]s<ref>[https://www.aerzteblatt.de/nachrichten/51773/Studie-sieht-Nutzen-von-Vitamin-B3-gegen-Krankenhauskeime Study sees benefits of vitamin B3 against hospital germs (Deutsch: Studie sieht Nutzen von Vitamin B3 gegen Krankenhauskeime)]</ref>. ==Purpose== ==Sources== ==Evidence== *2016, Treatment with the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) rejuvenates stem cells, allowing better regeneration processes in aged mice. Beneficial for mitochondria, muscle stem cells, neural stem cells, melanocyte stem cells, and increased lifespan.<ref name="Zhang2016"/> ==ME/CFS== ==Learn more== It is used in the ME/CFS treatment regime of patient [[Katrina Voss]]: *[http://meversuscfs.blogspot.com/2018/06/arztanfragen-mein-therapieregime-fur.html My antiretroviral Regime for Antiretroviral Treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (Deutsch: #Arztanfragen - Mein Therapieregime für die antiretrovirale Behandlung bei Myalgischer Enzephalomyelitis)] ==See also== ==References== <references> <ref name="Zhang2016">{{citation | last1 = Zhang | first1 = Hongbo | last2 = Ryu | first2 = Dongryeol | last3 = Wu | first3 = Yibo | last4 = Gariani | first4 = Karim | last5 = Wang | first5 = Xu | last6 = Luan | first6 = Peiling | last7 = D’Amico | first7 = Davide | last8 = Ropelle | first8 = Eduardo R | last9 = Lutolf | first9 = Matthias P | last10 = Aebersold | first10 = Ruedi | last11 = Schoonjans | first11 = Kristina | last12 = Menzies | first12 = Keir J | last13 = Auwerx | first13 = Johan | title = NAD+ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice | journal = Science | pages = 2693 | date = 28 Apr 2016 | pmid = 27127236 | doi = 10.1126/science.aaf2693 | url = http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/04/27/science.aaf2693 | lay-url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160428152124.htm }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Supplements]] [[Category:Vitamins]]
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